Women's Role in Parliament: A Comparative Study of Indonesia and Thailand
Women’s Role in Indonesia and
Thailand Parliament
By
Nur Azizah
Department of International Relations
Presented at International Seminar on Indonesia Thailand Cooperation
Held by
Faculty of Social and Political Science
Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta
WOMEN IN PARLIAMENT
Thailand and Indonesia are lag behind
Rwanda (63,8 % in 2013 election), Bolivia (53,1 % in 2014 election), Cuba (48,9 % in
2013 election), Sweden (43,6 % in 2014).
This article aims to elucidate the causes of the under-representation
of women in Indonesia (and Thailand) politics
Does women’s representation in parliament lead to women-friendly policies?
Does women’s representation
have some specific priorities
THAILAND
•
Lower House :
–
In the late 1960s,
:
2.8
%
–
1980’s : 4 %
–
1992 : 6
%
–
2001
:
9.2
%
–
2014 : 4,8 % (12 of 250)
INDONESIA
•
Lower House :
–
17,3 % (97 from 560 - in 2014
election)
–
18 % ( in 2009 election)
•
Upper House :
–
25 % (33 from 132)
Anne Phillips
:
The Politics of Presence
,
Oxford University Press, USA, 1995
•
Anne Phillips argues that the politics of ideas is an inadequate
vehicle for dealing with political exclusion.
•
The numerical presence of women will bring
women’s
perspectives,
values and issues that are poorly represented.
•
F
emale legislators acting on the behalf of women, or representing
women’s interests
•
The substantive perspective claims that increased representation of
women in parliament would make a substantive difference because
women and men have
different experiences and different
priorities in political issues.
•
I
t is considered important to incorporate women’s interests and
perspectives that lead them
to advocate issues
that are either
marginalized or excluded, especially in times when legislative
bodies are dominated by men.
Constitution - Law
Thailand
•
The new constitution of
1997
:
–
Article 30 states that women
and men shall enjoy equal
rights
(
provided a
framework
for gender rights
).
Indonesia
•
The Constitution of the Republic of
Indonesia, Undang-Undang Dasar
1945,
–
Paragraph 1 of Article 27 stipulates
that: “every citizen enjoys equal
status before the law and
government, and is obliged to uphold
this status without exception.”
–
An amendment to the Constitution
was, as a consequence, issued in
2000 which recognizes that “every
person shall have the right to be free
from discriminatory treatment based
upon any ground whatsoever and
shall have the right to protection
from such discriminatory treatment."
Indonesia
•
LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA NUMBER
23 OF YEAR 2004 REGARDING ELIMINATION OF
VIOLENCE IN HOUSEHOLD
•
Article 4
:
Elimination of violence in household
shall be intended to:
a.
prevent all forms of violence in household
b.
protect the victim of violence in household
c.
take action against the perpetrator of violence in
household
d.
maintain the intactness of harmonious and
prosperous household.
Pro Women’s Institutions - Policy
•
The State Ministry for Women’s
Empowerment
(1978)
–
Gender Mainstreaming at the National and
Subnational Levels
•
Presidential Decree 9/2000 on Gender Mainstreaming
within the framework of Law 22/1999 on Regional
Government, the Minister of Home Affairs released
Ministerial Circular Letter 050/1232/SJ of 26 June 2001
on the implementation of gender mainstreaming.
•
The Indonesian National Commission on
Violence against Women (Komnas Perempuan
D
ecentralization
impact on Women
•
D
ecentralization
impact :
Komnas Perempuan
recorded that as at August 2011 there were
207 discriminatory policies in the name of
religion and morality, 78 are targeting
specifically on women. The majority of these
policies (200 of 207 policies) exist at district
and provincial levels.
Women Quota Policy in Indonesia
•
In article 55 Law No 8 Year 2012 on legeslatif
election :” The list of prospective candidates
as referred to in Article 53
contain at least
30%
(thirty percent) representation women”.
•
Article 55 state that “In the list of prospective
candidates, every 3 (three) candidates, there
are at least one (1) women candidate.
Women in Politics
•
In 2003 Election Law 12/2003 was passed in
which the lobby for a 30% quota for women in
legeslative nomination.
•
Article 65 of the Law on the Method for
Nomination of DPR, DPD, Provincial DPRD, and
Regency/City DPRD Candidate Members, point 1
reads: “Each participating political party may
nominate candidates for the DPR, DPRD, and
Regency/City DPRD, for each electoral district,
giving consideration with regard to the
representation of women of at least 30%.”
Framework
•
Historical Contex
•
Cultural Contex
•
The Character of
Political Party
•
Women Quota in
Politics
The Number of
Women in Politics
Indonesia has historical background which impact on
the women involvement in politics.
•
In Indonesia, colonial tragedy begun in 16 –
20 century had encouraged the women
inclution in anti colonialist movement.
Thenceforth, women began their involvement
in public sector.
Early Feminist Movement
THAILAND
INDONESIA
•
Kartini (1879-1904) fight for
education for women,
promotion of monogamy,
and reevaluation of
Javanese culture.
•
1928 – The First Women
Congres in Indonesia
–
Education for women,
Affirmative Action Policy
THAILAND
•
No :
•
?
INDONESIA
•
Yes :
•
In article 55 Law No 8 Year 2012
on legeslatif election :” The list
of prospective candidates as
referred to in Article 53
contain
at least 30%
(thirty percent)
representation women”.
•
•
Article 55 state that “In the list of
prospective candidates, every 3
(three) candidates, there are at
least one (1) women candidate.
THE MASCULIN
POLITICAL PARTY
•
Political party dominated by men, and characterised
by :
–
late-night meetings and smoking
–
corrupt dealings, aggression and boys-club networking
•
Unwelcoming to women : women is perceived as as
‘space invaders’
•
Keeping a worklife balance is especially hard for
women with children, in part because it is still
considered a norm that mothers play a day-to-day
management role at home.
Women in Indonesian Parliament
1999, 2004, 2009
Cultural :
The impact of Religion Principals on Gender Relation
JAPAN
•
Confucian, Budhism
•
defined how women should
act and behave.
•
the three people a woman
must obey (he own father in
her home before marriage,
her husband after she is
married, and her children
after her husband’s death).
INDONESIA
•
Islam
•
More egalitarian: For God,
the grade or the rank of
human being is not
depended on their gender
but on their piety.
The article analyzes the under-representation of women in the parliaments of Indonesia and Thailand, exploring the causes and impact of women's participation. It discusses the importance of women's perspectives in policymaking, with insights from Anne Phillips on the politics of presence. Additionally, it highlights constitutional provisions promoting gender equality and laws addressing violence against women in Indonesia.
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Presentation Transcript
Womens Role in Indonesia and Thailand Parliament By Nur Azizah Department of International Relations Presented at International Seminar on Indonesia Thailand Cooperation Held by Faculty of Social and Political Science Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta
WOMEN IN PARLIAMENT Thailand and Indonesia are lag behind Rwanda (63,8 % in 2013 election), Bolivia (53,1 % in 2014 election), Cuba (48,9 % in 2013 election), Sweden (43,6 % in 2014). This article aims to elucidate the causes of the under-representation of women in Indonesia (and Thailand) politics Does women s representation in parliament lead to women-friendly policies? Does women s representation have some specific priorities THAILAND INDONESIA Lower House : In the late 1960s, : 2.8 % 1980 s : 4 % 1992 : 6 % 2001 : 9.2 % 2014 : 4,8 % (12 of 250) Lower House : 17,3 % (97 from 560 - in 2014 election) 18 % ( in 2009 election) Upper House : 25 % (33 from 132)
Anne Phillips : The Politics of Presence, Oxford University Press, USA, 1995 Anne Phillips argues that the politics of ideas is an inadequate vehicle for dealing with political exclusion. The numerical presence of women will bring women s perspectives, values and issues that are poorly represented. Female legislators acting on the behalf of women, or representing women s interests The substantive perspective claims that increased representation of women in parliament would make a substantive difference because women and men have different experiences and different priorities in political issues. It is considered important to incorporate women s interests and perspectives that lead them to advocate issues that are either marginalized or excluded, especially in times when legislative bodies are dominated by men.
Constitution - Law Thailand The new constitution of 1997 : Article 30 states that women and men shall enjoy equal rights (provided a framework for gender rights). Indonesia The Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, Undang-Undang Dasar 1945, Paragraph 1 of Article 27 stipulates that: every citizen enjoys equal status before the law and government, and is obliged to uphold this status without exception. An amendment to the Constitution was, as a consequence, issued in 2000 which recognizes that every person shall have the right to be free from discriminatory treatment based upon any ground whatsoever and shall have the right to protection from such discriminatory treatment."
Indonesia LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA NUMBER 23 OF YEAR 2004 REGARDING ELIMINATION OF VIOLENCE IN HOUSEHOLD Article 4 : Elimination of violence in household shall be intended to: a. prevent all forms of violence in household b. protect the victim of violence in household c. take action against the perpetrator of violence in household d. maintain the intactness of harmonious and prosperous household.
Pro Womens Institutions - Policy The State Ministry for Women s Empowerment (1978) Gender Mainstreaming at the National and Subnational Levels Presidential Decree 9/2000 on Gender Mainstreaming within the framework of Law 22/1999 on Regional Government, the Minister of Home Affairs released Ministerial Circular Letter 050/1232/SJ of 26 June 2001 on the implementation of gender mainstreaming. The Indonesian National Commission on Violence against Women (Komnas Perempuan
Decentralization impact on Women Decentralization impact : Komnas Perempuan recorded that as at August 2011 there were 207 discriminatory policies in the name of religion and morality, 78 are targeting specifically on women. The majority of these policies (200 of 207 policies) exist at district and provincial levels.
Women Quota Policy in Indonesia In article 55 Law No 8 Year 2012 on legeslatif election : The list of prospective candidates as referred to in Article 53 contain at least 30% (thirty percent) representation women . Article 55 state that In the list of prospective candidates, every 3 (three) candidates, there are at least one (1) women candidate.
Women in Politics In 2003 Election Law 12/2003 was passed in which the lobby for a 30% quota for women in legeslative nomination. Article 65 of the Law on the Method for Nomination of DPR, DPD, Provincial DPRD, and Regency/City DPRD Candidate Members, point 1 reads: Each participating political party may nominate candidates for the DPR, DPRD, and Regency/City DPRD, for each electoral district, giving consideration with regard to the representation of women of at least 30%.
Framework Historical Contex Cultural Contex The Character of Political Party Women Quota in Politics The Number of Women in Politics
Indonesia has historical background which impact on the women involvement in politics. In Indonesia, colonial tragedy begun in 16 20 century had encouraged the women inclution in anti colonialist movement. Thenceforth, women began their involvement in public sector.
Early Feminist Movement THAILAND INDONESIA Kartini (1879-1904) fight for education for women, promotion of monogamy, and reevaluation of Javanese culture. 1928 The First Women Congres in Indonesia Education for women,
Affirmative Action Policy THAILAND No : ? INDONESIA Yes : In article 55 Law No 8 Year 2012 on legeslatif election : The list of prospective candidates as referred to in Article 53 contain at least 30% (thirty percent) representation women . Article 55 state that In the list of prospective candidates, every 3 (three) candidates, there are at least one (1) women candidate.
THE MASCULIN POLITICAL PARTY Political party dominated by men, and characterised by : late-night meetings and smoking corrupt dealings, aggression and boys-club networking Unwelcoming to women : women is perceived as as space invaders Keeping a worklife balance is especially hard for women with children, in part because it is still considered a norm that mothers play a day-to-day management role at home.
Women in Indonesian Parliament 1999, 2004, 2009 40 36 35 30 Golkar Demokrat 25 PDIP PKB 20 PAN PPP PKS 15 Hanura Gerindra 10 8 5 0 1999 2004 2009
Cultural : The impact of Religion Principals on Gender Relation JAPAN Confucian, Budhism defined how women should act and behave. the three people a woman must obey (he own father in her home before marriage, her husband after she is married, and her children after her husband s death). INDONESIA Islam More egalitarian: For God, the grade or the rank of human being is not depended on their gender but on their piety.
