Word Classes and Noun Functions in Grammar
W
O
R
D
C
L
A
S
S
E
S
:
O
P
E
N
C
L
A
S
S
C
o
n
t
e
n
t
w
o
r
d
s
G
L
I
E
Z
E
L
L
.
C
A
B
A
L
T
I
C
A
N
WORD
A
minimum
free
form
(Bloomfield)
Smallest
form
that can
own
by
itself
O
PEN
CLASS
Open class words
(content
words) carry semantic
contents.
We
can and
regularly add new words
to
these
classes.
Nouns
Verbs
Adjectives
Adverbs
S
TRUCTURAL
GRAMMAR
VS
.
TRADITIONAL
GRAMMAR
I
will
water
the
plants.
Did
you
plant
these?
It’s
a
planted
evidence.
Give me
water
.
The
watering
can
has
a
hole.
NOUN
C
o
mmon
Proper
Count
Non-count
ABSTRACT:
difficulty,
remark
CON
C
RE
T
E:
girl,
chair
ABSTRACT:
music,
anger
CONCRETE:
milk,
gold,
oxygen
A
noun can be extended
to
a noun phrase.
In the
example phrases given
below,
the
noun (in
the first
example) and
the
noun phrase (in
the
remaining
examples) is in bold. Note how much
the
noun
phrase can be extended by adding extra
information each
time.
D
o
g
s
c
a
n
b
e
v
i
c
i
o
u
s
S
o
m
e
d
o
g
s
c
a
n
b
e
v
i
c
i
o
u
s
S
o
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
d
o
g
s
c
a
n
b
e
v
i
c
i
o
u
s
S
o
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
b
i
g
g
e
r
d
o
g
s
c
a
n
b
e
v
i
c
i
o
u
s
S
o
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
b
i
g
g
e
r
d
o
g
s
i
n
t
h
e
d
o
g
p
o
u
n
d
c
a
n
b
e
v
i
c
i
o
u
s
NOUN
(hammer)
ADJECTIVE
(
small
hammer)
DETERMINER
(
such
hammer)
PREPOSITION
(
with
the
hammer)
Properties
of
nouns:
Can
be
pluralized
by
adding
/-s/
Can occur in
frame:
[Det
(Adjective)
]
Can be added with
/-’s/
to
show
possession
N
OUN
F
UNCTIONS
Subject
Barnabas
chewed your loafers.
(pre-verb)
Your
loafers were chewed by
Barnabas.
(post-verb)
Direct Object of
Transitive
Verbs
(post-transitive
verb)
We
love
Barnabas.
Subjective Complement
(post-linking verb)
My favourite pet is
Barnabas.
Indirect Object
(between verb and
DO)
We
give
Barnabas
some biscuits to
eat.
Object of the Preposition (Prepositional
Complement)
(after a
preposition)
These bones are for
Barnabas.
Object Complement
(after DO)
We
named our dog
Barnabas
.
Appositive
(after another
noun)
Our old dog,
Barnabas
, died at the
garage.
Noun Phrase
Modifier
The
bedroom
walls are all oak panels.
Books
are
repaired
in the
Conservation
Lab.
Determinatives
A determinative is a noun or
noun
phrase
plus
the
possessive clitic (apostrophe
s
or
s
apostrophe)
that
indicates possession
of
or
some other
relationship
to
another noun or noun
phrase.
The cat
is
eating
the
dog's
food.
My
parents'
house is in
the
same
part
of town as
mine.
FULL
VERBS
A
full verb is a
word
that
tells
what
someone or
something
is,
does
or
experiences.
Transitive
Intransitive
C
o
mma
n
ds
Statements
Yes-no
questions
W
h
-
que
sti
on
s
C
o
m
m
a
n
d
:
Baste
the
chicken.
Y
e
s
-
n
o
q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
:
W
h
-
q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
:
S
t
a
t
e
m
e
n
t
:
Did
you
baste
the
chicken?
Are
you finished
talking?
How will you
baste
the
chicken?
Why
should
I
baste
the
chicken?
Someone will
baste
the
chicken.
R
e
g
u
l
a
r
V
e
r
b
s
I
r
r
e
g
u
l
a
r
V
e
r
b
s
Present and
past
participles
of
verbs
may
occur in
noun or
adjective
positions depending on how
they
are used in
the
sentence or
structure.
Cook
i
ng
Here are examples
of
present and participle
forms of
verbs used as
adjectives.
The
lady
was accompanied by a
giggling
maidservant.
N
o
t
e
:
T
h
e
m
a
i
d
s
e
r
v
a
n
t
i
s
g
i
g
g
l
i
n
g
.
(
v
e
r
b
)
R
o
y
’
s
f
a
m
i
l
y
s
e
l
l
s
w
o
v
e
n
b
a
s
k
e
t
s
a
n
d
m
a
t
s
.
Properties of
verbs:
Can
be marked for
tense, person
and
number
Can receive /–ing/
suffix
Can appear in
frame:
[Aux
] (Aux =
‘helping
verb’)
Can appear in
frame:
[Please
]
Exercise
1.
You
must
use a good hammer
for
this
job.
2.
You
must
hammer
the joists
like
this.
3.
Jake is hammering
the
floor joists
now.
4.
Several hammers went missing
yesterday.
Q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
:
I
s
h
a
m
m
e
r
a
n
o
u
n
o
r
v
e
r
b
i
n
t
h
e
a
b
o
v
e
s
e
n
t
e
n
c
e
s
?
A
D
J
E
CTI
VE
S
A
d
j
e
c
t
i
v
e
s
a
r
e
u
s
u
a
l
l
y
p
l
a
c
e
d
a
s
s
u
b
j
e
c
t
c
o
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
s
Placed before the
noun described
if
they are single-
word adjectives
Placed
after
nouns
if
they are clausal or
phrasal
An adjective gives
the
reader or speaker extra
information about a noun or delimits it in some
way.
It
can occur in two positions in a
phrase:
b
e
f
o
r
e
t
h
e
n
o
u
n
a
s
i
n
c
l
e
a
r
w
a
t
e
r
,
b
e
a
u
t
i
f
u
l
b
e
a
c
h
e
s
,
a
t
e
r
r
i
b
l
e
d
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
.
T
h
e
a
d
j
e
c
t
i
v
e
s
i
n
t
h
e
s
e
e
x
a
m
p
l
e
s
a
r
e
s
a
i
d
t
o
b
e
a
t
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
v
e
,
f
o
l
l
o
w
i
n
g
a
n
y
f
o
r
m
o
f
t
h
e
v
e
r
b
b
e
(
e
.
g
.
a
m
,
i
s
,
w
a
s
,
b
e
e
n
)
a
n
d
s
i
m
i
l
a
r
v
e
r
b
s
(
s
e
e
m
,
a
p
p
e
a
r
,
b
e
c
o
m
e
)
a
s
i
n
t
h
e
w
a
t
e
r
b
e
c
a
m
e
c
l
e
a
r
,
t
h
e
b
e
a
c
h
e
s
a
r
e
b
e
a
u
t
i
f
u
l
.
T
h
e
s
e
a
d
j
e
c
t
i
v
e
s
a
r
e
i
n
p
r
e
d
i
c
a
t
i
v
e
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
.
ADV
E
RBS
Adverb
of time may
occur in sentence-initial
or sentence-final
positions.
Adverbs
of
manner and
place are usually found
after
the verb and may
interchange their positions,
provided that single-
modifiers come before
phrase
modifiers.
Time
initial:
[Time+Sentence+Manner+Place]
Yesterday,
the
dancers came quietly
at the
palace.
Time
final:
[Sentence+Manner+Place+Time]
The dancers came quietly
at the
palace
yesterday.
[
S
e
ntence+P
l
ace+Manner+
T
ime
]
The dancer came here alone
yesterday.
Mid-position adverbs
are found in
the
middle
of the
sentence.
These adverbs are adverbs
of
frequency
and their position in
the
sentence depends on
the
verb they
modify.
V
e
r
b
t
o
b
e
(
i
s
,
a
r
e
,
w
a
s
,
w
e
r
e
)
–
t
h
e
a
d
v
e
r
b
o
f
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
c
o
m
e
s
a
f
t
e
r
t
h
e
v
e
r
b
A
c
t
i
o
n
v
e
r
b
–
t
h
e
a
d
v
e
r
b
o
f
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
c
o
m
e
s
b
e
f
o
r
e
t
h
e
v
e
r
b
V
e
r
b
p
h
r
a
s
e
–
i
t
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
d
a
f
t
e
r
t
h
e
f
i
r
s
t
a
u
x
i
l
i
a
r
y
[verb
to
be
+
mid-position
adverb]
J
a
c
k
s
o
n
i
s
u
s
u
a
l
l
y
e
a
r
l
y
.
[mid-position adverb
+
action
verb]
J
a
c
k
s
o
n
r
e
g
u
l
a
r
l
y
c
l
e
a
n
s
t
h
e
c
a
r
.
[auxiliary
+
mid-position adverb
+
main
verb]
Y
o
u
s
h
o
u
l
d
a
l
w
a
y
s
l
i
s
t
e
n
t
o
m
e
.
H
e
h
a
s
n
e
v
e
r
b
e
e
n
k
n
o
w
n
t
o
l
i
s
t
e
n
t
o
a
n
y
o
n
e
.
The traditional approach
to
adverbs has been
to
assign
mainly those words which are
made from adjectives
by
the addition
of the
ending
–ly
(
quickly
,
hopelessly
), plus
certain other words
which are
difficult
to
classify,
like
not
,
just
and
soon
.
Their
main
function
is to
qualify
the
action
of the verb in the
clause in
some
way,
but they
can also be used
to
add
more information
to
an
adjective
or
other
adverb
e
.
g
.
a
w
f
u
l
l
y
g
o
o
d
,
i
n
c
r
e
d
i
b
l
y
s
l
o
w
l
y
.
T
h
e
c
l
a
s
s
o
f
a
d
v
e
r
b
s
i
s
v
e
r
y
w
i
d
e
-
r
a
n
g
i
n
g
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
n
d
i
s
u
s
e
d
t
o
a
d
d
c
o
m
m
e
n
t
s
t
o
m
a
n
y
o
f
t
h
e
o
t
h
e
r
w
o
r
d
c
l
a
s
s
e
s
.
WORD CLASSES:
O
PEN
C
LASS
J
ANUARY
23,
2015
Thank
you
for
listening!
Explore the concept of word classes such as open class and minimum free form, structural vs traditional grammar, count abstract vs concrete nouns, noun phrase extensions, properties of nouns, and noun functions in language. Enhance your understanding of adjectives, determiners, prepositions, and various forms of nouns through illustrative examples and explanations.
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Presentation Transcript
WORD CLASSES: OPEN CLASS Content words GLIEZEL L. CABALTICAN
WORD A minimum free form (Bloomfield) Smallest form that can own by itself
OPEN CLASS Open class words (content words) carry semantic contents. We can and regularly add new words to these classes. Nouns Verbs Adjectives Adverbs
STRUCTURAL GRAMMAR VS. TRADITIONAL GRAMMAR TRADITIONAL Classify and identify words according to meaning STRUCTURAL Classify and identify words according to form I will water the plants. Did you plant these? It s a planted evidence. Give me water. The watering can has a hole.
Count ABSTRACT: difficulty, remark Common CONCRETE: girl, chair NOUN Non-count Proper ABSTRACT: music, anger CONCRETE: milk, gold, oxygen
A noun can be extended to a noun phrase. In the example phrases given below, the noun (in the first example) and the noun phrase (in the remaining examples) is in bold. Note how much the noun phrase can be extended by adding extra information each time. Dogs can be vicious Some dogs can be vicious Some of the dogs can be vicious Some of the bigger dogs can be vicious Some of the bigger dogs in the dog pound can be vicious
ADJECTIVE (small hammer) DETERMINER NOUN (hammer) (such hammer) PREPOSITION (with the hammer)
Properties of nouns: Can be pluralized by adding /-s/ Can occur in frame: [Det (Adjective) Can be added with /- s/ to show possession ]
NOUN FUNCTIONS Subject Barnabas chewed your loafers. (pre-verb) Your loafers were chewed by Barnabas. (post-verb) Direct Object of Transitive Verbs (post-transitive verb) We love Barnabas. Subjective Complement (post-linking verb) My favourite pet is Barnabas.
Indirect Object (between verb and DO) We give Barnabas some biscuits to eat. Object of the Preposition (Prepositional Complement) (after a preposition) These bones are for Barnabas. Object Complement (after DO) We named our dog Barnabas. Appositive (after another noun) Our old dog, Barnabas, died at the garage.
Noun Phrase Modifier The bedroom walls are all oak panels. Books are repaired in the Conservation Lab. Determinatives A determinative is a noun or noun phrase plus the possessive clitic (apostrophe s or s apostrophe) that indicates possession of or some other relationship to another noun or noun phrase. The cat is eating the dog's food. My parents' house is in the same part of town as mine.
A full verb is a word that tells what something is, experiences. someone does or or Transitive FULLVERBS Intransitive Commands Statements Yes-no questions Wh-questions
Baste the chicken. Command: Did you baste the chicken? Are you finished talking? Yes-no question: How will you baste the chicken? Why should I baste the chicken? Wh-question: Statement: Someone will baste the chicken.
Regular Verbs Irregular Verbs dance clear sing cut throw Base form -s form dances clears sings cuts throws -ing participle dancing clearing singing cutting throwing danced cleared sang cut threw Past form danced cleared sung cut thrown Past participle
Present and past participles of verbs may occur in noun or adjective positions depending on how they are used in the sentence or structure. Cooking Cooking is what kept her alive. Subject Mrs. Josh loves cooking. Direct Object She gave cooking a new name. Indirect Object Her hobby is cooking. Subject Complement She is so tired of cooking for you. Object of the Preposition Appositive His first love, cooking, will always be his first love.
Here are examples of present and participle forms of verbs used as adjectives. The lady was accompanied by a giggling maidservant. Note: The maidservant is giggling. (verb) Roy s family sells woven baskets and mats.
Properties of verbs: Can be marked for tense, person and number Can receive / ing/ suffix Can appear in frame: [Aux verb ) Can appear in frame: [Please ] (Aux = helping ]
Exercise You must use a good hammer for this job. You must hammer the joists like this. Jake is hammering the floor joists now. Several hammers went missing yesterday. 1. 2. 3. 4. Question: Is hammer a noun or verb in the above sentences?
Adjectives are usually placed as subject complements ADJECTIVES Placed before the noun described if they are single- word adjectives Placed after nouns if they are clausal or phrasal
That car is so expensive. What an expensive car! This car, so expensive like a 4-year college tuition, should be maintained properly. Subjective Complement Pre-noun position Post-noun position The lady in the blue dress is your new boss. I want to meet the man who broke your heart into pieces. Phrasal adjective Clausal adjective
An adjective gives the reader or speaker extra information about a noun or delimits it in some way. It can occur in two positions in a phrase: before the noun as in clear water, beautiful beaches, a terrible decision. The adjectives in these examples are said to be attributive, following any form of the verb be (e.g. am, is, was, been) and similar verbs (seem, appear,become) as in the water became clear, the beaches are beautiful. These adjectives are in predicative position.
Adverb of time may occur in sentence-initial or sentence-final positions. ADVERBS Adverbs of manner and place are usually found after the verb and may interchange their positions, provided that single- modifiers come before phrase modifiers.
Time initial: [Time+Sentence+Manner+Place] Yesterday, the dancers came quietly at the palace. Time final: [Sentence+Manner+Place+Time] The dancers came quietly at the palace yesterday. [Sentence+Place+Manner+Time] The dancer came here alone yesterday.
Mid-position adverbs are found in the middle of the sentence. These adverbs are adverbs of frequency and their position in the sentence depends on the verb they modify. Verb to be (is, are, was, were) the adverb of frequency comes after the verb Action verb the adverb of frequency comes before the verb Verb phrase it is placed after the first auxiliary
[verb to be + mid-position adverb] Jackson is usually early. [mid-position adverb + action verb] Jackson regularly cleans the car.
[auxiliary + mid-position adverb + main verb] You should always listen to me. He has never been known to listen to anyone.
The traditional approach to adverbs has been to assign mainly those words which are made from adjectives by the addition of the ending ly (quickly, hopelessly), plus certain other words which are difficult to classify, like not, just and soon. Their main function is to qualify the action of the verb in the clause in some way, but they can also be used to add more information to an adjective or other adverb e.g. awfully good, incredibly slowly. The class of adverbs is very wide-ranging in form and is used to add comments to many of the other word classes.
WORD CLASSES: OPEN CLASS JANUARY 23, 2015 Thank you for listening!
