The Morphology of Flowering Plants: Root and Shoot Systems and Plant Parts

MORPHOLOGY OF

FLOWERING

PLANTS

CHAPTER 05,CLASS XIB

R

o

o

t

S

y

s

t

e

m

•

Homogenous

•

Consist of

Roots and

its

Branches

S

h

o

o

t

S

y

s

t

e

m

•

Homogenous

•

Consist of Stem,

branches ,

leaves,

flowers

PARTS 

OF 

PLANT

BODY

V

e

g

e

t

a

t

i

v

e

P

a

r

t

s

R

e

p

r

o

d

u

c

t

i

v

e

P

a

r

t

s

•

Promote

Nutrition

and

Growth

•

Root,

Stem

,

Leaves

•

Responsible

for

Reprodu

c

tion

•

Flowers

SOME 

INFORMATION

:

Study 

of external 

Structure 

of 

Plants::”

External

Morphology

”

Study 

of internal Structure of 

Plants:”

Internal

Morphology

”

ABOUT

ROOTS:

Positively Geotropic

: grows downwards  

Negatively

Phototropic

: away from

light  

Postively Hydrotropic

:towards water  

Don’t 

have Nodes

Internodes

FUNCTIONS:

•

Fixation

•

Anchorage (hold to

soil)

•

Nutrition( pass

nutrients)

•

Gas Exchanger( soil to

plant)

•

Food storer ( 

become

swollen)

•

Food

manufacturer

•

Aerial roots absorb 

moisture 

from

air

2.(A) TYPES

OF

ROOTS

Tap

Roots

Fibrous

Roots

•

Develops from

radicle

•

Grow

Vertically

downwards

into

:

•

Primary

root

•

R

o

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s

a

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i

n

”

A

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”

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•

P

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D

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p

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a

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s

Gr

o

w

•

Secondary Roots

horizontally

•

Tertiary

Roots

•

Develops 

from 

any other

part then

Radicle

•

They 

have equal sized

growth 

of

roots

•

A

l

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c

a

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”

F

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•

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s

1.MODIFICATIONS 

OF

TAP-ROOTS:

1.

Plants growing 

in marshy, swampy, salt

lakes

are called

“

Halophytes

”

2.

PROBLEM

:

Inability

to

respire in soil, 

as

soil

is

water-logged

3.

SOLUTION

: 

Turn 

“

Negatively 

Geotropic

” and

grow 

vertically

upwards

4.

Have 

special cells 

“

lenticels

” who

respire

1

.

F

O

O

D

S

T

O

R

A

G

E

:

1.

Don’t 

have

definite

shape

2.

Arise from 

stem

and

dig into

soil

1.

Cluster 

of 

roots

become

fleshy (to store

food)

2.

Found 

at 

base 

of

stem

SIMPLE

TUBEROUS

ROOTS, 

e.g 

Sweet

potato

FASCICULATED

TUBEROUS

ROOTS

,e.g

dahlia

S

U

P

P

O

R

T

1.PROP ROOTS

:

1.

These 

Roots 

arise 

from

branches

2.

Grow

 downwards

3.

FUNCTION

: Provide

mechanical

support 

to 

heavy

 branches

BANYAN

TREE

2.STILT

ROOTS:

1.

Stems 

of 

such 

plants are

weak

2.

For that, 

Roots 

arise 

from

stem

and 

grown downwards to 

soil 

to

give

support

3.CLIMBER

ROOTS

:

•

Plants 

like such produce

roots

from 

nodes

•

These 

roots 

attach

themselves

to 

any 

support 

and 

continue

growing.

MAIZE

1.EPIPHYTIC

ROOTS:

1.

Orchids like 

plants grow on branches to 

reach for

sunlight

2.

They have 

green 

leaves( so can 

photosynthesize

), these

plants

called

”epiphytes”

CUSCUTA

3.

They have 

“

Velamen

” tissue 

inside 

which 

helps 

in 

absorption of

moisture 

form

air

HOST

1.

Parasite plants 

attach 

to Host 

plants 

for feeding 

on

their

body.

2.

In 

partial Parasitism, Plants penetrate 

Xylem

only :Take water

and

minerals

3.

In 

Whole 

Parasitism, 

penetrate 

Xylem

: 

take 

water

and

minerals + 

Phloem 

:take 

food

away

HOST

PARASTITE

1.

Describe in Shoot 

system 

“

Aerial part 

of

plant

”

2.

Can 

be defined 

as

,

Ascending part :moves

upwards

develops from

plumule

divided In 

nodes and 

Internodes (refer diagram

)

3.

Is, 

Positively 

Phototropic

: Moves

towards  

light

Negatively 

Geotropic

and 

Hydrotropic

:

moves 

away 

from 

soil

and water

There are 

two types 

of

Buds

Vegetative 

Buds

:

Buds

which develop in

branches

Floral buds 

: 

buds

developing in

flowers

ACCESSO

R

Y

BUDS

(extra

buds)

ADVENTITIO

US

BUDS

1.

Give 

Support to 

plant

body

2.

Conduct 

Water

,

Minerals

3.

Food Transporter

4.

Can 

also, store

food,

5

.

6

.

7

.

P

roliferation 

and 

propogation

,

Produce support for

climbing

Offer protection (

spines

)

I) UNDERGROUND 

MODIFICATIONS

:

BUL

B

TUBER

RHIZOME

CO

RM

STEM

TENDRIL

TH

O

RN

PHYLL

O

CADE

cladode

BUL

B

ILS

PETIO

L

E

LAMINA

LEAF 

BASE

LEAF

SPINES

LEAF

TENDRILS

LEAF

HOOKS

PHYLL

O

DES

CYMO

S

E

•

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.

•

Some examples of racemose

inflorescence include spike, raceme,

corymb, umbel, and

head.

•

A spike 

is an  inflorescence in which  

many

stemless 

florets  

are 

attached 

to 

an

elongated flower stem  or peduncle, an

example being  gladiolus.

•

A raceme 

is 

similar

to  a spike 

except 

the

florets 

are 

borne on  

small stems 

attached

to 

the

peduncle.

•

R

a

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Sp

i

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Gladiolus

R

ace

m

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F

o

xg

l

ove

Snapdragon

U

m

be

l

Clover

Sunflower

Head

•

Panicle

– 

inflorescence 

with two 

or

more 

flowers on each branch

which

are attached to 

a rachis 

(elongated

stem). 

Ex: 

wild oats, downy

brome

•

Corymb

– is 

made 

up 

of florets  whose

stalks and pedicles are  arranged at

random along the 

stalk in  such a 

way

that 

the 

florets create 

a  

flat, round top.

Ex:

yarrow

•

A corymb 

is 

made 

up of 

flowers 

that

appear 

to 

be at 

the 

same 

level.the

younger ones placed 

towards the

center,

•

As 

in

mustard

•

Yarrow 

has a corymb

inflorescence.

•

An 

umbel 

is 

similar 

except that the

pedicels 

all arise 

from 

one point on 

the

peduncle.

•

Dill 

has an 

umbel

inflorescence.

•

A head or composite 

inflorescence is

made 

up of numerous stemless 

florets

which is characteristic of 

daisy

inflorescence.

•

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.

Downy

Brome

P

an

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c

l

e

C

or

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m

b

•

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.

•

OR

A 

flower 

cluster 

in which the central

flowers 

open 

first.

•

A dischasium cyme has 

florets 

opposite

each other along 

the

peduncle.

•

A 

helicoid 

cyme 

is 

one 

in which the 

lower

florets 

are 

all on the 

same 

side of 

the

peduncle, examples being 

freesia and

statice

inflorescences.

•

Scorpoid Cyme: A 

determinate

inflorescence 

with 

the lateral 

flowers 

born

alternately 

on 

opposite

sides

•

In flowering plants, placentation 

occurs

where the 

ovules 

are attached 

inside 

the

ovary. 

The ovules inside a 

flower's ovary

(which later 

become 

the 

seeds 

inside 

a

fruit) 

are 

attached via funicul, the 

plant

equivalent of 

an umbilical cord. 

The 

part of

the ovary where the funiculus attaches is

referred 

to 

as

placenta



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•

•

•

•

•

Fruits 

can be 

classified 

as simple 

fruits,

aggregate 

fruits 

or 

multiple

fruits.

•

Simple 

fruits are those which 

develop 

from

a 

single

ovary.

•

These include cherries and peaches

(drupe), pears and apples (pome),

and

tomatoes

(berries).

•

Tomatoes are a botanical 

fruit 

since

they

develop from the flower, 

as do squash,

cucumbers, and

eggplant.

•

All 

of these 

fruits develop from 

a single

ovary.

•

Other 

types 

of simple 

fruit 

are

dry.

•

The fruit 

wall 

becomes 

papery or 

leathery

and

hard.

•

Examples are peanut (legumes),

poppy

(capsule), maple (samara), and 

walnut

(nut).

AGGREGATE

FRUITS

C

O

M

P

O

S

ITE  FRUITS

•

The pistil 

has three 

parts: 

stigma, 

style,

and

ovary.

•

The 

stigma 

is the sticky 

surface at 

the top

of 

the pistil; it traps 

and holds 

the

pollen.

•

The 

style 

is the 

tube-like 

structure 

that

holds 

up the

stigma.

•

The style 

leads 

down to the 

ovary 

that

contains the

ovules

.

•

Complete: 

flowers 

possessing 

petals 

and

sepals

•

Incomplete: 

flowers 

possessing

either

petals or

sepals

•

Perfect: 

flowers 

containing both pistil 

and

stamen

•

Imperfect: 

flowers 

containing 

either the

pistil 

or

stamen

•

A complete 

flower 

has a 

stamen

, 

a 

pistil

,

petals

, and

sepals

.

•

An incomplete 

flower 

is 

missing one of 

the

four 

major parts 

of the 

flower, 

the 

stamen

,

pistil

, 

petals

 and

sepals

.

•

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)

.

•

As previously mentioned, there 

are 

plants which

bear 

only male 

flowers 

(staminate 

plants) or

bear 

only female 

flowers (pistillate

plants).

•

S

p

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c

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s

.

•

Most holly trees and pistachio trees are

dioecious; therefore, 

to 

obtain berries, it is

necessary 

to 

have 

female 

and 

male

trees.

•

P

i

s

t

i

l

l

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(

f

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)

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)

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)

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.

•

Because cross-fertilization 

combines 

different

genetic material and produces stronger seed,

cross-pollinated plants 

are 

usually 

more

successful 

than self-pollinated

plants.

•

Consequently, 

more 

plants reproduce by 

cross-

pollination 

than

self-pollination.

•

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.

•

Some 

plants 

bear only male 

flowers 

at 

the

beginning of 

the growing 

season, but 

later

develop 

flowers 

of both sexes; examples

are cucumbers and

squash.

13

•

A 

floral 

formula consists 

of five 

symbols

indicating from left to

right:

•

Floral

Symmetry

•

Number 

of

Sepals

•

Number 

of

Petals

•

Number 

of

Stamens

•

Number 

of

Carpels

15

•

Floral 

formulas are useful 

tools for

remembering 

characteristics 

of 

the various

angiosperm

families.

Their construction

requires 

careful 

observation 

of 

individual

flowers 

and of 

variation 

among 

the 

flowers

of 

the 

same 

or different

individuals.

16

•

The 

first 

symbol 

in a 

floral 

formula 

describes

the

symmetry 

of 

a

flower.

•

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a

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.

17

•

The 

second major symbol 

in 

the floral

formula 

is the 

number 

of sepals, 

with

“K”

representing

“

C

alyx”.

Thus, K5 

would

mean 

a calyx of 

five

sepals.

18

•

The third 

symbol 

is the 

number 

of 

petals,

with 

“C” representing 

“corolla”. 

Thus, C5

means 

a 

corolla of 

5

petals.

19

•

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20

•

The 

fifth 

symbol 

in 

a 

floral 

formula

indicates the 

number 

of 

carpels, 

with 

“G”

representing

“gynoecium”.

Thus, 

G10

would 

describe a gynoecium of 

ten

carpels.

21

•

*, K5, 

C5, 

A∞,

G10

•

Radial symmetry

(*),

•

5 sepals 

in the calyx

(K5)

•

5 petals 

in 

the 

corolla

(C5)

•

Numerous (12 or 

more) 

stamens

(A∞)

•

10 carpels

(G10)

22

•

At 

the 

end of 

the floral 

formula

.

Example –

*, 

K5, 

C5, 

A∞, 

G10,

23

According to the plant taxonomists, it has

been estimated that a total of 2 to 3

million plant species exists on our planet.

Among them, around two lakh species are

angiosperms (flowering plants), while

others include gymnosperms, bryophytes,

hydrophytes and other vascular and non-

vascular plants. These plants are grouped

into different families depending upon

their characteristics.



Solanaceae family is also known as the potato

family. Around 2000 species of dicotyledonous

plants belong to this family. Its important

characteristics are mentioned below.





Root System: 

Taproot system.



Stem:

 Erect or climber; Solanaceae

includes herbs, shrubs, small trees, and

climbers.



Leaves:

  Alternate, simple or pinnately

compound (rarely); exstipulate;

reticulate venation.



Inflorescence:

 Racemose- terminal or axillary

raceme; Cymose- solitary in Solanum.



Flower:

 Complete, bisexual, actinomorphic,

hypogynous.



Calyx:

 Five sepals, gamosepalous; valvate

aestivation.



Corolla: 

Five petals, gamopetalous, valvate

aestivation.



Androecium: 

Five stamens, epipetalous; anthers

basifixed.



Gynoecium: 

Syncarpous, bicarpellary, bilocular,

superior ovary, axile placentation.



Fruit: 

Berry/ capsule.



Seed: 

Numerous, endospermous



These are an important source of food. For eg.,

tomato, brinjal and potato.



These are important sources of spices. For eg.,

chilly



The leaves of 

Nicotiana tabacum

 are a major

source of tobacco.



These are also used as ornamental plants. For

eg., petunia.



Plants such as belladonna and ashwagandha are

also used as medicinal plants.



The Fabaceae family is a large family of

the plant kingdom, including several

economically important plants. The

family Fabaceae is also known as

Leguminosae or Papilionaceae since it

belongs to the pea or legume family.

There are around 5000 species of

dicotyledonous fabaceae plants widely

distributed all over the world.



Vegetative Characters



Root:

 Dicotyledons with taproot with root

nodules.



Stem:

 Erect or climber; Fabaceae include

shrubs, herbs, trees and majorly climbers.



Leaves:

 Petiolate, pinnately compound or

simple; pulvinus leaf base, stipulate;

reticulate venation.



Inflorescence:

 Racemose.



Flower:

 Complete, bisexual, zygomorphic,

perigynous, bracteate/ ebracteate.



Calyx:

 Five sepals, gamosepalous; imbricate

aestivation.



Corolla: 

Five petals, polypetalous, papilionaceous,

vexillary aestivation.



Androecium: 

Ten stamens (9+1), diadelphous,

anther dithecous.



Gynoecium: 

Superior ovary, monocarpellary,

unilocular, marginal placentation, single, sort -style

and flat, hairy-stigma.



Fruit: 

Legume.



Seed: 

One or more, non-endospermic.



The plants of this family are unique and have root

nodules which contain nitrogen-fixing symbiotic

bacteria, capable of transforming atmospheric

nitrogen into fixed nitrogen or ammonia.



Pulses like gram, moong, soya bean are the main

source of food.



Muliathi plant is known for its medicinal value.



Soya bean and groundnuts are used to extract oil

that is used for cooking.



Sunn hemp is the source of timber and fibre



Indigofera is used to make dye.



Sesbania and Trifolium are the sources of fodder or

livestock feed



Lupin and sweet pea are known as ornamental

plants.



Liliaceae is the family of around 2500 species

of perennial, herbaceous monocots. It is also

known as the ‘lily family’. It characteristics

are discussed below.



Vegetative Characters:



Root: 

Fibrous root system.



Stem:

 Erect; Liliaceae includes

perennial herbs which propagate

through bulbs or rhizomes.



Leaves:

  Alternate, simple;

exstipulate; parallel venation.



Inflorescence:

 Cymose-solitary; umbellate

clusters.



Flower:

 Complete, bisexual, actinomorphic;

hypogynous, perianth present.



Perianth:

 Indistinctive sepal and petal; six

petals (3+3), often united sepals; valvate

aestivation.



Androecium: 

Six stamens in two whorls

(3+3).



Gynoecium: 

Syncarpous, tricarpellary,

trilocular, superior ovary with axile

placentation.



Fruit: 

Berry or often Capsule.



Seed: 

Endospermic seeds.



Source of Medicine -Aloe vera, Smilax and

Colchicine



Ornamental Plants -Lilium, tulips, Gloriosa

and Ruscus



Source of food (or) Vegetables-Asparagus



Bulbs of Allium cepa and the roots of

various species of Smilax are used as

flavouring agents.

Frequently Asked Questions

1.Which plant is a member of Solanaceae family?

Solaneceae family includes a number of ornamental plants such

as Petunia, Lycianthes, Browallia, and other plants such as

Atropa belladona, Mandragora, and Datura.

2.Which vegetables fall under Solanaceae family?

The vegetables under the Solanaceae family include potatoes,

eggplant, tomato, capsicum and chilly.

3.What is the economic importance of fabaceae family?

The fabaceae family include leguminous plants that are

important both ecologically and economically. They help to

increase the nitrogen content of the soil and is a rich source of

protein for humans and livestock.

3.What kind of plants fall under fabaceae family?

Fabaceae plants are entomophilous plants, that are pollinated

by insects.

THANK YOU