Understanding the Brain and Behavior in Fall 2016

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I
NTRODUCTION
 
TO
B
RAIN
 
AND
 B
EHAVIOR
 
Fall 2016
Hana Kuwabara
Andrea Mejia
 
1
 
T
OPICS
 
FOR
 T
ODAY
S
 L
ECTURE
 
 
The Organization of the Brain
Protecting the Brain
 
2
 
T
HE
 N
ERVOUS
 S
YSTEM
 
 Central Nervous System
Brain and Spinal Cord
Brain stem and forebrain
 Peripheral Nervous System
Somatic and Autonomic
 
3
 
T
HE
 B
RAIN
 S
TEM
 
Hindbrain
 
Midbrain
 
4
 
T
HE
 B
RAIN
 S
TEM
:
T
HE
 H
INDBRAIN
 
Lowest part of brain stem
 
Medulla
Regulates many automatic activities
e.g., breathing, heartbeat, digestion
Area Postrema
Pons
Message station between the cortex and the cerebellum
Cerebellum
Motor coordination
 of on going movements
 
5
 
D
ISORDERS
 
OF
 
THE
 
CEREBELLUM
 
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5eBwn22Bnio
 
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dox3_ox8C2U
 
 
T
HE
 B
RAIN
 S
TEM
:
T
HE
 H
INDBRAIN
 
7
 
T
HE
 B
RAIN
 S
TEM
:
T
HE
 M
IDBRAIN
 
Coordinates movement with sensory input
Tectum
Visual reflexes and reaction to moving stimuli
“Old”/primitive visual system
Tegmentum
Reticular formation
Periaqueductal gray matter
Red nucleus
Ventral tegmental area
Substantia Nigra
Communicate with the caudate nucleus in the Basal
Ganglia
 
 
8
 
 
T
HE
 B
RAIN
 S
TEM
:
T
HE
 M
IDBRAIN
 
10
 
T
HE
 F
OREBRAIN
 
Diencephalon = thalamus and hypothalamus
Telencephalon = cortex, basal ganglia, and limbic
system
Limbic system = amygdala and hippocampus
 
T
HE
 F
OREBRAIN
:
T
HE
 T
HALAMUS
 & H
YPOTHALAMUS
 
Involved in regulating behavior and emotion
 
Thalamus
“Grand Central Station” for sensory information
 
Hypothalamus
The basic drives of the “four F’s”:
F
ight/
F
light response
F
eeding (hunger/thirst)
F
ornicating (sexual drive)
 
12
 
T
HE
 F
OREBRAIN
:
T
HE
 T
HALAMUS
 & H
YPOTHALAMUS
 
13
 
T
HE
 F
OREBRAIN
:
T
HE
 L
IMBIC
 S
YSTEM
 
 Hippocampus
 +
 Amygdala
Amygdala
Emotional experiences
Negative emotions
Impulse control
Involves…
Emotional behavior, activation of ANS, and
hormonal activation
Hippocampus
Memory consolidation center
Memories are not stored here
Plays a bigger role in 
declarative memory
Verbal and conscious
 
14
 
T
HE
 F
OREBRAIN
:
T
HE
 L
IMBIC
 S
YSTEM
 
15
 
T
HE
 F
OREBRAIN
:
T
HE
 B
ASAL
 G
ANGLIA
 
Includes caudate nucleus, substantia nigra
 
Believed to control motor activity
Substantia nigra implicated in Parkinson’s Disease
Less dopamine
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aOSB6ytMk20
 
16
 
T
HE
 F
OREBRAIN
:
T
HE
 B
ASAL
 G
ANGLIA
 
17
 
T
HE
 F
OREBRAIN
:
T
HE
 C
EREBRAL
 C
ORTEX
 
Temporal
Parietal
Occipital
Frontal
> 80% of all
neurons in central
nervous system
 
18
 
T
HE
 F
OREBRAIN
:
T
HE
 C
EREBRAL
 C
ORTEX
 
Divided into two hemispheres
Connected by corpus callosum
Left hemisphere
Verbal processes, other cognitive processes
 
Right hemisphere
Perceiving our world, creating images
 
19
 
T
HE
 F
OREBRAIN
:
T
HE
 C
EREBRAL
 C
ORTEX
 
Temporal Lobe
Recognizing sights and sounds
Long-term memory storage
 
Parietal Lobe
Touch sensation
Monitoring body positioning
 
20
 
T
HE
 F
OREBRAIN
:
T
HE
 C
EREBRAL
 C
ORTEX
 
Occipital Lobe
Processing visual information
 
Frontal Lobe
Deciding how we respond to environment
 
Personality, impulse control
 
Prefrontal Cortex
Thinking, reasoning, planning
 
21
 
P
ROTECTING
 
THE
 B
RAIN
 
Meninges
 
Cerebrospinal fluid / Ventricular System
 
Blood-Brain Barrier
 
22
 
P
ROTECTING
 
THE
 B
RAIN
:
T
HE
 M
ENINGES
 
Tough protective covering around brain and
spinal cord
 
Consists of 3 layers (“PAD”)
 
23
 
P
ROTECTING
 
THE
 B
RAIN
:
T
HE
 M
ENINGES
 
Tough protective covering around brain and
spinal cord
 
Consists of 3 layers (“PAD”)
Pia mater
Follows surface very closely
Very delicate, you can barely see it
 
24
 
P
ROTECTING
 
THE
 B
RAIN
:
T
HE
 M
ENINGES
 
Tough protective covering around brain and
spinal cord
 
Consists of 3 layers (“PAD”)
Arachnoid membrane
Middle/Inner layer
Weblike appearance
Soft and spongy
 
25
 
P
ROTECTING
 
THE
 B
RAIN
:
T
HE
 M
ENINGES
 
Tough protective covering around brain and
spinal cord
 
Consists of 3 layers (“PAD”)
Dura mater
“Hard mother”
Outer layer
Thick, tough, unstretchable
 
26
 
P
ROTECTING
 
THE
 B
RAIN
:
C
EREBROSPINAL
 F
LUID
 (CSF)
 
Fluid in and around the brain
 
Functions:
Reduce pressure on base of brain
Absorb shock caused by sudden head movement
Removal of waste products
 
Continually manufactured and circulated through
brain via ventricles
Hollow, interconnected chambers
 
27
 
P
ROTECTING
 
THE
 B
RAIN
:
C
EREBROSPINAL
 F
LUID
 
 
28
 
P
ROTECTING
 
THE
 B
RAIN
:
T
HE
 B
LOOD
-B
RAIN
 B
ARRIER
 
Produced by cells in walls of the brain’s blood
vessels
 
Semi-permeable
Water, glucose (sugar = energy) can cross
 
Many other molecules cannot
 
29
 
P
ROTECTING
 
THE
 B
RAIN
:
T
HE
 B
LOOD
-B
RAIN
 B
ARRIER
 
Functions:
Protect brain from
harmful chemicals
 
Regulate brain’s chemical
balance
 
30
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This content delves into the intricacies of the brain and behavior, covering topics such as the organization of the brain, the nervous system, brain stem functions, disorders of the cerebellum, and the forebrain components. It provides a detailed exploration of the hindbrain and midbrain structures, highlighting their roles in regulating various physiological and cognitive processes. Additionally, the content discusses the thalamus and hypothalamus within the forebrain and their involvement in important regulatory functions.


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  1. INTRODUCTIONTO BRAINAND BEHAVIOR Fall 2016 Hana Kuwabara Andrea Mejia 1

  2. TOPICSFOR TODAYS LECTURE The Organization of the Brain Protecting the Brain 2

  3. THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Central Nervous System Brain and Spinal Cord Brain stem and forebrain Peripheral Nervous System Somatic and Autonomic 3

  4. THE BRAIN STEM Hindbrain Midbrain 4

  5. THE BRAIN STEM: THE HINDBRAIN Lowest part of brain stem Medulla Regulates many automatic activities e.g., breathing, heartbeat, digestion Area Postrema Pons Message station between the cortex and the cerebellum Cerebellum Motor coordination of on going movements 5

  6. DISORDERS OF THE CEREBELLUM https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5eBwn22Bnio https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dox3_ox8C2U

  7. THE BRAIN STEM: THE HINDBRAIN 7

  8. THE BRAIN STEM: THE MIDBRAIN Coordinates movement with sensory input Tectum Visual reflexes and reaction to moving stimuli Old /primitive visual system Tegmentum Reticular formation Periaqueductal gray matter Red nucleus Ventral tegmental area Substantia Nigra Communicate with the caudate nucleus in the Basal Ganglia 8

  9. THE BRAIN STEM: THE MIDBRAIN 10

  10. THE FOREBRAIN Diencephalon = thalamus and hypothalamus Telencephalon = cortex, basal ganglia, and limbic system Limbic system = amygdala and hippocampus

  11. THE FOREBRAIN: THE THALAMUS & HYPOTHALAMUS Involved in regulating behavior and emotion Thalamus Grand Central Station for sensory information Hypothalamus The basic drives of the four F s : Fight/Flight response Feeding (hunger/thirst) Fornicating (sexual drive) 12

  12. THE FOREBRAIN: THE THALAMUS & HYPOTHALAMUS 13

  13. THE FOREBRAIN: THE LIMBIC SYSTEM Hippocampus + Amygdala Amygdala Emotional experiences Negative emotions Impulse control Involves Emotional behavior, activation of ANS, and hormonal activation Hippocampus Memory consolidation center Memories are not stored here Plays a bigger role in declarative memory Verbal and conscious 14

  14. THE FOREBRAIN: THE LIMBIC SYSTEM 15

  15. THE FOREBRAIN: THE BASAL GANGLIA Includes caudate nucleus, substantia nigra Believed to control motor activity Substantia nigra implicated in Parkinson s Disease Less dopamine https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aOSB6ytMk20 16

  16. THE FOREBRAIN: THE BASAL GANGLIA 17

  17. THE FOREBRAIN: THE CEREBRAL CORTEX Temporal Parietal Occipital Frontal > 80% of all neurons in central nervous system 18

  18. THE FOREBRAIN: THE CEREBRAL CORTEX Divided into two hemispheres Connected by corpus callosum Left hemisphere Verbal processes, other cognitive processes Right hemisphere Perceiving our world, creating images 19

  19. THE FOREBRAIN: THE CEREBRAL CORTEX Temporal Lobe Recognizing sights and sounds Long-term memory storage Parietal Lobe Touch sensation Monitoring body positioning 20

  20. THE FOREBRAIN: THE CEREBRAL CORTEX Occipital Lobe Processing visual information Frontal Lobe Deciding how we respond to environment Personality, impulse control Prefrontal Cortex Thinking, reasoning, planning 21

  21. PROTECTINGTHE BRAIN Meninges Cerebrospinal fluid / Ventricular System Blood-Brain Barrier 22

  22. PROTECTINGTHE BRAIN: THE MENINGES Tough protective covering around brain and spinal cord Consists of 3 layers ( PAD ) 23

  23. PROTECTINGTHE BRAIN: THE MENINGES Tough protective covering around brain and spinal cord Consists of 3 layers ( PAD ) Pia mater Follows surface very closely Very delicate, you can barely see it 24

  24. PROTECTINGTHE BRAIN: THE MENINGES Tough protective covering around brain and spinal cord Consists of 3 layers ( PAD ) Arachnoid membrane Middle/Inner layer Weblike appearance Soft and spongy 25

  25. PROTECTINGTHE BRAIN: THE MENINGES Tough protective covering around brain and spinal cord Consists of 3 layers ( PAD ) Dura mater Hard mother Outer layer Thick, tough, unstretchable 26

  26. PROTECTINGTHE BRAIN: CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF) Fluid in and around the brain Functions: Reduce pressure on base of brain Absorb shock caused by sudden head movement Removal of waste products Continually manufactured and circulated through brain via ventricles Hollow, interconnected chambers 27

  27. PROTECTINGTHE BRAIN: CEREBROSPINAL FLUID 28

  28. PROTECTINGTHE BRAIN: THE BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER Produced by cells in walls of the brain s blood vessels Semi-permeable Water, glucose (sugar = energy) can cross Many other molecules cannot 29

  29. PROTECTINGTHE BRAIN: THE BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER Functions: Protect brain from harmful chemicals Regulate brain s chemical balance 30

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