The Biological Basis of Human Motion and Motor Learning
Motor learning and
human performance
.
HKE 411
PROF TOLA ODUYALE
BIOLOGICAL BASIS OF HUMAN MOTION
•
A combination or series of
electro-chemical-physical
reaction
occurs at the neuromuscular (muscle-nerve) junction, this enables
a nerve to stimulate the muscle to (shorten) contract. A
shortening of all the cells in the muscle fiber usually occurs as a
generalized response of the cells when a nerve stimulates the
muscle. This overall shortening results in the pulling on the
tendons connecting the entire muscle to bones at each end.
contd
•
Nerve impulses which initiate movement
originate in the central nervous system
or in the muscles themselves. For a
voluntary muscular movement, the
impulse originates in the motor area of
the cerebral cortex of the brain. It
travels down the spinal cord, out
through the motor nerve to the junction
of the muscle and nerve, called the
motor End plate.
contd
•
When the nerve impulse arrives at the motor end plate, it stimulates the
production of a chemical, acetylcholine. Acetylcholine is the substance
that transmits electrical impulses across the short gap between the nerve
ending and the muscle. The impulse is then received by the muscle
membrane and conducted through the membrane to the contractile
substance within the cells of the muscle; the muscle fiber is consequently
shortened.
contd
•
In addition to impulses which emanates from
the brain, there are impulses that originate
within the muscles themselves, these are
kinesthetic sense impulses. These impulses
allow an individual to have a feeling of a
position and movement. For example in
stroking tennis-balls, a player can tell
without looking, the position of his hands and
feet. The muscle spindle is an organ that lies
parallel within the muscle itself. At normal
muscle length, the spindle discharges nerve
impulses of a certain frequency.
contd
•
When the muscle is extended, there is a simultaneous
increase in the frequency of discharge which is
proportional to the amount of muscular extension (stretch).
•
It was confirmed by Cheffers and Evaul that skill
(quality of work) improves with repeated efforts because of
the increased nerve-muscle-bone synchronization process
usually referred to as coordination.
THE RECEPTOR ORGANS IN THE BODY AND MOVEMENT
•
The Golgi tendon organ is a kinesthetic sense organ that is used by the
brain to determine the position of fibers and the tendon at either end of
the muscle in line with the muscle fibers. The golgi tendon organs are
stretched both when the muscle is shortened and when it is lengthened,
causing them to discharge nervous impulses. According to Cheffers and
Evaul (1978), the frequency with which these impulses are sent to the
brain is interpreted as a “feeling of position”.
contd
•
Another receptor is found within the joints themselves, this is sensitive to the position and
rate of movement of the joint. The brain invariably is able to determine the relative position of
body parts through interpretation of the frequency of impulses sent by the muscle spindles, the
golgi tendon organs, and the joint receptors of the muscles involved.
•
The Pacinian corpuscle is another kinesthetic sense organ. This organ transmits impulses
when it is compressed or deformed. They are particularly prevalent in the sole of the feet.
Increased pressure on the Pacinian corpuscle helps a person "feel" when he is leaning toward
one side or the other.
contd
•
Participation in sports involves the use of the kinesthetic sense organs, so that the
right movement is made automatically without giving it much thought. According to
Cheffers and Evaul, a reflex movement is exhibited by the skilled performer who has
conditioned the movement pattern so that his muscles will respond correctly to a
specific stimulus. In addition to the kinesthetic sense organs mentioned above, the
brain uses the more commonly known sense of sight, touch and balance (inner ear) to
interpret the position and movements of the body.
MOTOR SKILLS
•
What is a skill?
Answer:
The
knowledge of any art
together with expert ability to put
that knowledge to use. Skill is said to
be a relative quality, e.g. the degree
of proficiency attained by the
individual in physical education
activities reflects his skill level.
M
o
t
o
r
S
k
i
l
l
c
o
n
t
d
•
Higher degree of skills coincide with high degree of spatial
precision and timing, timing is very important in skilled performance,
it appears that in order that skill is to be presented in motor activities,
at least four variables must be considered:
(i)
Most skills should be performed within a time limitation hence
the importance of speed,
(ii)
Accuracy determines how successful these acts are to be executed.
c
o
n
t
d
(i)
Form, which refers to the economy of effort demands that skilled
activities should be performed (executed) with minimum amount
of energy expenditure.
(ii)
Finally, a skilled individual should be adaptable, such that he can
perform under varied or even unpredictable conditions.
•
Perhaps skill should be interpreted as the degree of success in
achieving an objective with efficiency and effectiveness.
•
Motor Skills and desired bodily motions required for successful
execution of a desired act, motor skills can either be Fine or Gross:-
contd
•
Fine Motor Skills
This
involves neuro-muscular co-ordinations.
Activities involved in fine motor skills are usually precision oriented
and often referred to as Eye-Hand coordinated skills, e.g. Archery,
Dart throwing, Pistol shooting, etc. They are fine muscle activities.
•
Gross Motor Skills
These
are large and entirely whole, they are neuro-
muscular co- ordinations which involve vigorous contractions of large
muscles and usually movement of the whole body, e.g. Sprinting,
Jumping, Cycling, Swimming, Dancing, etc.
In the biological basis of human motion, a series of electro-chemical-physical reactions occur at the neuromuscular junction, enabling nerve stimulation for muscle contraction. Nerve impulses for movement originate in the central nervous system or muscles, with acetylcholine transmitting impulses between nerves and muscles. Additionally, kinesthetic sense impulses from muscles contribute to movement awareness and coordination, improving with repeated efforts. Receptor organs like the Golgi tendon organ play essential roles in body movement.
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Presentation Transcript
Motor learning and human performance. HKE 411 PROF TOLA ODUYALE
BIOLOGICAL BASIS OF HUMAN MOTION A combination or series of electro-chemical-physical reaction occurs at the neuromuscular (muscle-nerve) junction, this enables a nerve to stimulate the muscle to (shorten) contract. A shortening of all the cells in the muscle fiber usually occurs as a generalized response of the cells when a nerve stimulates the muscle. This overall shortening results in the pulling on the tendons connecting the entire muscle to bones at each end.
contd Nerve impulses which initiate movement originate in the central nervous system or in the muscles themselves. For a voluntary muscular movement, the impulse originates in the motor area of the cerebral cortex of the brain. It travels down the spinal cord, out through the motor nerve to the junction of the muscle and nerve, called the motor End plate.
contd When the nerve impulse arrives at the motor end plate, it stimulates the production of a chemical, acetylcholine. Acetylcholine is the substance that transmits electrical impulses across the short gap between the nerve ending and the muscle. The impulse is then received by the muscle membrane and conducted through the membrane to the contractile substance within the cells of the muscle; the muscle fiber is consequently shortened.
contd In addition to impulses which emanates from the brain, there are impulses that originate within the muscles themselves, these are kinesthetic sense impulses. These impulses allow an individual to have a feeling of a position and movement. For example in stroking tennis-balls, a player can tell without looking, the position of his hands and feet. The muscle spindle is an organ that lies parallel within the muscle itself. At normal muscle length, the spindle discharges nerve impulses of a certain frequency.
contd When the muscle is extended, there is a simultaneous increase in the frequency of discharge which is proportional to the amount of muscular extension (stretch). It was confirmed by Cheffers and Evaul that skill (quality of work) improves with repeated efforts because of the increased nerve-muscle-bone synchronization process usually referred to as coordination.
THE RECEPTOR ORGANS IN THE BODY AND MOVEMENT The Golgi tendon organ is a kinesthetic sense organ that is used by the brain to determine the position of fibers and the tendon at either end of the muscle in line with the muscle fibers. The golgi tendon organs are stretched both when the muscle is shortened and when it is lengthened, causing them to discharge nervous impulses. According to Cheffers and Evaul (1978), the frequency with which these impulses are sent to the brain is interpreted as a feeling of position .
contd Another receptor is found within the joints themselves, this is sensitive to the position and rate of movement of the joint. The brain invariably is able to determine the relative position of body parts through interpretation of the frequency of impulses sent by the muscle spindles, the golgitendonorgans,andthejointreceptorsofthemusclesinvolved. The Pacinian corpuscle is another kinesthetic sense organ. This organ transmits impulses when it is compressed or deformed. They are particularly prevalent in the sole of the feet. Increased pressure on the Pacinian corpuscle helps a person "feel" when he is leaning toward onesideortheother.
contd Participationinsportsinvolvestheuseofthekinestheticsenseorgans,sothatthe right movement is made automatically without giving it much thought. According to Cheffers and Evaul, a reflex movement is exhibited by the skilled performer who has conditioned the movement pattern so that his muscles will respond correctly to a specific stimulus. In addition to the kinesthetic sense organs mentioned above, the brainusesthemorecommonlyknownsenseofsight,touchandbalance(innerear)to interpretthepositionandmovementsofthebody.
MOTOR SKILLS What is a skill? Answer: Answer: The knowledge of any art together with expert ability to put that knowledge to use. Skill is said to be a relative quality, e.g. the degree of proficiency attained by the individual in physical education activities reflects his skill level.
Motor Skill Motor Skill contd contd Higher degree of skills coincide with high degree of spatial precision and timing, timing is very important in skilled performance, it appears that in order that skill is to be presented in motor activities, at least four variables must be considered: (i)Most skills should be performed within a time limitation hence the importance of speed, (ii)Accuracy determines how successful these acts are to be executed.
contd contd (i)Form, which refers to the economy of effort demands that skilled activities should be performed (executed) with minimum amount of energy expenditure. (ii)Finally, a skilled individual should be adaptable, such that he can perform under varied or even unpredictable conditions. Perhaps skill should be interpreted as the degree of success in achieving an objective with efficiency and effectiveness. Motor Skills and desired bodily motions required for successful execution of a desired act, motor skills can either be Fine or Gross:-
contd Fine Fine Motor Motor Skills Skills This involves neuro-muscular co-ordinations. Activities involved in fine motor skills are usually precision oriented and often referred to as Eye-Hand coordinated skills, e.g. Archery, Dart throwing, Pistol shooting, etc. They are fine muscle activities. Gross Gross Motor Motor Skills Skills These are large and entirely whole, they are neuro- muscular co- ordinations which involve vigorous contractions of large muscles and usually movement of the whole body, e.g. Sprinting, Jumping, Cycling, Swimming, Dancing, etc.
