Understanding and Addressing Domestic Violence, Dating Violence, Sexual Assault, and Stalking

 
Introduction to Domestic Violence,
Dating Violence, Sexual Assault and
Stalking
 
MassHousing TAP Management Training Series 2021
 
Jessica Santana & Cesia Sanchez
Casa Myrna
 
November 18, 2021
 
Original training developed in
partnership with Casa Myrna &
Boston Area Rape Crisis
Center (BARCC)
 
Agenda
 
Goals (5 minutes)
Overview, definitions and statistics (55 minutes)
Break (5 minutes)
Understanding and responding to crisis and
trauma (35 minutes)
Responding to disclosure; resources for
survivors and management staff (25 minutes)
 
Understand sexual violence and the
dynamics of domestic and dating violence
Identify crisis- and trauma-related behaviors
and learn appropriate responses
Strengthen capacity to respond to disclosure
of sexual and domestic violence and create
trauma informed housing environments
Understand resources available to survivors
and housing staff
 
1.
Remain on mute to minimize
background noise.  Press the
raise hand button to ask a
question or type in the chat.
 
4.
Self-care!
 
Language
 
Abuser/batterer/perpetrator
Victim/battered woman/survivor
Inclusivity
o
Victim not always “she”
o
Perpetrator not always “he”
Tip: Mirror the language the survivor uses
 
Roles & Responsibilities
 
Property Manager
 
Resident Service
   Coordinator
 
Maintenance Provider
 
DV/SA Advocate
 
Non-DV/SA
Service Provider
 
7
 
In the chat, introduce
yourself, your role, and
one thing you hope to take
away from today’s training
 
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Sexual violence
Domestic and dating violence
Intersection with housing instability and poverty
Domestic violence: obstacles to leaving
Language
 
What is sexual violence?
 
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The term defines a broad continuum of
violent and abusive behaviors including,
but not limited to: rape, sexual assault,
sexual harassment and non-contact
sexual abuse such as verbal or cyber
harassment.
Massachusetts Sexual Violence Prevention Plan
(2009 – 2016)
 
What is Consent?
 
Freely Given
Reversible
Informed
Specific
 
What is domestic/dating violence?
 
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Abuse helps to control the way a person
acts, thinks, and feels.
Abuse makes a person fearful and
isolated from help and resources.
 
Domestic/dating violence: forms of
abuse
 
Abuse takes many forms, including:
Physical
Verbal
Emotional/psychological
Financial
Sexual
Cultural/identity abuse
 
Physical
 
Emotional/psychological
 
Verbal
 
Financial
 
Cultural/Identity
 
destroying credit
 
Sexual
 
16
 
Abuse model 1:  cycle of
violence
 
Abuse model 2:  wave of
violence
 
Power and control wheel
 
What is stalking?
 
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It is generally composed of a series of
actions that taken individually might seem
harmless.
 
Intersection with housing instability
& poverty
Sexual &
domestic
violence
(SDV)
Safety concerns
Fear
Financial costs
educational
performance
earnings
Relocation
Economic
instability
Moving costs
Difficulty
affording housing
Homelessness
 
Sexual violence and housing
instability
 
Nearly 6 out of 10 sexual assault incidents
are reported by victims to have occurred in
their own home or at the home of a friend,
relative, or neighbor.
 
(US Department of Justice)
 
Nearly 80% of victims living in public housing
wanted to relocate because the perpetrator
was nearby but could not. 
(National Sexual Violence Resource
Center)
 
Sexual violence and poverty
 
For survivors of sexual violence who are also struggling
economically, the lack of choices often traps them in
unsafe situations and relationships in which they may
be dependent on their perpetrators for basic goods,
such as shelter, food, medicine, transportation,
healthcare, childcare, and others. 
(Pennsylvania Coaltion Against
Rape)
o
Between 70 and 90% of survivors served by PA rape crisis
centers are on public assistance and/or struggling to meet
basic needs including affordable housing.  (PCAR Study)
 
DV, housing instability and poverty
 
The need for safe housing and economic
resources to maintain safe housing are two of
the most pressing concerns among DV
survivors who are planning to or have
recently left abusers. 
(Clough, A., Draughon, J.E. et al. 2014.
Qualitative Social Work, 13(5).)
More than a third (38%) of DV survivors
report becoming homeless immediately after
separating from their partners. 
(Baker, C.K., Cook, S.L. et al.
2003. Violence Against Women, 9.)
 
Domestic violence: obstacles to
leaving
 
FEAR! Leaving is dangerous; highest
risk of homicide is immediately after
ending an abusive relationship
Economic dependency
Children, wanting to keep the family
together
Religious beliefs
Isolation and lack of resources
Hoping for a change
Love
 
#whyIstayed
 
Private Violence Presents: “
Why We
Stayed
 
#whyIstayed 
Huffington Post article
(9/9/14) and twitter feed
 
 
Discussion: #whyistayed
 
As resident service
coordinators, property
managers, and facilities
staff how does a survivor
staying affect you and
your property?
 
29
 
Break
 
 
 
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Crisis vs. traumatic events
Neurobiology of trauma
Trauma responses/triggers
Trauma informed responses and spaces
Secondary trauma
 
Crisis
 
Temporary disruption of stability
Can be positive or negative events
Time-limited response to specific event
Normal coping mechanisms do work
We all experience occasional crisis
 
Traumatic events
 
Outside the range of normal human
experience
Includes threats to life and/or physical,
emotional or spiritual integrity
Experienced as
overwhelming/incomprehensible
Feeling powerless or unable to control
environment common
 
Neurobiology of trauma
 
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Instinctual/brain stem
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Rational/cerebral-cortex
 
 
From the Boston Public Health Commission, 2017.
 
 
Instinctual brain:  brain stem
 
 
Everything is NOW!
Keeps us safe and alive
Automatic reactions
o
Blood circulation
o
Muscle contractions
o
Temperature regulation
o
Breathing, sleeping, eating
 
From the Boston Public Health Commission, 2017.
 
Emotional brain:  limbic system
 
 
Site of emotions
Site of memory storage
Automatic reactions:
 
“first alert” alarm system
 
in times of stress and
 
crisis
 
From the Boston Public Health Commission, 2017.
 
Rational or thinking brain:
cerebral cortex
 
 
Has a sense of linear time
Is conscious and alert
o
 Observes, anticipates, plans,
responds
o
 Makes logical decisions
Integrates the other parts of the brain
Trauma is thought to 
disorder
 the normal
functioning of the cerebral cortex
 
From the Boston Public Health Commission, 2017.
 
Trauma responses
 
Trauma response: feelings
 
How might the survivor's feelings be triggered by
housing instability?
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Trauma response: behaviors
 
What might these behaviors look like?
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accessing their housing unit is necessary for
maintenance purposes.
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Maid Video Clip
 
44
 
Discussion
 
 
46
 
Secondary or vicarious trauma
 
Identify it
S
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c
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!
!
!
Resources
o
Laura van Dernoot Lipsky, The Trauma
Stewardship Institute, traumastewardship.com
o
National Center for PTSD at the U.S. Department
of Veterans Affairs, www.ptsd.va.gov
 
 
Trauma exposure response 
(van
Dernoot Lipsky, 2009)
 
 
Feeling helpless and hopeless
Sense that one can never do
enough
Hypervigilance
Diminished creativity
Inability to embrace
complexity
Minimizing
Chronic exhaustion/physical
ailments
 
Inability to listen/deliberate
avoidance
Dissociative moments
Sense of persecution
Guilt
Fear
Anger and cynicism
Inability to empathize/
numbing
Addictions
Grandiosity
 
Trauma informed responses and
spaces
 
Clear understanding and explanation of policies,
regulations, limitations
Ability to make exemptions and accommodations
Believe survivors
Private space for resources, phone, support
Offer space and time to engage c
lient
Staff training and support
Referral to appropriate resources
 
50
 
R
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:
When you suspect
When a survivor discloses
Case scenarios
Resources for survivors and property
management staff
 
Activity
 
In the chat or with the “T” on the
screen, answer the following
questions:
o
What is your favorite …?
o
Where is the best…?
o
Describe your best…?
 
53
 
When you suspect SDV
 
Remember:
You don’t have to know it all
You don’t have to be an expert
Refer and/or call for help
 
When you suspect SDV
 
Show that you care by building a relationship.
“I am here if you need to check in about anything.”
“I’m worried about your late rent payments. Let me
know if something is making it hard for you to pay on
time.”
Express concern without asking pointedly
about SDV.
“I’ve heard fighting in your apartment and am worried
about you. Is there anything I can do?”
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When you suspect SDV
 
If a tenant shows trauma reactions (e.g.,
anger outbursts, irritability, substance use),
always offer to direct them to supports.
Post resources in accessible spaces where
everyone can access and there is some
privacy for tenants to take them (e.g., in the
laundry rooms, by mailboxes).
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When a survivor discloses: tools for
responding
S
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Goal:
To facilitate appropriate
interventions and
connections
 
Safety: physical and emotional
 
Time sensitive information &
post-assault medical care
Physical housing unit space
(interior & exterior)
Suicidality, self harm &
substance use
Interpersonal conflict/issues:
tenant with tenant; tenant with
staff; staff with staff; external
 
Safety: privacy
 
Mindful of space for
disclosures or
conversations
Personal space
Information sharing – other
staff and tenants
 
Empowerment
 
Ask open ended questions
Allow survivor to direct
conversation
Offer and explain options
Be respectful of their decisions
Use non-directive language
Point out the survivor’s
strengths
 
Empathy
 
Believe them and let them
know it wasn’t their fault
Validate their experience &
reactions
Use authentic language and be
mindful of tone & body
language
Set expectations and explain
difficult policies/rules
 
Knowledge
 
Know your role and limits
Access to information,
resources and referrals (internal
& external)
Understand  agencies policies
including acceptable exceptions
Communicate limits of
confidentiality
 
63
 
Resources for survivors and
staff
 
Victim’s Compensation
Casa Myrna Boston
Other SDV organizations
o
Jane Doe map
o
Organizations that serve specific populations
Casa Myrna Services
 
Emergency shelter
Housing advocacy and support
Community-based advocacy
Individual and group counseling
Economic Stability
Legal advocacy
Children’s services
24 Hour Hotline: 
877-785-2020
 
For more information
 
Cesia Sanchez- Housing Director
Jessica Santana- Housing Manager
Casa Myrna
451 Blue Hill Ave
Dorchester, MA 0212
www.casamyrna.org
 
A
P
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U
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Other domestic violence
organizations
 
S
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1
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8
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2
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Jane Doe Inc. map of resources
(www.janedoe.org)
Serving specific populations:
Journey to Safety (Jewish/Russian)
Saheli (South Asian)
MA Alliance of Portuguese Speakers
The Network/La Red (LGBQIA/T)
Asian Taskforce Against Domestic Violence
 
A
P
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N
D
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X
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S
T
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I
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T
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S
 
Sexual violence and poverty
 
Serious violence (rape or sexual assault,
robbery, and aggravated assault)
accounted for a greater percentage of
violence among persons in poor
households (38%) than in high-income
households (27%). 
(Bureau of Justice Statistics)
 
COVID and DV
 
The number of domestic violence incidents in the US
increased by 8.1% after lockdown orders, according
to analysis 
released
 by the National Commission on
COVID-19 and Criminal Justice (NCCCJ) on Feb. 24.
The analysis is based on a review of 18 US and
international studies that compared domestic
violence incidents before and after lockdown orders
rolled out in March 2020, 
according
 to CNN.
 
72
 
 COVID and DV
 
 Domestic-violence hotlines prepared for an
increase in demand for services as states
enforced these mandates, but many
organizations experienced the opposite. In
some regions, the number of calls dropped by
more than 50%.
1
 Experts in the field knew
that rates of IPV had not decreased, but
rather that victims were unable to safely
connect with services.
 
73
 
DV, housing instability and poverty
 
Women and men who experienced food and housing
insecurity in the past 12 months reported a significantly
higher 12-month prevalence of rape, physical violence,
or stalking by an intimate partner compared to those who
did not experience food and housing insecurity. 
(Breidling,
M.J., Chen, J. et al. 2014. CDC.)
DV is one of the leading causes of homelessness for
women and children. Among U.S. city mayors surveyed
in 2005, 50% identified intimate partner violence as a
primary cause of homelessness in their city. 
(U.S. Conference
of Mayors. 2005. Hunger and homeless survey.)
 
DV, housing instability and poverty
 
Housing stability is essential for survivors
of DV. The less secure in housing, the
greater experiences of depression, PTSD,
missed school/work and hospitalization.
With every risk factor for housing instability,
the odds of being absent from work/school
increased by 28% and odds of hospitalization
by 27%. 
(SHARE project. 2011. CDC.)
 
Stalking
 
One in six women and 1 in 19 men have experienced
stalking in their lifetimes. Most often, stalking occurs by
someone they know or with whom they had an intimate
relationship.
For both men and women, victims who previously
experienced stalking or sexual violence by any
perpetrator, or physical violence by an intimate partner
were significantly more likely to report adverse health
conditions such as asthma, irritable bowel syndrome,
diabetes, and high blood pressure compared to those
with no history of these forms of violence.
    (U.S. Centers for Disease Control)
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This training series focuses on raising awareness about domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault, and stalking. Participants will learn how to recognize crisis and trauma, respond appropriately to disclosures, and create supportive environments for survivors. The sessions cover key topics such as dynamics of violence, trauma-related behaviors, and available resources for survivors and staff.


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  1. Introduction to Domestic Violence, Dating Violence, Sexual Assault and Stalking MassHousing TAP Management Training Series 2021 Jessica Santana & Cesia Sanchez Casa Myrna November 18, 2021 Original training developed in partnership with Casa Myrna & Boston Area Rape Crisis Center (BARCC)

  2. Agenda Goals (5 minutes) Overview, definitions and statistics (55 minutes) Break (5 minutes) Understanding and responding to crisis and trauma (35 minutes) Responding to disclosure; resources for survivors and management staff (25 minutes)

  3. Understand sexual violence and the dynamics of domestic and dating violence Identify crisis- and trauma-related behaviors and learn appropriate responses Strengthen capacity to respond to disclosure of sexual and domestic violence and create trauma informed housing environments Understand resources available to survivors and housing staff

  4. 1. Remain on mute to minimize background noise. Press the raise hand button to ask a question or type in the chat. 2. Respect confidentiality of all participants 3. Respect all participants ideas or reactions; no comment is bad. The goal is to help us identify our beliefs and prejudices in order to set them aside 4. Self-care!

  5. Language Abuser/batterer/perpetrator Victim/battered woman/survivor Inclusivity oVictim not always she oPerpetrator not always he Tip: Mirror the language the survivor uses

  6. Roles & Responsibilities Resident Service Coordinator DV/SA Advocate Maintenance Provider Property Manager Non-DV/SA Service Provider

  7. 7

  8. In the chat, introduce yourself, your role, and one thing you hope to take away from today s training

  9. Overview, Definitions and Statistics: Sexual violence Domestic and dating violence Intersection with housing instability and poverty Domestic violence: obstacles to leaving Language

  10. What is sexual violence? Any sexual activity where consent is not obtained or freely given. The term defines a broad continuum of violent and abusive behaviors including, but not limited to: rape, sexual assault, sexual harassment and non-contact sexual abuse such as verbal or cyber harassment. Massachusetts Sexual Violence Prevention Plan (2009 2016)

  11. What is Consent? Freely Given Reversible Informed Specific

  12. What is domestic/dating violence? Domestic/dating violence (DV) is a pattern of behavior in a relationship where one person tries to gain and maintain power and control over another.

  13. Abuse, a pattern of coercive behaviors, is the tool one person uses to establish and maintain that power and control. Abuse helps to control the way a person acts, thinks, and feels. Abuse makes a person fearful and isolated from help and resources.

  14. Domestic/dating violence: forms of abuse Abuse takes many forms, including: Physical Verbal Emotional/psychological Financial Sexual Cultural/identity abuse

  15. Physical Verbal Cultural/Identity Emotional/psychological Financial Sexual destroying credit

  16. 16

  17. Abuse model 1: cycle of violence Ok/normal Honeymoon/ Hearts and Flowers Tension Explosion

  18. Abuse model 2: wave of violence Increasingly abusive behavior Respectful behavior

  19. Power and control wheel

  20. What is stalking? Stalking is the repeated following and harassing of another person that would cause a reasonable person to fear for their safety or the safety of others or suffer substantial emotional distress. It is generally composed of a series of actions that taken individually might seem harmless.

  21. Intersection with housing instability & poverty Safety concerns Fear Moving costs Relocation Sexual & domestic violence (SDV) Financial costs educational performance earnings Economic instability Difficulty affording housing Homelessness

  22. Sexual violence and housing instability Nearly 6 out of 10 sexual assault incidents are reported by victims to have occurred in their own home or at the home of a friend, relative, or neighbor.(US Department of Justice) Nearly 80% of victims living in public housing wanted to relocate because the perpetrator was nearby but could not. (National Sexual Violence Resource Center)

  23. Sexual violence and poverty For survivors of sexual violence who are also struggling economically, the lack of choices often traps them in unsafe situations and relationships in which they may be dependent on their perpetrators for basic goods, such as shelter, food, medicine, transportation, healthcare, childcare, and others. (Pennsylvania Coaltion Against Rape) o Between 70 and 90% of survivors served by PA rape crisis centers are on public assistance and/or struggling to meet basic needs including affordable housing. (PCAR Study)

  24. DV, housing instability and poverty The need for safe housing and economic resources to maintain safe housing are two of the most pressing concerns among DV survivors who are planning to or have recently left abusers. (Clough, A., Draughon, J.E. et al. 2014. Qualitative Social Work, 13(5).) More than a third (38%) of DV survivors report becoming homeless immediately after separating from their partners. (Baker, C.K., Cook, S.L. et al. 2003. Violence Against Women, 9.)

  25. Domestic violence: obstacles to leaving FEAR! Leaving is dangerous; highest risk of homicide is immediately after ending an abusive relationship Economic dependency Children, wanting to keep the family together Religious beliefs Isolation and lack of resources Hoping for a change Love

  26. #whyIstayed Private Violence Presents: Why We Stayed #whyIstayed Huffington Post article (9/9/14) and twitter feed

  27. Discussion: #whyistayed As resident service coordinators, property managers, and facilities staff how does a survivor staying affect you and your property?

  28. 29

  29. Break

  30. Understanding and responding to crisis and trauma: Crisis vs. traumatic events Neurobiology of trauma Trauma responses/triggers Trauma informed responses and spaces Secondary trauma

  31. Crisis Temporary disruption of stability Can be positive or negative events Time-limited response to specific event Normal coping mechanisms do work We all experience occasional crisis

  32. Traumatic events Outside the range of normal human experience Includes threats to life and/or physical, emotional or spiritual integrity Experienced as overwhelming/incomprehensible Feeling powerless or unable to control environment common

  33. Neurobiology of trauma What is going on in there? Instinctual/brain stem Emotional/limbic Rational/cerebral-cortex From the Boston Public Health Commission, 2017.

  34. Instinctual brain: brain stem Everything is NOW! Keeps us safe and alive Automatic reactions oBlood circulation oMuscle contractions oTemperature regulation oBreathing, sleeping, eating From the Boston Public Health Commission, 2017.

  35. Emotional brain: limbic system Site of emotions Site of memory storage Automatic reactions: first alert alarm system in times of stress and crisis From the Boston Public Health Commission, 2017.

  36. Rational or thinking brain: cerebral cortex Has a sense of linear time Is conscious and alert o Observes, anticipates, plans, responds o Makes logical decisions Integrates the other parts of the brain Trauma is thought to disorder the normal functioning of the cerebral cortex From the Boston Public Health Commission, 2017.

  37. Trauma responses Feelings Isolation Distrust Flashbacks Return to Normalcy Hyper-Vigilance Disordered Eating Substance Use Hopelessness Inability to Focus Irritability Coping Skills Supportive Network How might these feelings be triggered by housing instability/ safety concerns? Shame/Self Blame Anxiety/Stress Anger Fear Sadness Powerlessness Denial Confusion Triggered Healing Strong/Resilient What might these behaviors look like and how might they be responded to by providers?

  38. Trauma response: feelings How might the survivor's feelings be triggered by housing instability? Self blame: I should have known to not get myself into this unsafe situation. I should not have let him into my room. Anger: Upset at having no immediate transfer options. Fear: Of not being believed if tenant shares their situation with landlord. Powerlessness: Lack of control over transfer timeline, lack of financial means to address the back rent needs. Triggered: Staying in the same housing unit where incident occurred.

  39. Trauma response: behaviors What might these behaviors look like? Hyper-Vigilance: Putting extra barricades on their doors, clothes in their windows for extra security measures Substance Use: Violating housing no smoking policies, cigarette smoke/ alcohol smell in their non-smoking units Distrust: Not reaching out for support until much later after the incident How might providers respond to them?

  40. Potential triggers Not offering/providing a private space for tenant to discuss their situation. E.g., Meeting in an open office space where all the other staff or tenants may hear. Not giving tenants advance notice if accessing their housing unit is necessary for maintenance purposes. Asking tenants personal questions. E.g., Do you have a boyfriend .

  41. Potential triggers Not giving an explanation of the policies and limitations around addressing the tenant s housing needs. E.g., Read the terms of your lease. The information is all in there. or just dropping off information under their door. Not showing a willingness/effort to understand and help around tenant s situation. E.g., Sorry I cannot help or using non-verbal cues (staff rolling their eyes when tenant discloses).

  42. Potential triggers Not believing the tenant. E.g., We ve heard the same story before Not returning calls or no option to leave a voicemail. Not giving space to explain the situation and alternatives to address need. E.g., I need you to pay the rent back by the end of this month and if not we ll begin eviction proceedings.

  43. Maid Video Clip 44

  44. Discussion

  45. 46

  46. Secondary or vicarious trauma Identify it Self care!!! Resources oLaura van Dernoot Lipsky, The Trauma Stewardship Institute, traumastewardship.com oNational Center for PTSD at the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, www.ptsd.va.gov

  47. Trauma exposure response (van Dernoot Lipsky, 2009) Feeling helpless and hopeless Sense that one can never do enough Hypervigilance Diminished creativity Inability to embrace complexity Minimizing Chronic exhaustion/physical ailments Inability to listen/deliberate avoidance Dissociative moments Sense of persecution Guilt Fear Anger and cynicism Inability to empathize/ numbing Addictions Grandiosity

  48. Trauma informed responses and spaces Clear understanding and explanation of policies, regulations, limitations Ability to make exemptions and accommodations Believe survivors Private space for resources, phone, support Offer space and time to engage client Staff training and support Referral to appropriate resources

  49. 50

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