The Rise of Totalitarian Regimes in World War II

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In the aftermath of World War I, several European countries fell into economic depression and embraced totalitarian regimes led by leaders like Mussolini in Italy, Stalin in the Soviet Union, Hirohito in Japan, and Hitler in Germany. These leaders wielded total control over their citizens, militarized their societies, and pursued aggressive expansionist policies that eventually led to the outbreak of World War II.

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WORLD WAR II Chapter 11 p. 320

11.1 The War Begins Totalitarianism is a political system in which the govt controls every aspect of citizens lives and several European countries had adopted such Italy-Benito Mussolini Soviet Union-Joseph Stalin Japan-Hirohito Germany-Adolf Hitler/Nazis

Italy Suffered economic depression after WWI and found a new leader in Mussolini He ruled using fascism-political system in which the govt is seen more important than citizens-very militaristic with strong leaders Mussolini restored order and improved economy but destroyed opposition and individual rights He tried to expand territory by invading Ethiopia in Africa Ethiopia s leader stated It is u today. It will be you tomorrow.

Germany Suffered economic depression and were angry over Treaty of Versailles As a powerful influential speaker, Hitler inspired citizens and vowed to restore Germany to an international power Blamed Jews, Communists, and intellectuals for causing WWI defeat-ordered elimination of all (Holocaust) Created National Socialist Party (NAZI) and quickly seized total control

Soviet Union Soviet Union had withdrawn from WWI Stalin was a ruthless dictator like Hitler Terrorized political enemies and opposition Made an agreement with Hitler that would haunt him later

Japan Hirohito was the emperor but military leaders slowly gained complete control over the govt They wanted to build a larger empire so invaded part of China Even though America knew and was against such invasion, America feared getting involved -didn t want another world war

Germany Expands Hitler violated the Treaty of Versaille and build a strong military They first invaded Rhineland-area that once belonged to Germany-they lost is as reparations of WWI. Then he signed an alliance with Italy s Mussolini - AXIS powers. Japan soon joined too. Hitler then took over Austria and part of Czechoslovakia called the Sudetenland Munich Conference-Hitler could keep land if he promised not to invade others- strategy known as appeasement to avoid war

ALLIED British leader Winston Churchill said govt had to choose between shame and war. They have chosen shame. They will get war. The next year, Germany took the rest of Czechoslovakia and marched towards Poland Great Britain & France pledged to defend Poland-ALLIED team formed

Secrets dont make friends Hitler made a secret agreement with Stalin They agreed to not attack each other They also agreed that they would divide Poland between them Germany used blitzkrieg (lightning war) to invade Poland as Soviets invaded from the other side -Poland was divided within a month Germany continued to conquer Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands

Hitler moves west Germany invaded France and trapped many soldiers at a port called Dunkirk British citizen ships raced across English Channel to rescue soldiers As Germany captured Paris, Italy declared war on ALLIED powers

Battle of Britain Great Britain had to face Hitler as the final battle Winston Churchill, leader of Great Britain refused to surrender to Hitler despite the bombings New tech-radar was able to detect and destroy German aircraft so Hitler cancelled the invasion of Britain Map p. 327

USA joins WWII Despite outrage of occurrences in Europe, US didn t want to get involved FDR stated we would be the great arsenal of democracy and provided aid the ALLIED powers US froze Japanese assets after they invaded other countries Japan attacked US at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii-sank/damaged all battleships & many airplanes and killed over 2K soldiers Show personal pics of Pearl Harbor Movie Pearl Harbor

Remember secrets dont make friends. At the same time, Hitler violated his secret promise with Stalin. Germany invaded the Soviet Union so they switched sides and joined the ALLIED powers. America sent weapons to help Soviets fight Germany

Declaration of War The day after Pearl Harbor attack by Japan, FDR told Congress it was a day that will live in infamy and asked them to declare war on Japan. When US declared war on Japan, Germany declared war on US. Birmingham, Alabama made steel for ship production Mobile, Alabama made ships and supplied aluminum for airplane production Tuskegee, Alabama trained African American pilots (Tuskegee Airmen pic)

11.2 The Home Front Mobilizing for war brought the Great Depression to an end in America-people worked 24 hours a day making supplies-built a ship in 4 days! Unemployment reduced to 1% as Americans more than doubled production of ALL the AXIS powers together War Production Board oversaw factory conversion to war products More than 16M men were drafted; taxes increased to pay for war; govt sold war bonds; Gas, rubber, and sugar was rationed; victory gardens planted; metal was collected and recycled; propaganda urged everyone to do their part to support the ALLIES Pic p. 333

Wartime Opportunities for Women Women once again filled the factory jobs once considered only for men Women s Auxiliary Army Corps - special division of armed forces & Women s Airforce Service Pilots - WASP pilots flew test flights and took planes from factory to bases Nurses were needed in combat areas

Wartime Opportunities for African Americans Great Migration was when African Americans moved north to escape discrimination and find factory work (instead of farm work) after WWI but . 1M African Americans served in segregated units in WWII Tuskegee Airmen were pilots trained in Alabama -had to overcome same war threats along with prejudice -flew thousands of missions and won numerous awards Show personal pic Movie: The Red Tails

Japanese American Internment Some Americans didn t trust Japanese American immigrants after Pearl Harbor- feared that many were spies and helped the attack Without evidence, US govt approved interning Japanese Americans-relocating them to a camp/prison. Over 100K were evacuated and isolated in an internment camp. Japanese Americans were banned from military for some time and they won many awards for their bravery and success

11.3 War in Africa 1941 US entered the war. Roosevelt & Churchill made agreements to attack AXIS powers. Two strategies to begin with: 1) increase troops in Great Britain to liberate France while 2) liberate northern Africa (main focus) despite Stalin s request for help in Europe. Convoys & sonar were used to travel and detect German Uboats with airplane protection above. Planes dropped bombs on AXIS factories, railroads, and cities. Key Battles: Battle of El Alamein protected Suez Canal near Egypt; Dwight Eisenhower led US troops in liberating Morocco and Algeria; N Africa was liberated

War in Soviet Union Liberation began in Italy and moved north throughout Europe. Even though Mussolini was overthrown, Hitler sent German troops to block ALLIES. Eventually, Germany was driven out of Italy-and Italy was liberated. Germany and Soviet had been fighting for USSR. Due to harsh weather and few supplies, many German soldiers froze or starved while fighting. German commander defied Hitler and surrendered in order to save his troops from death. Battle of Stalingrad was a turning point of WWII.

D-Day The next strategy was to liberate France. Dwight Eisenhower led AXIS powers. Largest sea to land invasion ever attempted. Germany expected the invasion and placed mines and barbed wire across beach and waited in bunkers. More than 150K American, British, and Canadian soldiers invaded Normandy Beach in 1944. Despite thousands of soldiers being killed, the ALLIES took control of the beaches and began driving up the hills into France toward Germany. Movie D-Day Analyze map p. 340

11.4 War in the Pacific Ocean/Japan While the US recovered from Pearl Harbor destruction, Japan conquered Thailand, Burma, British colonies of Hong Kong, Singapore, Philippines, Guam, and Wake Island. American and Filipino soldiers were outnumbered and captured. Despite being exhausted, they were forced to walk over 60 miles - the Bataan Death March - more than 10K died. Battle of Coral Sea and Battle of Midway were critical battles. Midway turned the momentum to the ALLIES.

Strategies to capture Japan Navajo code talkers- American Native American indians spoke a unique language that could not be interpreted. They were used provide information and direction in secret code that Japanese didn t know. Island hopping- liberated island by island on the path to mainland Japan so that each liberated island could be used as a base and isolating Japanese troops on the mainland. B29 bombers attacked Japan with 20K pound bombs on more than 60 major cities.

Iwo Jima & Okinawa Fiercest battles-Japanese soldiers hid in caves and vowed to fight to death Over 200K Japanese soldiers/citizens were killed. About 20K Americans died. Kamikaze pilots purposely crashed Japanese planes into American ships/aircraft carriers Marines took famous pic (p. 346) raising flag as Iwo Jima was liberated-they picked the highest point on the island to raise it so ALLIED soldiers could see it. Next, all out assault was planned on main Japanese islands ..

11.5 Victory in Germany As Americans pushed west through France towards Germany, Soviets also pushed toward Germany from the east. Hitler drafted every abled body German man (16-60) to fight. Battle of the Bulge-Germany pushed ALLIES back in the Ardennes forest but ALLIES recovered rapidly. Both sides continued to fight with hundreds of thousands casualties. As ALLIES surrounded Berlin, Hitler hid in an underground bunker and committed suicide. Germany then surrendered. VE Day-war in Europe is over! FDR died of a stroke 1 month before the end of the war

Holocaust Horrors ALLIES discovered Nazi crimes against humanity-mass murder of Jews known as the Holocaust. Jews lost citizenship, property, and belongings and were placed in concentration camps. 10M Jews eventually came under Hitler s control throughout the war. Genocide-extermination of an entire group of people was Hitler s final solution. Strong prisoners worked to death; weak prisoners were executed immediately Auschwitz, one of the most notorious death camps the population of Jews were murdered during the Holocaust

Victory in Japan VJ Day Invading Japan risked 1M casualties so the new US President, Harry Truman contacted scientists that had been working the Manhattan Project since 1942 to develop an atomic bomb-caused by splitting atom US tested it in New Mexico-bomb melted the desert sand to glass for 800 yds Japan refused to surrender so Truman ordered atomic bombs dropped by the Enola Gay B29 onto Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Then Japan surrendered in 1945. Surrendered on USS Big Mo since Truman was from Missouri Show personal pics

WWII finally was over! After 6 years of fighting around the world, over 50M people had been killed (many of them civilians) Economies in Europe and Asia were devastated with no food, water, shelter. The US escaped such destruction and now was the strongest power left in the world. Most of post war rebuilding fell on the US.

After WWII Germany was divided in half - half to communist Soviet Union and half to Allies 4 zones- Britain, France, US, USSR-capital Berlin was in USSR zone so it was also divided and separated by the Iron Curtain. United Nations was created to promote international world peace US and USSR entered the Cold War ...