Understanding Phonetics in English Language Learning

 
PHONETICS PART I
ENGLISH
 
 
 
Dr. Sarla Verma
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Polytechnic College
Gwalior
 
Learning a Language
 
Native Language is naturally acquired by
listening and imitating during childhood.
 
When it comes to learning a second
language, it needs special training and it
is not heard except in the classroom.
 
2
 
Dr. Sarla Verma
 
The ingrained habits of our native language cause
serious conflict or interference with pronunciation,
grammar and syntax of the new language.
 
This poses great difficulty for non-native speakers to
develop neutral or standard accents
 that can be
correctly understood and properly interpreted.
 
Due to 
inconsistency in script and pronunciation
,
English poses considerable difficulty for non native
learners.
 
3
 
Dr. Sarla Verma
 
Script versus speech sounds
 
cat
s
  /
s
/ ;   dog
s
 /
z
/  ;  bushe
s
 /
iz
/
t
o
n
gue
  ;  s
u
n
g
 ;
/
 
ɜ:
 
/b
i
rd ;  h
ea
rd ; h
e
rd ; c
u
rd
t
in /
t
/ ; na
t
ion /
/
/
a:
/ :   f
a
r, h
ea
rt
/
k
/  :   
c
ool ; s
ch
ool ; 
ch
olesterol ; 
k
i
ck
 ; 
q
ui
ck
/
j
/   :   
j
ug ; 
j
u
dge
 ; 
g
in
g
er
/
s
/  :   
s
on ; 
sc
ien
ce
 ; 
ps
ychology, 
c
ertain
-gue : ar
gue
 ; ton
gue
 ; sun
g
 
4
 
Dr. Sarla Verma
 
Language and Sound system
 
Spoken language is nothing but clusters of
particular sounds in meaningful sequence.
 
 Every language has specific sounds which are
characteristics of that language.  The smallest
unit of sound in a language is called a
PHONEME.
 
Study of sound system of a language is called
PHONETICS.
 
5
 
Dr. Sarla Verma
 
Phonetics and English Language
 
Representation of speech with the help of
symbols to indicate respective sounds is known
as 
PHONEMIC TRANSCRIPTION.
 
Due to inconsistency in script and speech sounds
in English language, Phonetic Transcription
offers a great help for non native speakers.
Standard Dictionaries are based on phonetic
transcriptions approved universally as 
IPA –
International Phonetic Alphabet.
 
6
 
Dr. Sarla Verma
 
Why Phonetics ?
 
Pronunciations in one language can not be
equated with pronunciation of any other
language.
It is inaccurate to transcribe verbal equivalent of
words of one language  into another.
 Every language has sounds that are
characteristic of    that language.
Teachers who use English as a second language
must have a 
neutral accent 
free from regional or
dialectical influences for training standard
(Indian) English in our context.
 
7
 
Dr. Sarla Verma
 
Speech Mechanism
 
Speech mechanism basically involves
 breathing
correctly and articulating speech organs correctly.
Speaking requires 
breathing fully
, 
breathing at the
right time
 and having 
power to retain breath
.
Air is exhaled from 
lungs
 with the raising of the
diaphragm
 through the wind pipe or 
Trachea
 to pass
through 
Larynx or Voice Box
 which contains pair of
vocal cords
 
that vibrate to produce 
VOICED SOUNDS
.
These vibrations can be felt by keeping our fingers at
the throat. 
VOICELESS SOUNDS
 
are produced without
vibration of vocal cords.
 
8
 
Dr. Sarla Verma
 
Speech Mechanism & Breathing
 
9
 
Dr. Sarla Verma
 
Organs of Speech
 
10
 
Dr. Sarla Verma
 
Phonetic Symbols
 
In Phonetics each sound is assigned a symbol
and each sound is characterized distinctly on
the basis of its articulation and its acoustic
properties.
Sounds can be divided into two major
groups, 
consonants
 and
 vowels
.
 
11
 
Dr. Sarla Verma
 
Vowels
 
Vowels are comparatively difficult to
characterize  on the basis of articulation, as
they are 
unobstructed 
in articulation and are
produced without friction.
 
Also often they can be articulated in more
than one way. IPA is one way; American is
another.
 
12
 
Dr. Sarla Verma
 
 
 
                           
/ɑ:/
 
f
a
r,   f
a
ther, c
a
lm,
c
ar,  
f
ar
m, g
ar
den
 
      LONG VOWELS    1/5
 
13
 
Dr. Sarla Verma
 
 
LONG VOWELS     2/5
 
/u:/
s
ou
p,  f
oo
d, 
u
se, y
ou
,
sh
oe
s, f
oo
l
, 
l
o
se
, 
fr
ui
t,
m
u
te
 
14
 
Dr. Sarla Verma
 
LONG VOWELS     3/5
 
                              
/i:/
 
   
ea
t, t
ea
, b
ee
, t
ea
ch,
cl
ea
n,
 
s
ee,
 s
ea, 
fr
ee
 
15
 
Dr. Sarla Verma
 
LONG VOWELS   4/5
 
                
  
  
/ɜ:/
     
th
ir
d, sh
ir
t, c
ur
d, e
ar
th,
b
ir
d, y
ea
rn, f
ur
l , g
ir
l
 
16
 
Dr. Sarla Verma
 
   
LONG VOWELS     5/5
 
/ɔ:/
t
a
ll,
   
cl
aw, 
  h
a
ll, s
aw,
th
ou
ght, y
aw
n, f
aw
n
 
17
 
Dr. Sarla Verma
 
SHORT VOWELS    1/7
 
/æ/
 
    
b
a
t, 
a
nt, m
a
n, f
a
n,
 
s
a
mple, 
a
nchor
 
 
18
 
Dr. Sarla Verma
 
SHORT VOWELS    2/7
 
                   
/ɒ/ 
or
 
/ɔ/
g
o
t, l
o
t, sp
o
t, c
au
ght,
ch
o
p, h
o
t, n
o
t, f
o
x
 
19
 
Dr. Sarla Verma
 
SHORT VOWELS   3/7
 
/i/
 
&
 /ɪ/
   
i
nk, k
i
ds, ver
y
,
sh
i
p, b
i
n, happ
y
, thirt
y, i
t
,
s
i
t, p
i
n, tr
i
m, f
i
t, wr
i
t
 
20
 
Dr. Sarla Verma
 
SHORT VOWELS 4/7
 
                     
/e/
 
or
 
/Ɛ/
  
 b
e
t, g
e
t,
 
s
ai
d
, 
p
e
t
, 
b
e
st,
l
e
g, h
ea
d, b
e
d
 
21
 
Dr. Sarla Verma
 
SHORT VOWELS  5/7
 
                                  
/ə/
a
bout, 
a
go, 
a
like,
sat
u
rday, ging
e
r,
teach
e
r, driv
e
r
 
22
 
Dr. Sarla Verma
 
SHORT VOWELS 6/7
 
/ʊ/ 
& 
/u/
p
u
ll, c
ou
ld, p
u
t, c
oo
k
st
oo
d, l
oo
k, t
oo
k, f
u
ll
b
oo
k, g
oo
d, act
u
al
 
23
 
Dr. Sarla Verma
 
SHORT VOWELS 7/7
 
    
/ʌ/
 
U
p, n
u
t, g
u
n, l
u
ck c
u
p,
b
u
d, m
u
st, f
u
nd, sh
u
t,
b
u
t, n
u
t
 
24
 
Dr. Sarla Verma
 
GLIDING VOWELS/
DIPHTHONGS       1/8
 
    
/ɑɪ/
i
ce, d
i
ve, cr
y
, f
i
ve, n
i
ce
,
eye
, sp
y
, h
i
gh
 
25
 
Dr. Sarla Verma
 
GLIDING VOWELS/
DIPHTHONGS   2/8
 
  
/eɪ/
b
ai
t, g
a
te, m
a
ke, r
a
te
f
a
te, st
ay
, cl
ay
, w
ai
t
 
26
 
Dr. Sarla Verma
 
GLIDING VOWELS/
DIPHTHONGS   3/8
 
/ɔɪ/
 
 
  
b
oy
, j
oi
nt, t
oy
, 
oi
l,
j
oi
n, v
oi
ce, n
oi
se
 
27
 
Dr. Sarla Verma
 
GLIDING VOWELS/
DIPHTHONGS   4/8
 
   
/ɑʊ/
 
ab
ou
t, sh
ou
t, n
ow
, h
ow
,
m
ou
th, s
ou
th
 
28
 
Dr. Sarla Verma
 
GLIDING VOWELS/
DIPHTHONGS 5/8
 
 
/
əʊ/
n
o
, g
o
, 
o
ld, s
o
ld, ag
o
,
t
oe
, l
oa
d, h
o
ld, g
o
ld
 
29
 
Dr. Sarla Verma
 
GLIDING VOWELS/
DIPHTHONGS  6/8
 
 /eə
/
 
 
ai
r, f
ai
r, h
ai
r, c
a
re,
sh
a
re, b
ea
r, p
ai
r
 
30
 
Dr. Sarla Verma
 
GLIDING VOWELS/
DIPHTHONGS   7/8
 
     
/
ɪə/
 
cl
ea
r, n
ea
r, h
ea
r, b
ee
r
m
e
re, per
io
d, ser
io
us
 
31
 
Dr. Sarla Verma
 
GLIDING VOWELS/
DIPHTHONGS    8/8
 
/
ʊə/
 
  
p
oo
r, t
ou
r, c
u
re,
new
e
r, few
e
r, s
u
re
 
32
 
Dr. Sarla Verma
 
Front Vowels
 
 
Front: 
tongue position
 
 /i:/
 /
ɪ
/
 /e/
 
or
 
/
 /æ/
 
examples
 
t
ea
, b
ee
, t
ea
ch, cl
ea
n
 
i
nk, p
i
n, tr
i
m, k
i
ds
 
b
e
t, g
e
t ,
e
nd,
 
b
a
t, 
a
nt, m
a
n, f
a
n
 
 
 
 
 
 
33
 
Dr. Sarla Verma
 
Central Vowels
 
Tongue position in centre
 
/ʌ/
 
/ɜ:/
 
 
/ə/
 
            examples
 
U
p, n
u
t, g
u
n, m
u
st, f
u
nd
 
 
th
ir
d, sh
ir
t, c
ur
d, 
ea
rth, b
ir
d, y
ear
n, f
ur
l
 
a
bout, 
a
go, 
a
like, ging
er
 
34
 
Dr. Sarla Verma
 
Back Vowels
 
Back  of the tongue
 
/ɑ:/
/ɒ/
/ɔ:/
/ʊ/
/u:/
 
 
 
 
        examples
 
f
a
r, f
a
ther, c
a
lm,
g
o
t, l
o
t, sp
o
t, c
au
ght, ch
o
p
t
a
ll, cl
aw
, h
a
ll, s
a
w
 
c
ou
ld, p
u
t, st
oo
d, c
oo
k
 
s
ou
p, f
oo
d, 
u
se, y
ou
, sh
oe
s, m
o
ve
 
 
35
 
Dr. Sarla Verma
 
Diphthongs : Gliding Vowels -8
 
/e
ɪ/
          
as in               
b
ai
t, g
a
te, m
a
ke, r
a
te
/ɑɪ/ 
     
as in
              
 
i
ce, d
i
ve, cr
y
, f
i
ve, n
i
ce
/ɔɪ/
 
     
as in
 
  
b
oy
, j
oi
nt, t
oy
, 
oi
l, j
oi
n
 
/
ɑʊ/
       
as in        
ab
ou
t, sh
ou
t, n
ow
, m
ou
th, s
ou
th
/
əʊ/ 
    
as
 in
 
  
n
o
, g
o
, 
o
ld, s
o
ld, ag
o
 
/
ɪə/
 
       
as 
in
 
 
 
cl
ea
r, n
ea
r, h
ea
r, per
io
d,
ser
iou
s
/
ʊə/
 
     
as 
in
 
 
     
p
oo
r, t
ou
r, c
ure
, n
ewer
, f
ewer
/e
ə/
       
as 
in
 
 
           
 
air
, f
air
, h
air
, c
are
, sh
are
 
 
36
 
Dr. Sarla Verma
 
Identify the following sounds
 
Symbols - vowels
 
/ɔ:/  and /ɑ:/
/ɒ/or /ɔ/
/i/  /ɪ/  /i:/
/ʊ/  /u/  /u:/
/ʌ/    /ə/    /ə:/or /ɜ:/
/e/ and /æ/
/
ɪə/
 
 /
e
ə/
 /e
ə/
/ɑʊ/  and   /əʊ/
/ɑɪ/ /eɪ/ /ɔɪ/
 
 
Give Examples
 
37
 
Dr. Sarla Verma
 
Pronounce these words loudly &
Repeat 5 times
 
THANKS
 
Dr. Sarla Verma
9826297033 , 8839216118
dr_sarlaverma@rediffmail.com
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The study of phonetics plays a crucial role in learning a second language like English, especially for non-native speakers. This content highlights the challenges faced due to native language interference, the importance of phonemic transcription, and the significance of developing a neutral accent. Dr. Sarla Verma's insights shed light on the complexities of mastering English pronunciation and sound systems.


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  1. PHONETICS PART I ENGLISH Dr. Sarla Verma Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Polytechnic College Gwalior

  2. Learning a Language Native Language is naturally acquired by listening and imitating during childhood. When it comes to learning a second language, it needs special training and it is not heard except in the classroom. Dr. Sarla Verma 2

  3. The ingrained habits of our native language cause serious conflict or interference with pronunciation, grammar and syntax of the new language. This poses great difficulty for non-native speakers to develop neutral or standard accents that can be correctly understood and properly interpreted. Due to inconsistency in script and pronunciation, English poses considerable difficulty for non native learners. Dr. Sarla Verma 3

  4. Script versus speech sounds cats /s/ ; dogs /z/ ; bushes /iz/ tongue ; sung ; / :/bird ; heard ; herd ; curd tin /t/ ; nation / / /a:/ : far, heart /k/ : cool ; school ; cholesterol ; kick ; quick /j/ : jug ; judge ; ginger /s/ : son ; science ; psychology, certain -gue : argue ; tongue ; sung Dr. Sarla Verma 4

  5. Language and Sound system Spoken language is nothing but clusters of particular sounds in meaningful sequence. Every language has specific sounds which are characteristics of that language. The smallest unit of sound in a language is called a PHONEME. Study of sound system of a language is called PHONETICS. Dr. Sarla Verma 5

  6. Phonetics and English Language Representation of speech with the help of symbols to indicate respective sounds is known as PHONEMIC TRANSCRIPTION. Due to inconsistency in script and speech sounds in English language, Phonetic Transcription offers a great help for non native speakers. Standard Dictionaries are based on phonetic transcriptions approved universally as IPA International Phonetic Alphabet. Dr. Sarla Verma 6

  7. Why Phonetics ? Pronunciations in one language can not be equated with pronunciation of any other language. It is inaccurate to transcribe verbal equivalent of words of one language into another. Every language has characteristic of that language. Teachers who use English as a second language must have a neutral accent free from regional or dialectical influences for training standard (Indian) English in our context. sounds that are Dr. Sarla Verma 7

  8. Speech Mechanism Speech mechanism basically involves breathing correctly and articulating speech organs correctly. Speaking requires breathing fully, breathing at the right time and having power to retain breath. Air is exhaled from lungs with the raising of the diaphragm through the wind pipe or Trachea to pass through Larynx or Voice Box which contains pair of vocal cords that vibrate to produce VOICED SOUNDS. These vibrations can be felt by keeping our fingers at the throat. VOICELESS SOUNDS are produced without vibration of vocal cords. Dr. Sarla Verma 8

  9. Speech Mechanism & Breathing NASAL CAVITY LARYNX/ EPIGLOTTIS/ TRACHEA/ LUNGS UVULA VOICE BOX GLOTTIS WIND PIPE ORAL CAVITY Dr. Sarla Verma 9

  10. Organs of Speech Dr. Sarla Verma 10

  11. Phonetic Symbols In Phonetics each sound is assigned a symbol and each sound is characterized distinctly on the basis of its articulation and its acoustic properties. Sounds can be divided into two major groups, consonants and vowels. Dr. Sarla Verma 11

  12. Vowels Vowels characterize on the basis of articulation, as they are unobstructed in articulation and are produced without friction. are comparatively difficult to Also often they can be articulated in more than one way. IPA is one way; American is another. Dr. Sarla Verma 12

  13. LONG VOWELS 1/5 / :/ far, father, calm, car, farm, garden Dr. Sarla Verma 13

  14. LONG VOWELS 2/5 /u:/ soup, food, use, you, shoes, fool, lose, fruit, mute Dr. Sarla Verma 14

  15. LONG VOWELS 3/5 /i:/ eat, tea, bee, teach, clean,see, sea, free Dr. Sarla Verma 15

  16. LONG VOWELS 4/5 / :/ third, shirt, curd, earth, bird, yearn, furl , girl Dr. Sarla Verma 16

  17. LONG VOWELS 5/5 / :/ tall, claw, hall, saw, thought, yawn, fawn Dr. Sarla Verma 17

  18. SHORT VOWELS 1/7 / / bat, ant, man, fan, sample, anchor Dr. Sarla Verma 18

  19. SHORT VOWELS 2/7 / / or/ / got, lot, spot, caught, chop, hot, not, fox Dr. Sarla Verma 19

  20. SHORT VOWELS 3/7 /i/&/ / ink, kids, very, ship, bin, happy, thirty, it, sit, pin, trim, fit, writ Dr. Sarla Verma 20

  21. SHORT VOWELS 4/7 /e/ or / / bet, get, said, pet, best, leg, head, bed Dr. Sarla Verma 21

  22. SHORT VOWELS 5/7 / / about, ago, alike, saturday, ginger, teacher, driver Dr. Sarla Verma 22

  23. SHORT VOWELS 6/7 / / & /u/ pull, could, put, cook stood, look, took, full book, good, actual Dr. Sarla Verma 23

  24. SHORT VOWELS 7/7 / / Up, nut, gun, luck cup, bud, must, fund, shut, but, nut Dr. Sarla Verma 24

  25. GLIDING VOWELS/ DIPHTHONGS 1/8 / / ice, dive, cry, five, nice, eye, spy, high Dr. Sarla Verma 25

  26. GLIDING VOWELS/ DIPHTHONGS 2/8 /e / bait, gate, make, rate fate, stay, clay, wait Dr. Sarla Verma 26

  27. GLIDING VOWELS/ DIPHTHONGS 3/8 / / boy, joint, toy, oil, join, voice, noise Dr. Sarla Verma 27

  28. GLIDING VOWELS/ DIPHTHONGS 4/8 / / about, shout, now, how, mouth, south Dr. Sarla Verma 28

  29. GLIDING VOWELS/ DIPHTHONGS 5/8 / / no, go, old, sold, ago, toe, load, hold, gold Dr. Sarla Verma 29

  30. GLIDING VOWELS/ DIPHTHONGS 6/8 /e / air, fair, hair, care, share, bear, pair Dr. Sarla Verma 30

  31. GLIDING VOWELS/ DIPHTHONGS 7/8 / / clear, near, hear, beer mere, period, serious Dr. Sarla Verma 31

  32. GLIDING VOWELS/ DIPHTHONGS 8/8 / / poor, tour, cure, newer, fewer, sure Dr. Sarla Verma 32

  33. Front Vowels Front: tongue position examples tea, bee, teach, clean /i:/ / / /e/ or / / / / ink, pin, trim, kids bet, get ,end, bat, ant, man, fan Dr. Sarla Verma 33

  34. Central Vowels examples Tongue position in centre / / Up, nut, gun, must, fund / :/ third, shirt, curd, earth, bird, yearn, furl about, ago, alike, ginger / / Dr. Sarla Verma 34

  35. Back Vowels Back of the tongue examples far, father, calm, got, lot, spot, caught, chop tall, claw, hall, saw / :/ / / / :/ / / /u:/ could, put, stood, cook soup, food, use, you, shoes, move Dr. Sarla Verma 35

  36. Diphthongs : Gliding Vowels -8 /e /as in bait, gate, make, rate / / as in ice, dive, cry, five, nice / / as in boy, joint, toy, oil, join / /as in about, shout, now, mouth, south / / as in no, go, old, sold, ago / / serious / / /e /as in as in clear, near, hear, period, as in poor, tour, cure, newer, fewer air, fair, hair, care, share Dr. Sarla Verma 36

  37. Identify the following sounds Symbols - vowels / :/ and / :/ / /or / / /i/ / / /i:/ / / /u/ /u:/ / / / / / :/or / :/ /e/ and / / / / /e / /e / / / and / / / / /e / / / Give Examples Dr. Sarla Verma 37

  38. Pronounce these words loudly & Repeat 5 times met class- mate mat might lot lawn loan large luck lock lake lack bud buffer bird boat sit syrup seat so think thank but bought writ write read red tour toe tie toy her here hair hire

  39. THANKS Dr. Sarla Verma 9826297033 , 8839216118 dr_sarlaverma@rediffmail.com

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