The Importance of Gold in Beauty, Industry, and Science

Jati Suryanto, S.Pd., Dipl. TESOL

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QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION



What is a paragraph?



What is the function of the first sentence in a paragraph?



What is the function of the second sentence and the next

sentence in a paragraph?



What is the function of the last sentence in a paragraph?



What are the criteria of a good paragraph?



Why should we use such words as “first of all”, “another

important…”, and “in conclusion” in the paragraph?



Why should we use such words as “therefore” and “for

example” ?

Discussion



What are the criteria of a good topic sentence?



What are the ways to develop supporting sentences?

CRITERIA OF A GOOD TOPIC

SENTENCE

1.

It should be a sentence.

2.

Specific

3.

Interesting

4.

One sentence

5.

Easy to understand

6.

Basis for other sentences

7.

Brief and simple

8.

Comprehensive

9.

Understandable

10.

There must be opinions rather than facts

THE WAYS TO DEVELOP

SUPPORTING SENTENCES



Give examples



Explain the topic sentence



Give the facts



Use signposting.



Consistent with the topic sentence



The same areas with the topic sentence



Describe the topic sentence in detail

Which topic sentences are good?



I can make friends using face book.



Face book is an easy tool to make friends if you know

to benefit it.



English is very important so I want to learn English.



Studying English is not difficult if you follow several

steps.

Write a topic sentence for each of the following topics.

Remember to include both a topic (main idea) and a controlling

idea.



Paragraph I

_______________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________

Americans relaxing at home, for example, may put on kimonos,

which is a Japanese word. Americans who live in a warm climate

may take an after­noon siesta

4

 on an outdoor patio

5

 without even

realizing that these are Spanish words. In their gardens, they

may enjoy the fragrance of jasmine flowers, a word that came

into English from Persian. They may even relax on a chaise

tongue while sipping a drink made with vodka, words of French

and Russian origin, respectively.

Paragraph 1

Which is the best topic sentence?

1.

America is one of the country in the world which adapt

many custom from the other countries.

2.

Americans have many ways to spend their free time based

on habits from the other Countries.

3.

Americans adoption relaxing habit from the other

countries.

4.

The kinds activity of Americans people in the warm

climate, adaption from other countries

5.

Americans often duplicate the words from the other

countries. They take the words from different Countries

and those words are used in their daily activities.

6.

Americans people habit to spend their free time for

relaxing.

Write a topic sentence for each of the following topics.

Remember to include both a topic (main idea) and a controlling

idea.

Americans often duplicate the words from the other

countries. They take the words from different Countries

and those words are used in their daily activities.

Americans relaxing at home, for example, may put on

kimonos, which is a Japanese word. Americans who live in

a warm climate may take an after­noon siesta

4

 on an

outdoor patio

5

 without even realizing that these are

Spanish words. In their gardens, they may enjoy the

fragrance of jasmine flowers, a word that came into

English from Persian. They may even relax on a chaise

tongue while sipping a drink made with vodka, words of

French and Russian origin, respectively.

Write at least three supporting sentences for each topic sentence

(examples, facts, descriptions, classifications, causes and effects,

or comparison).

Example:

I am terrible at doing the laundry.



I often shrink my favorite shirts because I leave them in

the dryer for too long.



I forget to separate the colored clothes from the white

ones and sometimes end up with gray underwear.



I rarely read the cleaning instructions and have rained

things that should have been dry-cleaned by putting in

the washing machine.

Write at least three supporting sentences for each topic sentence

(examples, facts, descriptions, classifications, causes and effects,

or comparison).

I love eating food from different countries.



A.__________________________________________________________



B. __________________________________________________________



C. __________________________________________________________



D. __________________________________________________________

Write at least three supporting sentences for each topic sentence

(examples, facts, descriptions, classifications, causes and effects,

or comparison).

I love eating food from different countries.

I often eat pizza.

In Jogja, I can buy it at Pizza Huts.

I like pizza because I am vegetarian.

For example, I often order pizza without animal material such as prawn

or beef.

I like eating kebab.

I eat kebab because I like lamb.

………….

…………..

I prefer hotdog.

…………….

…………….

In short, like other people in Jogja, I like pizza, kebab, and hot dog which is

not original from Indonesia.

Write at least three supporting sentences for each topic sentence

(examples, facts, descriptions, classifications, causes and effects,

or comparison).

Summer is  a favorite season.



a. _____________________________________________________



b. _____________________________________________________



c. _____________________________________________________



d. _____________________________________________________

Write at least three supporting sentences for each topic sentence

(examples, facts, descriptions, classifications, causes and effects,

or comparison).

There are several ways to conserve electricity.



a. ___________________________________________________



b. ___________________________________________________



c. ___________________________________________________



d. __________________________________________________

Write at least three supporting sentences for each topic sentence

(examples, facts, descriptions, classifications, causes and effects,

or comparison).

There are several reasons why we should study

English.



a. __________________________________________________



b. _________________________________________________



c. __________________________________________________



d. __________________________________________________

Write at least three supporting sentences for each topic sentence

(examples, facts, descriptions, classifications, causes and effects,

or comparison).

There are several differences between living in the city and living in

the village.



a. __________________________________________________



b. __________________________________________________



c. __________________________________________________



d. _________________________________________________

Write at least three supporting sentences for each topic sentence

(examples, facts, descriptions, classifications, causes and effects,

or comparison).

Indonesian government seems to fall in enabling people to live

prosperously.



a. __________________________________________________



b. __________________________________________________



c. __________________________________________________



d. _________________________________________________

Peer review

TOPIC SENTENCE FEEDBACK

Parts of a Paragraph



Topic Sentence



Supporting Details



Closing Sentence

Kinds of Paragraphs



Definition



Classification



Description



Compare and Contrast



Sequence



Choice



Explanation



Evaluation



Cause and Effect



Exemplification



Argumentation

Topic Sentence

What is the topic sentence?

The topic sentence is the first sentence in a paragraph.

What does it do?

It introduces the main idea of the paragraph.

How do I write one?

Summarize the main idea of your paragraph. Indicate to the

reader what your paragraph will be about.

Example:



There are three reasons why Canada is one of the best

countries in the world.

 First, Canada has an excellent health

care system. All Canadians have access to medical services at a

reasonable price. Second, Canada has a high standard of

education. Students are taught by well-trained teachers and are

encouraged to continue studying at university. Finally, Canada's

cities are clean and efficiently managed. Canadian cities have

many parks and lots of space for people to live. As a result,

Canada is a desirable place to live.

Supporting Details

What are supporting sentences?

They come after the topic sentence, making up the body of a

paragraph.

What do they do?

They give details to develop and support the main idea of the

paragraph.

How do I write them?

You should give supporting facts, details, and examples.

Example:



There are three reasons why Canada is one of the best countries

in the world. 

First,

 Canada has an excellent health care

system. All Canadians have access to medical services at a

reasonable price. 

Second,

 Canada has a high standard of

education. Students are taught by well-trained teachers

and are encouraged to continue studying at university.

Finally,

 Canada's cities are clean and efficiently managed.

Canadian cities have many parks and lots of space for

people to live.

 As a result, Canada is a desirable place to live.

Closing Sentence

What is the closing sentence?

The closing sentence is the last sentence in a paragraph.

What does it do?

It restates the main idea of your paragraph.

How do I write one?

Restate the main idea of the paragraph using different words.

Example:



There are three reasons why Canada is one of the best countries

in the world. First, Canada has an excellent health care system.

All Canadians have access to medical services at a reasonable

price. Second, Canada has a high standard of education.

Students are taught by well-trained teachers and are encouraged

to continue studying at university. Finally, Canada's cities are

clean and efficiently managed. Canadian cities have many parks

and lots of space for people to live. 

As a result, Canada is a

desirable place to live

.

Definition Paragraph

When writing a definition paragraph, you take a thing

or an idea and explain what it is.

Example:



Write a paragraph giving the definition of a pest.

Definition Paragraph

The following words can help you to write a good

definition paragraph:

1. "is defined as"



A pest 

is defined as

 any animal or plant that damages crops,

forests, or property.

2. "is a kind of"



A pest 

is a kind of

 animal or plant that damages crops,

forests, or property.

Classification Paragraph

When writing a classification paragraph, you group things or

ideas into specific categories.



Example:     Write a paragraph discussing two types of energy

resources.

The following words can help you to write a good

classification paragraph:



Helper Words:



is a kind of



can be divided into



is a type of



falls under



belongs to



is a part of



fits into



is grouped with



is related to



is associated with

Classification Paragraph

is a kind of

Coal 

is a kind of

 non-renewable resource.

can be divided into

Energy resources 

can be divided into

 two types.

is a type of

Coal 

is a type of

 non-renewable resource.

falls under

Coal 

falls under

 the category of non-renewable resources.

belongs to

Coal 

belongs to

 the category of non-renewable resources.

is a part of

Coal 

is a part of

 the category of non-renewable resources.

fits into

Coal 

fits into

 the category of non-renewable resources.

is grouped with

Coal 

is grouped with

 non-renewable resources.

is related to

Coal 

is related to

 other non-renewable resources.

is associated with

Coal 

is associated with

 other non-renewable resources.

Description Paragraph

In a description paragraph, you are writing about what a

person, place, or thing is like. Sometimes, you may describe

where a place is located.

Examples:



Write a paragraph describing what a polar bear looks like.



Describe where Canada's industry is located.

The following words can help you to write a good

description paragraph:



Helper Words:



Properties



Measurement



Analogy



Location

Description Paragraph



size



length



is like



in



color



width



resembles



above



shape



mass/weight



below



purpose



speed



beside



near



north/east/south/west

Description Paragraph

Properties



size

Example:     Polar bears are big in 

size

.



colour

Example:     Polar bears are usually white in 

colour

.



shape

Example:     Polar bears have a special 

shape

.



purpose

Example:     The 

purpose

 of the polar bear's fur is to keep it warm.

Measurement



length

Example:     The 

length

 of a polar bear's claws is 20 cm.



width

Example:     The 

width

 of a polar bear's head is about 50 cm.



mass / weight

Example:     Polar bears 

weigh

 up to 650 kg.



speed

Example:     Polar bears can swim at a 

speed

 of 40 km per hour.

Description Paragraph

Analogy



is like

Example:     A polar bear 

is like

 other bears in shape.



resembles

Example:     A polar bear 

resembles

 other bears in shape.

Location



in

Example:     Most of Canada's manufacturing is located 

in

 Ontario and

Quebec.



above

Example:     The ceiling is 

above

 us.



below

Example:     Most of Ontario is 

below

 Hudson Bay.



beside

Example:     Quebec is located 

beside

 Ontario.



near

Example:     Many companies are located 

near

 Toronto.



north / east / south / west

Example:     Ontario is 

west

 of Quebec.

Compare and Contrast Paragraph

In a compare and contrast paragraph, you write about

the similarities and differences between two or more

people, places, things, or ideas.

Example:

Write a paragraph comparing the weather in

Vancouver and Halifax.

Helper Words:

Similarities

Differences



is similar to



both



also



too



as well



while



the other hand



however



but



in contrast



differs from



unlike

Compare and Contrast Paragraph

Similarities



is similar to

Example:   Spring weather in Vancouver 

is similar

to

 spring weather in Halifax.



both

Example:   

Both

 Vancouver and Halifax have rain in

the spring.



also

Example:   Halifax 

also

 has a rainy spring season.



too

Example:   Halifax has a rainy spring season, 

too

.



as well

Example:   

As well

, Halifax has rainy spring season.

Compare and Contrast Paragraph

Differences



on the other hand

Example:   

On the other hand

, winter is much colder in Halifax.



however

Example:   

However

, winter is much colder in Halifax.



but

Example:   Vancouver has a mild winter, 

but

 Halifax has a cold one.



in contrast to

Example:   

In contrast to

 Vancouver, Halifax has a cold winter.



differs from

Example:   Halifax 

differs from

 Vancouver by having a cold winter.



while

Example:   

While

 Vancouver has a mild winter, Halifax has a cold

winter.

Sequence Paragraph

In a sequencing paragraph, you are writing to describe

a series of events or a process in some sort of order.

Usually, this order is based on time.

Example:

Write a paragraph outlining how a person becomes the

prime minister.

Helper Words:

Order

Time



first, second, third, etc.



in the beginning



before



then



after



finally



at last



subsequently



recently



previously



afterwards



when



after

Sequence Paragraph

Order



first, second, third, etc.

Example:   

First

, you need to become a leader of a political party. 

Second

, you need to win a

seat in the House of Commons. 

Third

, your party must have a majority of seats.



in the beginning

Example:   

In the beginning

, you need to become a leader of a political party.



before

Example:   

Before

 becoming the prime minister, you need to become the leader of a political

party.



then

Example:   

Then

, you must win a seat in the House of Commons.



after

Example:   

After

 winning a seat in the House of Commons, you must make sure you have a

majority of seats.



finally

Example:   

Finally

, after all these steps, you can call yourself the prime minister.



at last

Example:   

At last

, you can call yourself the prime minister.



subsequently

Example:   

Subsequently

, you must make sure you have a majority of seats in the House of

Commons.

Sequence Paragraph

Time



recently

Example:   She was 

recently

 elected prime minister.



previously

Example:   She is the new prime minister. 

Previously

, she

worked as a lawyer in Toronto.



afterwards

Example:   She won the party leadership last year. 

Afterwards

,

she won the election.



when

Example:   

When

 she won the party leadership, she was still

working as a lawyer.



after

Example:   

After

 winning a seat in the House of Commons, you

must make sure you have a majority of seats.

Choice Paragraph

In a paragraph where you have to make a choice, you

need to choose which object, idea, or action that you

prefer. Often, you will need to give your opinion on a

choice of actions or events.

Example:

Write a paragraph stating whether you would prefer to

play hockey or lacrosse.

Helper Words:

Point of View

Personal Opinion



in my opinion



belief



idea



understanding



I think that



I consider



I believe



it seems to me



I prefer



like/dislike



hope



feel

Choice Paragraph

Point of View



in my opinion

Example:     

In my opinion

, hockey is more fun than lacrosse.



belief

Example:     My 

belief

 is that hockey is more fun than lacrosse.



idea

Example:     My 

idea

 is that hockey is more fun than lacrosse.



understanding

Example:     My 

understanding

 is that hockey is more fun than lacrosse.



I think that

Example:     

I think that

 I would prefer to play hockey and not lacrosse.



I consider

Example:     

I consider

 hockey to be more exciting than lacrosse.



I believe

Example:     

I believe

 hockey is more exciting than lacrosse.



it seems to me

Example: 

It seems to me

 that hockey is more exciting than lacrosse.



I prefer

Example: 

I prefer

 hockey over lacrosse.

Choice Paragraph

Personal Opinions



like/dislike

Example: I 

like

 the sport of hockey because it is fast

and exciting.



hope

Example: I 

hope

 that I can play hockey in the future.



feel

Example: I 

feel

 that hockey is my favorite sport.

Explanation Paragraph

In an explanation paragraph, you need to explain how

or why something happens. Very often in social studies

class, you will be asked to explore causes and effects of

certain events.

Example:

Write a paragraph explaining why so many Europeans

moved to Canada during the nineteenth century.

Helper Words:

Cause

Effect



because



since



as a result of



is due to



therefore



as a result of



consequently



hence



it follows that



if . . . then

Explanation Paragraph

Cause



because

Example:   People moved to Canada from Europe during

the nineteenth century 

because

 they had poor living

conditions in Europe.



since

Example:   

Since

 living conditions in Europe were terrible,

many people moved to Canada.



as a result of

Example:   People moved to Canada from Europe 

as a

result of

 poor living conditions in Europe.



is due to / was due to

Example:   The large influx of people to Canada 

was due

to

 economic pressures in Europe.

Explanation Paragraph

Effect



therefore

Example:   Living conditions in Europe were terrible. 

Therefore

, many people

moved to Canada for a better life.



thus

Example:   Living conditions in Europe were terrible. 

Thus

, many people

moved to Canada for a better life.



consequently

Example:   Living conditions were terrible in Europe. 

Consequently

, many

people moved to Canada.



hence

Example:   Living conditions were terrible in Europe. 

Hence

, many people

moved to Canada.



it follows that

Example:   Living conditions were terrible in Europe. 

It follows that

 many

people moved to Canada.



if ... then

Example:   

If

 living conditions were better in Europe, 

then

 fewer people would

have moved to Canada.

Evaluation Paragraph

In an evaluation paragraph, you make judgments

about people, ideas, and possible actions. You need to

make your evaluation based on certain criteria that you

develop. In the paragraph, you will state your

evaluation or recommendation and then support it by

referring to your criteria.

Example:

Write a paragraph evaluating whether pesticides

should be used on farms.

Helper Words

Criteria for Evaluation

Recommendation



good / bad



correct / incorrect



moral / immoral



right / wrong



important / trivial



suggest



recommend



advise



argue

Evaluation Paragraph

Criteria



good / bad

Example:   The use of pesticides such as DDT is 

bad

 for the

environment.



correct / incorrect

Example:   The belief that pesticides must be used is 

incorrect

.



moral / immoral

Example:   The use of pesticides to control pests

is 

immoral

 because it harms the environment.



right / wrong

Example:   It is 

wrong

 to use pesticides because they harm the

environment.



important / trivial

Example:   The issue of pesticides is an 

important

 one because

it affects the environment.

Evaluation Paragraph

Recommendation



suggest

Example:   I 

suggest

 that pesticides should not be used to

control pests.



recommend

Example:   I 

recommend

 that pesticides should not be

used because they are harmful to the environment.



advise

Example:   I would 

advise

 farmers not to use pesticides if

possible.



argue

Example:   I would 

argue

 that pesticides should not be

used because they harm the environment.

Jati Suryanto, S.Pd, Dipl.Tesol

PARAGRAPH FEEDBACK

As academician…

You have to be able to write explanation paragraph

which can:



Explain a process (how to do something or how

something works)



Define a term



Make a concept clear

TYPES OF

EXPLANATION PARAGRAPHS



Definition/clarification paragraph



Process paragraph

DEFINITION/CLARIFICATION

PARAGRAPHS



It defines words or ideas and makes those words or

ideas clearer for a reader.



It is used to explain concepts, synthesize reading or

demonstrate knowledge of the course.

DEFINITION PARAGRAPH IS DIFFERENT

FROM PROCESS PARAGRAPH IN THAT…



They are not organized chronologically.



Although the connectors first, second etc can be used, these

connectors do not necessarily indicated either time or importance.

Often they simply indicate the number of points to be made.



They do not tell “how to”. Instead they answer the question “what?”.



What does……mean?



What does……look like?



What is…..?



What ways are there to…..?



What kinds of…..are there?



Often present points of equal value and interest.



These points are supported by facts, examples, personal experience,

and physical description.

DEFINITION PARAGRAPH

EXAMPLE

ROUTINE

Routine is a regular and habitual way of working of doing things. Some

people are very much pleased by the routine of their lives. They like it

when nothing breaks the even course of their existence, and they feel

strangely unprotected when something upsets their routine. These

people are usually very faint-hearted, and it is difficult for them to

adapt themselves to a new way of life. However, more interesting

people find routine a vicious circle. As a rule, there people have very

rich imaginations, and when their routine life becomes unbearable,

they escape to a different dimension, to the world that they have

invented themselves. But not all people who find themselves inside the

vicious circle of routine what to live outside it. There is another kind of

person who finds routine burdensome, but at the same time, these

people know how to carry their burden. As their outward lives are

routine, their inner thoughts never stop.

DEFINITION PARAGRAPH

EXAMPLE

KENDO

Kendo is a kind of Japanese fencing which I practice and enjoy. It

is a form of traditional ‘budo’ sports. Many Japanese high school

students learn this sport. They compete in tournaments all over

Japan for prizes. The main equipment for kendo is a stick made

from a special tree called ‘take’. Participants in kendo wear

protective gear, including helmets to protect their heads and

padded clothing. Kendo is a fight between two people; often the

participants are injured. But it is not only a game of power; it is

also a game of spirit. When I practice kendo, I react instinctively.

I also feel spiritual power when I win. I am like many people in

my country because I enjoy the challenge of kendo. It improves

both my body and my spirit. I hope this popular Japanese sport

will expand to the U.S.

DEFINITION PARAGRAPH

EXAMPLE

ORIGAMI

Origami, the Japanese art of paper folding which originated in

China, is a very inexpensive and rewarding hobby. Traditionally,

origami figures are always made by folding, not cutting or

pasting. For example, good-luck animals such as cranes, tortoises

and lobsters can be made by simply folding a piece of perfectly

squared paper. Origami is very inexpensive; only paper is

necessary, and any paper can be used. Moreover, inexpensive

gifts, such as earrings, can be made by folding small cranes and

attaching pins or loops through the crane’s backs. Origami is also

extremely rewarding; using the imagination, one can develop his

creativity by turning a plain, simple piece of paper into a fish, a

frog, or a house. The greatest reward, however, is that origami

can be enjoyed by every member of a household.

EXPLANATION PARAGRAPH

CONNECTORS

DEFINITION PARAGRAPH WRITING



Soccer



Chest



Democracy



Love



A paragraph



An Essay



Global warming



UMY



Pingpong



Batik



Globalization



Westernization



Pluralistic society



Freedom of speech



UNO



UNESCO



Pancasila

PROCESS PARAGRAPH



Describes how to do something



For examples; how to write a good paragraph, how to

play football,  how to apply for university admission.

PROCESS PARAGRAPH

Is organized in chronological order:



Choose a topic that is narrow enough to be described

in complete detail for your intended audience



Give details of the process in the correct order



Give reasons for the order (if appropriate)



Include negative directions (or warnings) if necessary



Use chronological connectors to help the reader

PROCESS PARAGRAPH

Chronological connectors:



Sentence Introducer: First….Second……Then….After

that…..Finally…..



Time introducers:

…..before…..after……when…..while…..until…..

during…..

EXAMPLE AND EXERCISE



TOPIC SENTENCE: After you have prepared the garden soil, you need to follow

a procedure for planting the seeds.

1.

Choosing the seeds

A. flowers or vegetables?

B. early and late species.

2.

Planning the planting

A. what to plant where

B. why?

3.

Follow directions on the seed packet

A. Soak before planting?

B. depth to plant

C. watering the planted seeds.

Concluding sentence : If you follow this process, you will surely have a

successful garden.

EXAMPLE

Because I am a curious person, I take every chance I get to

travel and learn about different countries and customs.

Before I leave on a trip, I prepare myself for the new

country by reading about it. I investigate the things I am

interested in and, later, I can compare my opinions about

the country before and after my visit. When I arrive in the

country, I try to find places outside the regular tourist

attractions so that I will come in contact with the native

people who can often tell me more about the country than

the tourist guides. In addition, I try to stay with a native

family while I am visiting a country; in this way, I discover

more about the country and, usually, more about myself.

QUESTIONS



With a small group of classmates, write a title for this

paragraph?



What process is this paragraph explaining?



With the group, modify the topic sentence of this

paragraph so that it more accurately reflects the

paragraph.



Underline the chronological time connectors in this

paragraph.

PROCESS PARAGRAPH

EXAMPLE

MAKING ETHANOL IN INDONESIA

Ethanol can be produced from the fermentation of some

crops that contain starch: corn, wheat, sugar cane, and in

Indonesia, sweet potatoes and especially, cassava. In the

process of converting cassava to ethanol, the first step is

milling (reduction of the size of the particles). Next, the

milled particles are cooled; the cassava is cooled; the

cassava is hydrated, and its starch is gelatinized. Following

that step, the starch is converted by enzymic hydrolysis

into sugars, and then the ethanol from the sugars,

including limited dextrin conversion, is fermented. In the

final step, the ethanol is recovered through distillation, and

the cassava residues are recovered by evaporation and

waste treatment.

PROCESS PARAGRAPH

EXAMPLE

THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT

Trapped heat in the atmosphere of the earth results in the

greenhouse effect, but how does it happen? First, the sun warms

the earth and then heat is trapped by certain gases in the

atmosphere that act like the glass in a greenhouse. Usually this

heat is essential to prevent freezing temperatures on earth, but

as the levels of these gases are increased, more heat is created

than is necessary. Yet that is exactly what is happening on earth

today. The rising level of gases comes from two major man-made

sources: chlorofluorocarbons and carbon dioxide. The amount of

carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has grown more than 25%

since the Industrial Revolution, and over 11% since 1959. As a

result of the raised level of these two gases, “global warming” is

occurring; the earth is getting warmer.

WRITING AN EXPLANATION

PARAGRAPH



How to learn English effectively



How to write an effective paragraph



How to write an effective essay



How to be a successful student



How to keep healthy



How to study effectively



How to overcome stress



How to choose a good boarding house



How to make ‘nasi goreng’



How to operate a computer



How to search information on ‘Google’



How to make friends on the ‘facebook’

Jati Suryanto, S.Pd, Dipl. TESOL

ARGUMENTATIVE PARAGRAPH



Aims to change the way the reader thinks



Aims to influence the reader to do something.



Generally the writer wants the reader to: 1) accept or

reject an idea, 2) realize that action should be taken to

solve a problem, 3) try a new way of doing something.

WAYS TO PERSUADE READERS



The writer gives evidence to support his or her

viewpoint.



Consider the best argument against his or her

viewpoint that an opponent might have.



Refute that argument by showing why it is wrong,

weak or of lesser importance.



Formula of an argument process =



PROPOSAL = (writer’s ideas + evidence) + (opponent’s

argument + refutation + evidence).

LOOK AT THE FOLLOWING

PARAGRAPH EXAMPLE

Additional classes in the afternoon for better preparation

of having the final exam for high school students are

superfluous. To begin with, some people argue that this

program assist the students to face the exam. However, this

argument is groundless since students have had their daily

class which is sufficient to face the test. Moreover, most

parents think that such a program is not effective at all as

this is just wasting time and energy. As a result, it is evident

that children are reluctant to come and join. Indeed, this

condition really never gives any positive contributions for

the improvement or progress in studying to students.

Therefore, it is essential that the additional classes in

afternoon for high school students be stopped.

DISCUSSION



What is the proposal (topic sentence) of this

argumentative paragraph?



How is the paragraph outlined?



How many paragraph does the writer use to support

the proposal?



What does the opponents of the argument say?



What is the writer’s refutation on the opponent’s

argument?

ARGUMENTATIVE PARAGRAPH

OUTLINE

Proposal/topic sentence.

Argument 1

Opponents opinion and your refutations (argument 2).

Argument 3

Conclusion

CRITERIA OF A GOOD

ARGUMENTATIVE PROPOSAL



It is not a neutrality.



The writer must demonstrate the necessity of reading

the writer’s proposal.



The writer should avoid obvious proposals, e.g. : “Are

there biological differences between males and

females?”.

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING

SENTENCES ARE GOOD PROPOSAL

1.

Space exploration should be stopped.

2.

Was Picasso a great painter?

3.

Automobile pollution in Jakarta is a major problem.

4.

Aerobic exercise is not good for women.

5.

Young children should not be allowed to eat too

much sugar.

6.

Indonesians love money.

7.

Life in Sahara desert is difficult.

8.

Should Chinese women with more than one child be

sterilized?

REASON FOR AND REASON

AGAINST

PROPOSAL

: All handguns sales should be prohibited.

REASON FOR 

(PROS):



Would decrease violent crimes



Would save taxpayer money (fewer police)



Would help create a better social environment

REASON AGAINST 

(CONS):



Would restrict individual freedom (a person could not

buy what he or she wanted).

Write three reasons for and one

main reason against each of the

following proposals

1.

Proposal: Prostitution should not be legalized.

Reasons for:__________________________________

Reasons against:_______________________

2. The world would be better with one language.

Reasons for:___________________________

Reasons against:_______________________

THE REFUTATION



In an argumentative paragraph, it is important that you

present the opponents reasons.



Then you have to refute them:

1.

Method: 

Demonstrate that your opponent’s reason is

wrong

 because it is based on incorrect or misleading

information.

2.

Method 2: 

Show that your opponents’ reason is weak

because it is based on insufficient information or ignores

significant information.

3.

Method 3: 

Agree that your opponent’s reason is valid

, but

show that your points of support are more compelling.

EXAMPLE OF REFUTATION



Proposal: Gun selling should be banned.



MAIN REASON AGAINST

: Would restrict individual

freedom ( a person couldn’t buy what he or she

wanted).



ATTACK AND REFUTATION

: The opponent is

partially right – freedom to buy would be restricted,

but freedom from fear and freedom of movement

would be increased.

LOOK AT THE FOLLOWING

EXAMPLE OF REFUTATIONS



Proposal: Workers should not be forced to retire at age

sixty-five.



…………………………………………..



Those who disagree with this proposal point out that as

people grow older their bodies begin to slow down, and it is

risky for them to continue working. Actually, 

this is true in

only one respect-they body does slow down

. 

However,

accident rates for those over sixty-five are slightly less than

those for people under sixty-five

. How can we explain this?

Simply, workers over sixty-five have far more experience in

their jobs than younger workers, and workers over sixty-five

are far more aware of their limitations.

EXAMPLE OF REFUTATION



Proposal: Abortion should be legal.



Main reason against and refutation:

………………………………………………………………………………………

“

Pro-life” people argue that abortion is the killing of a

potential human being. This is undeniably true.

Nevertheless, as has been pointed out, if abortion is illegal,

there will be; 1) a dramatic increase in unwanted,

neglected, and abused children; 2) the number of women

who die getting illegal, unhygienic abortions will increase

greatly; and 3) women will lose what they have fought so

hard for- the basic right to control their own bodies. These

three points outweigh the argument of the pro-lifers.

EXAMPLE OF REFUTATION



Proposal: Sex education is appropriate for sixth grade in the United

States.



Main reasons against and refutation:

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

The opponents of this ideas claim that most eleven-year-olds have not

seen information about sex; therefore, teaching them sex education

would put the idea of sex into their minds. 

Nothing could be further

from the truth; most eleven-year-olds have been exposed to sex long

before the sixth grade.

 For example, the January 1998 Neilsen TV rating

showed that two of the show most heavily watched by eight-and then-

year-olds were ‘Seinfeld” and “friends – both of which contain a heavy

dose of sexual content. These and other TV shows, combined with

drugstore sex magazines, “R” –rated movie, and even “sexy” comic

books, expose children to sex long before they are in the sixth grade.

LANGUAGE PATTERNS FOR THE

ARGUMENTATIVE PARAGRAPH

PATTERNS TO CITE A SOURCE OR

STATISTICS

PATTERNS TO INTRODUCE HT

EMAIN REASON AGAINST

POSSIBLE PATTERN TO SUMMARIZE

BRAINSTORM IN GROUPS

GIVE REASONS TO SUPPORT AND

TWO REASONS NOT TO SUPPORT

1.

People should be allowed to carry guns.

2.

Abortion should be legal.

3.

The world would be better if all world leaders were women.

4.

The government should not support any religion.

5.

People under thirty should not be permitted to marry.

6.

The government should not give money to help poor people.

7.

Chinese should become the new international language.

8.

The death penalty is a good punishment for murderers.

9.

Human are basically good.

10.

It is usually more difficult for a man to work at a job (outside

the house) than for a woman to work at jobs inside the house.

JATI SURYANTO, S.Pd., Dipl. TESOL

Colorado snow conditions are much better than Japanese snow

conditions for downhill skiers like me. First

, Colorado

mountain snow is drier than Japanese snow. For example, in

ski areas like Vail and Aspen, I can’t make a complete snowball

because the snow isn’t sticky enough, but in Japanese ski areas,

making snowballs is easy. The drier snow in Colorado has two

advantages: my clothes stay dry even when I fall, and my skis

move through the ‘powder’ snow quickly because they do not

stick. 

In addition to 

the quality of the Colorado snow, the

weather conditions make the ski season both more pleasant

and longer in the U.S. Most Japanese ski areas open in the

middle of December and close in mid-March, but Colorado

skiers can begin skiing in November, and sometimes the ski

areas are open until the end of April. 

Moreover, 

ski areas in

Japan are known for their cloudy, damp weather, but in

Colorado, the bright sun and dry weather make it possible to

ski comfortably, sometimes even in shorts and shirt! 

For these

reasons, many Japanese skiers dream of coming to the U.S. to

ski.

Colorado snow conditions are much better than Japanese

snow conditions for downhill skiers like me.

 Most Japanese

ski resorts have wet, sticky snow; I can easily make snowballs

with it, but it is not easy to ski on wet snow. 

Moreover

, the ski

season in Japan is short and now always pleasant; most areas

are open in mid-December and close by mid-March, and the

weather at these resorts is generally cloudy, damp, and

consequently very cold. In Colorado, 

however,

 conditions are

far better. First, Colorado snow is dry; for example, in ski areas

like Vail and Aspen, I can’t make a complete snowball because

the snow isn’t sticky enough. This dry snow has two

advantages: my clothes stay dry even when I fall, and my skis

moves through the “powder” snow more quickly because they

do not stick. 

In addition to 

the quality of Colorado snow, the

ski resorts open early in November and sometimes stay open

until the end of April, giving skiers a long season. 

Finally, 

the

bright sun and dry weather in Colorado make it possible to sky

comfortably, sometimes even in shorts and a shirt! 

For these

reasons, many Japanese skiers dream of coming to the U.S. to

ski.

DISCUSSION FOR BRAINSTORMING

COMPARE AND CONTRAST



Dogs and cats



Your language and English



Your mother and your father



Your hometown and Yogyakarta



Newspapers and magazines



Your two favorite musicians



Your life now and your life in ten years  ago



Your best friend and yourself.



Driving a car and riding a motorcycle.



Love and hate

QUESTIONS TO DISCUSS



Answer the following questions:



With a small group of classmates, decide which of the

two paragraphs is organized according to the basic

point outline. Which is organized according to the

alternative point outline?



With your group, decide which is more effective. Use

specific detail to support your opinion.



Write a point paragraph outline for one of the two

paragraphs.

COMPARISON AND CONTRAST



COMPARISON: identifies and analyzes similarities

between two persons, places, things and ideas.



CONTRAST: Identifies and analyses differences

between two persons, places, things or ideas.

BASIC COMPARISON/CONTRAST POINT PARAGRAPH OUTLINE

TOPIC SENTENCE (x is preferable to Y)

A.

X and Y (criterion 1)

A.

Supporting detail

B.

Supporting detail

B.

X and Y (criterion 2)

A.

Supporting detail

B.

Supporting detail

C.

X and Y (criterion 3)

A.

Supporting detail

B.

Supporting detail

CONCLUDING SENTENCE

Example

TOPIC SENTENCE: I prefer travelling by ship to traveling by

plane.

   1. The longer time on the ship is more restful than an airplane

trip

.

A. Ship: a change of pace form my daily life

B. Plane: hurried just like my daily life

2. Ship travel is a more interesting time than air travel.

A. Ship: swimming, playing games

B. Plane: sitting, reading

3. The variety of people on a ship is entertaining.

A. Ship: meet many different people

B. Plane: meet only one seatmate, perhaps.

CONCLUDING SENTENCE: For all these reasons, if I had a

choice, I would travel by ship.

THE ALTERNATIVE PATTERN OF COMPARISON AND CONTRAST

Topic Sentence

1. X

A. Criterion 1

a. Supporting detail

b. Supporting detail

B. Criterion 2

a. Supporting detail

b. Supporting detail

2. Y

A. Criterion 1

a. Supporting detail

b. Supporting detail

A. Criterion 2

a. Supporting detail

b. Supporting detail

Concluding sentence

EXAMPLE OF ALTERNATIVE

PATTERN

Topic: studying English with a private tutor is more helpful than

studying in an English class.

1.

Studying with a private tutor (X)

A.

Student has opportunity to assimilate information at his/her

own pace (rate or learning)

B.

Student participates orally during the last half of each class

(participation)

C.

Student can make and achieve individual goals (meeting goals).

2.

Studying in an English class (Y)

A.

Student must progress at the rate of the class (rate of learning)

B.

Student may be able to participate during only a small

percentage of the class (participation)

C.

Student must accept class goals (meeting goals).

Concluding sentence: After investigating the advantage above, I have

decided to stop taking English classes and hire a private tutor.

LANGUAGE PATTERN TO SHOW

CONTRAST

LANGUAGE PATTERNS TO SHOW

CONCESSION

LANGUAGE PATTERN TO SHOW

SIMILARITIES

TASK



Based on your brainstorming from the discussion,

write a contrast paragraph individually.



You can use either the basic pattern or the alternative

pattern.



Use the language patterns of comparison and contrast

that you have learnt.



Send your paragraph to 

Pak Jati’s and Pak Endro’s

facebook’s wall.

JATI SURYANTO, S.Pd, Dipl.TESOL

CAUSE AND EFFECT PARAGRAPH

MEANING AND CONCEPT



Trace a condition or action from its causes to its

effects, or from effects back to causes.



Example: medical topic—the symptoms and causes of

disease.



Example: informative paragraph on such topics as

hurricanes, global warming and earthquake.

CAUSE  AND EFFECT PARAGRAPH

PATTERN

The causes of low birthrate in

European countries:

The effect of smoking

Pattern:

Topic sentence: Effect: low birth

rate

Supporting 1: Cause 1

Supporting 2: Cause 2

Supporting 3: Cause 3

Pattern:

Topic sentence: Cause: smoking

habits

Supporting 1: Effect 1

Supporting 2: Effect 2

Supporting 3: Effect 3

SENTENCE PATTERN



Certain prescription drugs are, in part, 

responsible for

violent behavior among those who use them.



Televising executions 

would lead to 

a call for an end to

capital punishment.



Antibiotic-resistant bacteria 

are increasing 

infections

once thought to be under control.

WHAT WOULD BE THE EFFECTS

0F…

1.

Poverty?

2.

High price of education?

3.

Smoking ?

WHAT ARE THE CAUSES OF …..

1.

Poverty?

2.

Divorce?

3.

Increasing world population?