Understanding Language and Linguistics
Language is a fundamental aspect of human communication, encompassing spoken and signed forms. Linguistics delves into syntax, semantics, morphology, phonology, and phonetics to analyze language structure and meaning. Phonetics explores how speech sounds are produced and perceived, shedding light on the intricacies of vocal articulation. Studying phonemes and transcription reveals the building blocks of language, while understanding vowel and consonant sounds highlights the complexities of speech production.
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Language - Language is one of the distinctive characteristics of human beings. Without formal instruction, we learn from infanthood the skills that we need to be successful users of a language. - For most of us, this will be spoken language, though for some it will be a signed language. In acquiring language, we learn words, and how to put them together; we learn to link words and sentences to meaning; we learn how to use these structures to get what we want, to say how we feel, and to form social bonds with others; and we also learn how to sound like members of the community around us or perhaps choose to sound different from them.
Linguistics Linguistics is the formal study of language. Its main sub-disciplines are: syntax, the study of sentence structure. semantics, the study of meaning. pragmatics, the study of meaning in context. morphology, the study of word structure. phonology, the study of sound systems. phonetics, the study of the sounds of speech.
Phonetics Speech is produced by the controlled movement of air through the throat, mouth and nose (more technically known as the vocal tract). It can be studied in a number of different ways: articulatory phonetics (how speech sounds are made in the body) acoustic phonetics (the physical properties of the sounds that are made) Auditory phonetics (what happens to the speech signal once the sound wave reaches the listener s ear). The linguistic phonetic study of a language involves working out how the sounds of language (the phonetic part) are used to make meaning, how words are uttered, how similar (but different) strings of sounds can be distinguished (such as I scream and ice cream ), how particular shades of meaning are conveyed.
Introduction - All the sounds we make when we speak are the result of muscles contracting. - The muscles in the chest that we use for breathing produce the flow of air that is needed for almost all speech sounds. - The pulmonic air is pushed out of the lungs, it passes through the larynx then through the vocal tract which ends at the mouth & nose and escapes into the atmosphere. - Studying the different parts of the vocal tract (articulators) is called articulatory phonetics.
Introduction - The symbols of sounds are called phonemes Ex: pin = 3 phonemes bet = 3 phonemes enough = 4 phonemes - Writing the word in phonemes is called transcription
Vowel \ Consonant Vowel Consonant There is no obstruction to the flow of air as it passes from the larynx to the lips. While producing it, we are making it difficult or impossible for the air to pass through the mouth.
Dialect \ Accent Dialect Accent The variety of a language which is different from others not just in pronunciation but also in vocabulary, grammar and spelling. Ex, holiday (Br) vacation (Am) flat apartment the team is\are (Br) the team is (Am) Differences of accent are pronunciation differences only. Ex, Iraq banana pajamas tomato apricot cost zebra
Organs of Speech - Lips ===bilabial & labiodental - Teeth === dental - Alveolar ridge === alveolar - Hard palate === palatal - Soft palate (velum) === velar
Organs of Speech - Nasal cavity === nasal m \ n Lips can be pressed together or brought into contact with the teeth. Teeth are in the mouth immediately behind the lips to the sides of the mouth back almost to the soft palate. Alveolar ridge is between the top front teeth and the hard palate, its surface is rough & covered with little ridges Tongue: It is a very important articulator and it can be moved into many different places and different shapes. It is divided scientifically into: tip blade front center back root
