Tribal Livelihood Migration in India: Situation Analysis and Future Directions
Conducted by Disha Foundation and supported by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs, Government of India, this study focuses on assessing tribal livelihood migration in 12 states of India. The research objectives include analyzing reasons, patterns, challenges, and existing policies and programs related to tribal migration. The methodology involves mixed methods, including desk reviews, data analysis, and consultations with stakeholders to develop recommendations for improving the situation of tribal livelihood migrants in India.
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TRIBAL LIVELIHOOD MIGRATION IN INDIA Situational Analysis, Gap Assessment & Future Directions in 12 States of India Supportedby Ministry of T ribal Affairs (MoTA),GOI Study conducted by Disha Foundation
DishasInitiatives Started Migration initiative in 2002 in Maharashtra Tribal Ministry, GOM and Disha has jointly set up a center for migration research and facilitation since 2013. MoTA has supported the initiative through 275 (1) grant. The center is piloted in two blocks of Nasik district, focused on- MigrationData management at source and destination Facilitation of migration for basic public services at Nasik city- destination Individual family development plan at source areas- existing tribal programs for sustainable development of the region to reduce distress migration for livelihood
Research Objectives Collect, compile, organize and analyse available information and data regarding tribal livelihood migration in India reasons, volume, pattern , issues, existing programs ad polices, successes and challanges Create a set of solutions and recommendations at state and national level for various agencies in order to improve the situation of tribal livelihood migrants in India All the existing literature Secondary data available Existing frameworks that currently govern the situation of tribal migration in India laws, regulations and
Methodology Design: Mixed method- desk review, secondary data and Qualitative, purposive sampling, till the saturation of data attained Situational analysis of each state/national level picture Desk Review of Existing Literature including grey literature Compilation and analysis of secondary data from various secondary data sources Review of key Policies related to migration SecondaryReview States & Districts identified based on high tribal population density- Census 2011 Key informant interviews with experts in the field of migration at state and national level Data collection through KIIs and FGDs at source and destination states Focus Group discussion with community (Panchayat members, migrating men, women, youth) Interaction with key government officials (Block development officers, district collector, tribal development officer/asst commissioner, Labour officer/commissioner,) Interaction with NGOs working with tribals /migrants PrimaryData Collection Data analysis through content analysis, coding, free-listing methods Consultations to share findings and finalize report Development of reports, fact sheets, policy analysis documents related to migration Data Analysisand Report Development
Internal Labour Migration in India Migration main exit from poverty ; increasing migration both interstate and intrastate Principal and preferred means oflabour recruitment Magnitude officially no consistent data available, 55th found of NSS 30 million, NCRL 10 million, Researchers ~ 120 million Due to high volume; Migration can positively or negatively influence the achievement of SDGs and national programs and policies WHO/IOM majorcontributionineconomy bothassoruce anddestinations through remittance
Migration Situation Common Migration corridors Source States Jharkhand Chhattisgarh Odisha Rajasthan Madhya Pradesh *Maharashtra *Gujarat Destination States Goa Kerala NCR Delhi Punjab Maharashtra Gujarat *Telangana Inter-district - minor Interstate major Source and Destination Gujarat Telangana Maharashtra
Major Highlights Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh Feminization of migration major migration of women in textile/domestic sector, single male migration for fishery industry in Goa Family migration to Kerala, Telangana, Punjab for construction and agriculture Maharashtra Nandurbar, Surgana migration to Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka - mostly family migration for sugarcane, diamond polish Madhya Pradesh Family migration to Gujarat and Maharashtra mainly construction sector Emerging Migration Triangles: o Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand o Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh Internal migration within the states for agriculture and construction work. These states also share similar conditions in terms of tribal population, reasons for migration, migration corridors and issues of migrants. It calls for common strategies within these states to address migration at source and destination end.
Major Reasons of Migration Push factors I. Livelihood sources- Agriculture: 80% of the tribal population is dependent on rain-fed agriculture; no other source of sustainable agriculture after rainy season Forest products: Most of the forest products collected by tribals gets sold through middlemen, who buy these products at cheap prices and pocket most of the profits, with the tribals getting very less for their hard work and knowledge of the forest. FRA lands: Forest land rights are executed, land has been allotted, but due to lack of handholding support, tribals are not able to access existing government support for development of forest land. MoTA has done tremendous advocacy and interventions for the same at centre and state level, but on the ground, states are not successful yet to execute the inter-departmental co-ordination. II. Middlemen have begun filling the gap by providing wage employment elsewhere with heavy amounts as an advance and thus triggering migration III. Major schemes of livelihood- MNERGA: Very poor awareness about opportunities for sustained work via MNREGA, lack of targeted efforts to include migrant families in MNERGA
IV. Skill Development Schemes- Tribals were not actively included in two biggest skill development schemes- Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) (no specific mandate for tribals and Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana (DDU-GKY)) (mandate to include 15% SC/STs) . Due to - High mobility of tribals due to migration Courses are conducted at headquarter of block or district lack of necessary qualifications for the skill courses (minimum 10/12 pass) lack of awareness among tribals Inadequate outreach of service providers towards tribal No tribal specific data available in both schemes V. Wage Rates- Tangible differences in minimum wages between the destination and source states. Minimum wages for construction workers among various states are Kerala (Rs 732), Punjab (Rs 406), Delhi (Rs 648) and Goa (Rs 581) are offering more than double wage rates compared to what tribal get in Jharkhand (Rs. 278), Odisha (Rs 284), Rajasthan (Rs 283), Madhya Pradesh (Rs 281) and Chhattisgarh (Rs 311) VI. Addiction: Number of other issues were discovered High rates of alcoholism is one of the major factors for health problems; Deaths, debt and poverty is a pertinent issue in multiple tribal states. No state alcohol policy Odisha, Jharkhand Social customs- socialpride and social customs Bhagoriya - Love Festival of Madhya Pradesh, major debt driven celebration Thus, overall a lack of economic development, opportunities, lack of skills and inability to access all the support provided by the government act as push factors for migration among tribals
Gaps Assessment at Source States It was noticed that the institutional mechanisms were functional to quite an extent in most source states. However, the extraordinary situation of migration in these states demands more robust and contemporary institutional mechanisms. Three broad streams of constraints in the institutional mechanisms were observed. 1. Labour issues ; In most states labour departments have very limited engagement with migrants / working on halting human trafficking mode at block or district headquarter Bus/train stations Inadequate staff and lack of co-ordination among labour and tribal department; . Lack of monitoring has become the breeding ground for middlemen to thrive on the situation and entrap migrants. 2. The second stream of causal factors is once again the inadequate staff, Majority of tribal are not able to access existing government welfare programmes, due to poor awareness or lack of handholding assistance. Majority of states have inadequate staff. - one Tribal inspector for one block! Need to have community level human resource cadre- Shramik mitra Maharashtra model 3. Lack of statistical data on migration - with exception of Odisha and Maharashtra state, who recently began voluntary registration of outgoing migrants in few blocks. Central repository on migration data will be essential to develop long term strategies on migration Mandatory outgoing registration at panchayat level contractors registration
Gap Assessment at Destination The common forms of vulnerability faced by tribals at destinations are: Exploitation for wages Lack of insurance or compensation Lack of access to government health care/other welfare programes Lack of social security support Lack of recourse to any legal action in the event of any dispute Discrimination vis- -vis the local workforce Treatment as outsiders by local people and system etc. Human trafficking for sexual reasons, child labour, slave labour Jharkhand/Odisha Loss of life or disability due to occupational hazards Educational drop outs Most states did not provide anything in terms of social security or government support to migrants from other states. Most of the time employers take care of the needs of the workers and provide them support in times of emergency and need.
Some states had taken few steps for the welfare of migrant workers, such as Kerala, Gujarat, Telangana. However, such steps have been slowly implemented and provide moderate to bare minimum support to migrants. In Kerala, where migrant labour is absolutely essentially for all unskilled and semi-skilled jobs, maximum steps have been taken to support migrant workers- Awas insurance, & hostel Gujarat and Telangana have strong systems and in some of those migrants benefit too. (Gujarat- urban health pgm, Telengana- Odisha help desk) Goa government haven't supported migrants in any form, in spite of the state government s knowledge that without the migrant workers that could be serious consequences for the economy of the state e.g. the fishery sector in Goa will shut down completely if tribal youth from Jharkhand and Odisha did not show up for work every year. Destination states such as Maharashtra and Delhi notably haven t taken enough initiatives in helping out migrants in spite of being some of the highest receiving states in the country. Overall, a concerted effort is missing states to identify and rectify the issues that migrants face. This boils down to political will, which is lacking
Recommendations for states Expectations from states Mandatory Registration of outdoing tribal migrants at panchayat level Mandatory registration contractors at panchayat level Ensuring mechanisms of registration and develop central repository on migration data of labour Tailormade skill development initiative for migrating youth based on local market driven jobs/entrepreneurship opportunities Joint implementation by Tribal Dept and skill Deve. Dept based on need assessment study of tribal youth and their local market demand effective penetration of existing schemes Involvement of frontline workers at village level for outreach and handholding activities for better inclusion of migrating tribals ( skill deve, entrepreneurship support etc). Inclusion of migrating families in existing schemes in a targeted manner For ex- Shramik mitra model of Maharashtra
Recommendations for States Expectations from States State Alcoholism policy/strict implementation of policy For Odisha, Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh alcoholism is emerging need, as major public health hazard in tribal villages. Emerging need of Tribal department to work with health department to ensure formation of necessary policy/strict implementation Set up dedicated migrant cell for inter-state co-ordination for interstate migration Smooth co-ordination among tribal and labour departments of respective states for inter-state co- operation. Dedicated research on Tribal migration and relation issues TRIs to focus on action research on tribal migration and related issued in their annual plans
Common Recommendations for Destination states Positive facilitation for tribal migrants is recommended at destination level Institutional framework to address multiple needs of tribal migrants legal support, skill development, job linkages, access to public services health, insurance, financial inclusion - Replication of existing tribal migration project in Nasik/Odisha Set up migrant worker welfare board on the basis of Kerala migrant welfare board. (MH, Goa, Delhi, Gujarat; strengthening-Punjab) It is recommended to Tribal department to actively engage Labour department to develop interstate co-ordination with the states There should be establishment of 24*7 helpline for migrant workers A yearly audit of the contractors employing the migrants should be done.
National Level Recommendation MoTA As enabler and facilitator Creating dedicated National Level Resource Centre/ integration into existing National Resource Center For tribal livelihood/ Tribal migration center, Maharashtra Advocacy and Co-Ordination at National Level Generating Migration Data At the National Level Co-ordination with national ministries Co-ordination with source & destination states For Convergence & portability of services, data management Ensure Portability of Social Security For Tribals Across the States
Concerned Ministry Adovacacy on social protection service for tribal migrants Ministry of Health and Family Welfare To incorporate separate Migration specific variables of tribal migrants in the NFHS. Targeted inclusion of migrant tribal in urban health pgms, Universal coverage of health programmes, Ayushman Bharat scheme, ESI hospitals Migration specific variables in census survey Ministry of Home Affairs, Registrar General of India Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation A special round of NSSO to capture statistics of tribal migrant population / & Migration specific variables in NSS Ministry of Urban Development Centres to be established under Dindayal Antoday Yojana, national urban livelihood mission for urban tribal homeless population. Ministry of Human Resource Development, Department of School Education and Literacy Inclusion of tribal migrant children under Right to Education Act in education at various destination points. Local language teacher should be arranged while for mainstreaming migrant children in education along with system of portability of enrolment in schools.
Concerned Ministry Adovacacy on social protection service for tribal migrants Ministry of Women and Child Development According to Supreme court guidelines for Integrated Child Development Service (ICDS), all kind of migrants families should get receipt from their source area ICDS Anganwardi, which can be submitted at Anganwadi at destination level. National Legal services Authority (NALSA) NALSA to extend their support towards fast tracking legal response Replication of successful NALSA s Maharashtra state chapter, Tribal Development Department, and a NGO Disha foundation model in other States Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution Ministry of Rural Development Active implementation of national ration card MoRD to ensure targeted benefits of schemes to migrant tribals through awareness campaigns in MNERGA and Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Vikas Yojana , (DDU-GVY). To extend the benefits of programme and policies, MoPRI is requested to consider to ensure panchayat level mandatary registration of the migrants and labour contractors. a. MoLE to set up migrant welfare boards in major destination states of tribal migrants b. Amendment in interstate migrant workers act 1979 The Central scheme Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) is implemented by The National Skill Development Corporation, does not focuses sharply on Scheduled Tribes. National Skill Development Corporation has special initiative Affirmative Action for marginal groups including tribals and their skill enhancement. Ministry of Panchayat Raj Institutions Ministry of Labour and Employment Ministry of Skill Development & Entrepreneurship
Thank you looking forward to receive constructive comments and suggestions
