The History and Epidemic Potential of Coronaviruses
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WUHAN CORONA VIRUSES
1.HISTORY OF CORONAVIRUS
INFECTION
.2 NAMES OF CORONAVIRUS
CAUSING THE INFECTION
SARS & MERS
3. MECHANISM OF ITS DEVELOPMENT
4. PATHOLOGY AND CLINICAL
SYMPTOMS
5. DIAGNOSTIC METHODS
CORONAVIRUSES WERE DISCOVERED IN
THE
1960S
; THE EARLIEST ONES DISCOVERED WERE
INFECTIOUS BRONCHITIS VIRUS IN CHICKENS AND
2 VIRUSES FROM THE NASAL CAVITIES OF HUMAN
PATIENTS WITH THE
COMMON COLD
& NAMED
HUMAN CORONAVIRUS 229E AND HUMAN
CORONAVIRUS OC43.
Coronaviruses History
OTHER MEMBERS OF THIS FAMILY HAVE
SINCE BEEN IDENTIFIED, INCLUDING
I.SARS-COV IN 2003 – CHINA
II.HK COV IN 2005
,
- HONG KONG
III.MERS-COV IN 2012
,
IV.WUHAN 2019-NCOV - CHINA
; MOST OF THESE HAVE BEEN
INVOLVED IN
SERIOUS RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS
The Wuhan strain has been identified as a
new
/
novel
strain of β
CoV from group 2B with an ~70% genetic similarity to the SARS-
CoV, the new strain has been named 2019-nCoV by the WHO
_ The name "coronavirus" is derived from the Latin corona and the
Greek “, meaning crown
_ This refers to the characteristic appearance of virions (the
infective form of the virus) by electron microscopy, showing an
image resemble to a
royal crown
EPIDEMIC POTENTIAL OF WUHAN CORONA VIRUS
Coronaviruses are jumping increasingly from animals to humans,
creating new threats
_RECENT OUTBREAKS OF PNEUMONIA IN WUHAN, CHINA
WAS CAUSED BY A NOVEL BETA CORONAVIRUS
_SPECIMENS COLLECTED AND ANALYZED FROM PATIENTS
USING REAL TIME-PCR AND NEXT GENERATION
SEQUENCING IDENTIFIED IT TO BE A VIRUS MEMBER
BELONG THE FAMILY OF CORONA VIRIDAE, A NOVEL
BETA CORONAVIRUS 2019
_IT OCCURRENCE HAS RAISED QUESTIONS INTO THE
GENETIC RELATIONSHIP AND SIMILARITY TO SARS
CORONA VIRUS OF 2003 CONSIDERING THAT THEY BOTH
OCCURRED IN CHINA NOT FAR FROM WUHAN .
The Novel Coronavirus, 2019 - Overview
_ According to
CDC
(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) & WHO
data, which indicates the difference between the novel virus and SARS. SARS
is more severe than the new novel virus but the last one is more contagious
than SARS (More Infectivity & Spread).
_Factors like a transmission from an animal to person and person-to-person
and nosocomial spread have been the routes of consideration with more
reports leaning to an animal to person transmission considering first sight of
infectivity was a wet market and person-person transmissions, but yet to be
verified.
_ Traveling
has enhanced the spread of the virus to various countries with
great concern about an epidemic outbreak of this specific virus.
_In the past two decades, 3 variants of coronavirus emerging causing
serious
epidemic diseases
of the respiratory tract system indicating that the virus
continues to impose continuous threats to human health & affecting the
economy & catastrophic consequences
•
HAVE A LONG INCUBATION PERIOD OF 1-14 DAYS.
•
THE PATIENTS REMAIN ASYMPTOMATIC UNTIL THE OCCURRENCE
OF THE DISEASE, PRODUCING SEVERE UPPER AND LOWER
RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS.
Epidemiology of 2019-nCoV
Epidemiology of Coronavirus
As of 28 January 2020:
•World Cases: 4,673 confirmed cases with 106 deaths.
•China Cases: 4,596 confirmed cases with 106 deaths.
•63 person has been recovered from 2019-nCoV.
Epidemiology of Coronavirus
From the data collected by the CDC, the persons at risk are
1.Elderly individuals above 50 years specially those with underlying
chronic diseases e.g. diabetes, & cardiovascular diseases.
2.Demographically, persons living in China around Wahun are most
at risk, especially those dealing with Animal; and persons traveling
into and out of Wahun.
3.Hospital-acquired infection- Health care workers caring for
patients with the Wuhan 2019 coronavirus
Clinical Signs of 2019-nCoV of Coronavirus
Manifestations are mild and/or progressive in some cases to severe
symptoms that can eventually lead to death. These include
1.Fever associated with flu-like symptoms of coughing, headache
2.Upper or/and lower respiratory tract symptoms associated with
shortness of breath and breathing difficulties
3.Diarrhea after the virus colonizes the epithelial lining of the GIT
4.General body weakness and myalgia (fatigue)
5.In severe cases, individuals produce symptoms of
pneumonia
with
abnormal chest CT
, hemoptysis, lymphopenia, associated
with complications of severe acute respiratory distress syndrome,
acute cardiac injury, kidney failure and eventually,
death
.
Transmission
of
2019-nCoV of Coronavirus
1.Animal to Human transmission (Examples: camels, cattle, cats, and bats)
2.Human to Human transmission (via blood, stool, urine, saliva, semen)
3.Nosocomial transmission from infected patients to caregivers and health care
worker
The spread of virus could occur when a person touches a surface or object that has
a virus on it and then touches his or her own mouth, nose, or possibly their eyes
(
Cross Infection
)
How is the virus spread among humans?
Seven strains are known to infect humans, including the virus in
Wuhan.
They can be spread by coughing, kissing or making contact
with saliva, Chinese officials say.
Four of the strains cause common colds.
Coronaviruses: From Animals to Humans
Researchers aren't sure how the novel coronavirus first infected people in China, but
the viruses that cause SARS and MERS, which originated in bats, provide clues.
.Coronaviruses can also
jump directly to humans
, without mutating or passing
through an intermediate species.
4.Researchers aren't sure from
Q1- what animal the novel coronavirus originated? or
Q2- whether it passed through an intermediate species before infecting humans??
Source:
Timothy Sheahan, University of North Carolina
Alberto Cervantes and Josh Ulick /
THE WALL STREET JOURNAL
Diagnosis of 2019-nCoV of Coronavirus
Specimens:
1. Respiratory materials including Nasopharyngeal &
oropharyngeal
swabs, sputum
/ endotracheal
aspirate
or
bronchoalveolar
lavage
in patients with more severe respiratory
disease.
2. Tissue biopsies
3. Whole blood
4. Urine samples
5. Serum for serological testing
NB:
Collection of the samples should be done with CAUTION and
all samples regarded as potentially infectious with regard to strict
adherence to Infection Prevention and Control guidelines.
Clinical diagnosis:
•Observing patient symptoms.
•This includes; fever, headaches, myalgia, sneezing, and coughing. If the
patients meet the case definition of the suspected 2019-nCoV, he/she should
be screened for the virus with PCR.
Laboratory Diagnosis:
Currently, the diagnostic tests available are aiming at conventionally detecting
the causes of pneumonia early, to support disease control activities and to
work with reference Labs that can perform pan coronavirus detection and
directed sequencing. (WHO/2019-nCoV/laboratory/2020.3).
Diagnosis of 2019-nCoV of Coronavirus
The recommended diagnostic methods include:
1. Isolation of the virus in human airway epithelial cells
2.Use of
pan-coronavirus assay
for amplification
3. Followed by
RT-PCR assay
designed to detect Virus sequences
4.
Serological testing
e.g. cytokine identification, measurement, and quantification.
Prevention & Control of 2019-nCoV Coronavirus
Maintaining basic hand and respiratory hygiene.
Avoid close contact, with anyone showing symptoms such as coughing
and sneezing.
Avoid contact with farm or wild animals such as bats.
The consumption of raw or undercooked animal products should be
avoided.
People can stay at home if they are sick.
Cleaning and disinfecting frequently touched objects and surfaces.
References
1.Microbiology Notes Reveiws
2.Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg’s Medical Microbiology, 28e
3.David Greenwood, Medical Microbiology
4.Topley and Wilson’s Microbiology and Microbial Infections, 8
Volume Set, 10th Edition
5.Schaechter’s Mechanisms of Microbial Disease
6.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc1509458?rss=searc
hAndBrowse&#t=article
7.http://www.asmscience.org/content/book/10.1128/9781555815
790.ch20
Internet Sources (Google Scholars & Pubmed Papers)
利比
亚临时
政府支持中国作
为
一个民族和一
个国家
.
DONE BY : EMAD AMKHATIRAH.MPH
THANK YOU FOR ATTENTION .
TREIMAKASIH
谢谢
Coronaviruses were first discovered in the 1960s, with strains such as SARS and MERS causing serious respiratory infections. The recent outbreak of the novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China, has raised concerns about its genetic relationship to previous strains. Named 2019-nCoV by WHO, this new virus has epidemic potential as coronaviruses continue to jump from animals to humans, posing new threats worldwide.
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Presentation Transcript
1.HISTORY OF CORONAVIRUS INFECTION .2 NAMES OF CORONAVIRUS CAUSING THE INFECTION SARS & MERS 3. MECHANISM OF ITS DEVELOPMENT 4. PATHOLOGY AND CLINICAL SYMPTOMS 5. DIAGNOSTIC METHODS
Coronaviruses History CORONAVIRUSES WERE DISCOVERED IN THE 1960S; THE EARLIEST ONES DISCOVERED WERE INFECTIOUS BRONCHITIS VIRUS IN CHICKENS AND 2 VIRUSES FROM THE NASAL CAVITIES OF HUMAN PATIENTS WITH THE COMMON COLD & NAMED HUMAN CORONAVIRUS 229E AND HUMAN CORONAVIRUS OC43.
OTHER MEMBERS OF THIS FAMILY HAVE SINCE BEEN IDENTIFIED, INCLUDING I.SARS-COV IN 2003 CHINA II.HK COV IN 2005, - HONG KONG III.MERS-COV IN 2012, IV.WUHAN 2019-NCOV - CHINA; MOST OF THESE HAVE BEEN INVOLVED IN SERIOUS RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS
The Wuhan strain has been identified as a new/novel strain of CoV from group 2B with an ~70% genetic similarity to the SARS- CoV, the new strain has been named 2019-nCoV by the WHO
_ The name "coronavirus" is derived from the Latin corona and the Greek , meaning crown _ This refers to the characteristic appearance of virions (the infective form of the virus) by electron microscopy, showing an image resemble to a royal crown
EPIDEMIC POTENTIAL OF WUHAN CORONA VIRUS Coronaviruses are jumping increasingly from animals to humans, creating new threats
The Novel Coronavirus, 2019 - Overview _RECENT OUTBREAKS OF PNEUMONIA IN WUHAN, CHINA WAS CAUSED BY A NOVEL BETA CORONAVIRUS _SPECIMENS COLLECTED AND ANALYZED FROM PATIENTS USING REAL TIME-PCR AND NEXT GENERATION SEQUENCING IDENTIFIED IT TO BE A VIRUS MEMBER BELONG THE FAMILY OF CORONA VIRIDAE, A NOVEL BETA CORONAVIRUS 2019 _IT OCCURRENCE HAS RAISED QUESTIONS INTO THE GENETIC RELATIONSHIP AND SIMILARITY TO SARS CORONA VIRUS OF 2003 CONSIDERING THAT THEY BOTH OCCURRED IN CHINA NOT FAR FROM WUHAN .
_ According to CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) & WHO data, which indicates the difference between the novel virus and SARS. SARS is more severe than the new novel virus but the last one is more contagious than SARS (More Infectivity & Spread). _Factors like a transmission from an animal to person and person-to-person and nosocomial spread have been the routes of consideration with more reports leaning to an animal to person transmission considering first sight of infectivity was a wet market and person-person transmissions, but yet to be verified. _ Traveling has enhanced the spread of the virus to various countries with great concern about an epidemic outbreak of this specific virus. _In the past two decades, 3 variants of coronavirus emerging causing serious epidemic diseases of the respiratory tract system indicating that the virus continues to impose continuous threats to human health & affecting the economy & catastrophic consequences
HAVE A LONG INCUBATION PERIOD OF 1-14 DAYS. THE PATIENTS REMAIN ASYMPTOMATIC UNTIL THE OCCURRENCE OF THE DISEASE, PRODUCING SEVERE UPPER AND LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS.
Epidemiology of Coronavirus As of 28 January 2020: World Cases: 4,673 confirmed cases with 106 deaths. China Cases: 4,596 confirmed cases with 106 deaths. 63 person has been recovered from 2019-nCoV.
Epidemiology of Coronavirus From the data collected by the CDC, the persons at risk are 1.Elderly individuals above 50 years specially those with underlying chronic diseases e.g. diabetes, & cardiovascular diseases. 2.Demographically, persons living in China around Wahun are most at risk, especially those dealing with Animal; and persons traveling into and out of Wahun. 3.Hospital-acquired infection- Health care workers caring for patients with the Wuhan 2019 coronavirus
Clinical Signs of 2019-nCoV of Coronavirus Manifestations are mild and/or progressive in some cases to severe symptoms that can eventually lead to death. These include 1.Fever associated with flu-like symptoms of coughing, headache 2.Upper or/and lower respiratory tract symptoms associated with shortness of breath and breathing difficulties 3.Diarrhea after the virus colonizes the epithelial lining of the GIT
4.General body weakness and myalgia (fatigue) 5.In severe cases, individuals produce symptoms of pneumonia with abnormal chest CT, hemoptysis, lymphopenia, associated with complications of severe acute respiratory distress syndrome, acute cardiac injury, kidney failure and eventually, death.
Transmission of 2019-nCoV of Coronavirus 1.Animal to Human transmission (Examples: camels, cattle, cats, and bats) 2.Human to Human transmission (via blood, stool, urine, saliva, semen) 3.Nosocomial transmission from infected patients to caregivers and health care worker The spread of virus could occur when a person touches a surface or object that has a virus on it and then touches his or her own mouth, nose, or possibly their eyes (Cross Infection)
How is the virus spread among humans? Seven strains are known to infect humans, including the virus in Wuhan. They can be spread by coughing, kissing or making contact with saliva, Chinese officials say. Four of the strains cause common colds.
Coronaviruses: From Animals to Humans Researchers aren't sure how the novel coronavirus first infected people in China, but the viruses that cause SARS and MERS, which originated in bats, provide clues. .Coronaviruses can also jump directly to humans, without mutating or passing through an intermediate species. 4.Researchers aren't sure from Q1- what animal the novel coronavirus originated? or Q2- whether it passed through an intermediate species before infecting humans?? Source: Timothy Sheahan, University of North Carolina Alberto Cervantes and Josh Ulick /THE WALL STREET JOURNAL
Diagnosis of 2019-nCoV of Coronavirus Specimens: 1. Respiratory materials including Nasopharyngeal & oropharyngeal swabs, sputum / endotracheal aspirate or bronchoalveolar lavage in patients with more severe respiratory disease. 2. Tissue biopsies 3. Whole blood 4. Urine samples 5. Serum for serological testing NB: Collection of the samples should be done with CAUTION and all samples regarded as potentially infectious with regard to strict adherence to Infection Prevention and Control guidelines.
Clinical diagnosis: Observing patient symptoms. This includes; fever, headaches, myalgia, sneezing, and coughing. If the patients meet the case definition of the suspected 2019-nCoV, he/she should be screened for the virus with PCR. Laboratory Diagnosis: Currently, the diagnostic tests available are aiming at conventionally detecting the causes of pneumonia early, to support disease control activities and to work with reference Labs that can perform pan coronavirus detection and directed sequencing. (WHO/2019-nCoV/laboratory/2020.3).
Diagnosis of 2019-nCoV of Coronavirus The recommended diagnostic methods include: 1. Isolation of the virus in human airway epithelial cells 2.Use of pan-coronavirus assay for amplification 3. Followed by RT-PCR assay designed to detect Virus sequences 4. Serological testing e.g. cytokine identification, measurement, and quantification.
Prevention & Control of 2019-nCoV Coronavirus Maintaining basic hand and respiratory hygiene. Avoid close contact, with anyone showing symptoms such as coughing and sneezing. Avoid contact with farm or wild animals such as bats. The consumption of raw or undercooked animal products should be avoided. People can stay at home if they are sick. Cleaning and disinfecting frequently touched objects and surfaces.
References 1.Microbiology Notes Reveiws 2.Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg s Medical Microbiology, 28e 3.David Greenwood, Medical Microbiology 4.Topley and Wilson s Microbiology and Microbial Infections, 8 Volume Set, 10th Edition 5.Schaechter s Mechanisms of Microbial Disease 6.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc1509458?rss=searc hAndBrowse&#t=article 7.http://www.asmscience.org/content/book/10.1128/9781555815 790.ch20 Internet Sources (Google Scholars & Pubmed Papers)
THANK YOU FOR ATTENTION . TREIMAKASIH
