The Anatomy and Function of the Eye
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undefinedHealth Assessment : EYE
Eye
Only a small portion of the eye is seen.
Sclera
◦
Cornea
Choroid
◦
Iris
◦
Pupil
◦
Dim light enlarges (mydriasis)
◦
Bright light decreases (miosis)
Eye
Retina
◦
Sensory portion
◦
Optic disc
◦
Center is the point at which the vascular network enters the eye
◦
Macula
◦
Responsible for central vision
Interior of the eye
Visual Pathways
Light waves must bend to focus correctly on the retina.
◦
Refractory structures bend light waves onto retina.
Optic fibers of the optic nerve cross over at the chiasm and join temporal fibers from the opposite
eye.
◦
Impulse transmitted to occipital lobe of brain for interpretation
Visual fields of the eye and the visual
pathway to the brain
Accessory Structures of the Eye
Eyebrows
◦
Protect the eye
Eyelids : Movable folds of skin that cover and protect the eyes
◦
Palpebral fissure is opening between upper and lower eyelids.
Accessory Structures of the Eye
Eyelids
◦
Meibomian glands
◦
glands that lubricate eyes and eyelids
Eyelashes
◦
Project from eyelids and curl outward
Conjunctivae
◦
Prevents foreign objects from entering eye
Accessory Structures of the Eye
Lacrimal apparatus
◦
Secretes tears that spread over conjunctivae when blinking
Extrinsic muscles
◦
Lateral rectus
◦
Medial rectus
◦
Superior rectus
◦
Inferior rectus
◦
Inferior oblique
◦
Superior oblique
Lacrimal glands of the eye.
Special Considerations
Age
Developmental level
Race
Ethnicity
Occupation
Socioeconomics
Emotional well-being
Lifespan Considerations
Infants and children
◦
Visual acuity not as sharp as adults
◦
Children typically have 20/20 vision by age 7.
◦
At birth, the iris has little color but changes to permanent color by 3 months of
age.
continued on next slide
Lifespan Considerations
The pregnant female
◦
Dryness of the eyes
◦
Vision changes
◦
Due to shifting fluid in cornea
◦
Blurriness
◦
Distorted vision
◦
Up to 6 weeks postpartum
Lifespan Considerations
The older adult
◦
Cataracts
◦
Macular degeneration
Psychosocial Considerations
Impact of decreased visual acuity/visual impairment on independence and quality of life
◦
Children may experience developmental delays.
◦
Stress for families and individuals
Eye contact within culture, age, gender
Cultural and Environmental Considerations
Changes that occur normally in various races and ethnic groups
Excessive sun exposure
Medications
Hygiene practices
Trauma or damage
Focused Interview
Function and structures of the eye
Consider in relation to expectations based on age, gender, race, culture, environment, health
practices, past and current problems, and therapies
Consider patient's ability to participate
Focused Interview
Focused interview questions
◦
General
◦
Illness or infection
◦
Symptoms, pain, and behaviors
continued on next slide
Assessment of the Eye
Techniques
◦
Inspection
◦
Palpation
◦
Ophthalmoscope
Testing distant vision
E chart for testing distant vision
Testing near vision
Assessment of the Eye
Visual acuity of distant and near vision using Jaeger or Rosenbaum charts
Visual fields by confrontation
Six cardinal fields of gaze
Corneal light reflex
Cover/uncover test
Pupils and pupillary response
Assessment of the Eye
Accommodation of pupil response
Corneal reflex
External eye
Sclera
Alternative method of testing cardinal field
of gaze.
Testing the corneal light reflex.
Cover/Uncover test.
Inspecting the cornea.
Assessment of the Eye
Ophthalmoscope
◦
Fundus
◦
Advanced skill
Approaching the patient for the
ophthalmoscopic exam.
Examining the eye using the
ophthalmoscope.
Abnormal Findings
Vision
Eye movement
Internal and external structures
Abnormalities of the Eyelids
continued on next slide
Abnormalities of the Fundus
continued on next slide
Cranial nerve III damage.
Abnormal Findings
Disorders of visual acuity
◦
Myopia
◦
Hyperopia
◦
Astigmatism
◦
Familial condition
◦
Refraction of light spread over a wide area rather than a distinct point on the retina
◦
Presbyopia
Abnormal Findings
Visual fields
◦
Damage to the retina
◦
Lesions in the optic nerve or chiasm
◦
Increased intraocular pressure
◦
Retinal vascular damage
Cardinal fields of gaze
◦
Strabismus
◦
Esophoria
◦
Exophoria
This comprehensive health assessment explores the intricate structures of the eye including the sclera, cornea, iris, retina, and optic disc. It delves into the visual pathways, accessory structures like eyelids and lacrimal glands, and special considerations like age and ethnicity. The visuals provided enhance understanding of how the eye perceives light, focuses images, and sends signals to the brain for interpretation.
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Presentation Transcript
Eye Only a small portion of the eye is seen. Sclera Cornea Choroid Iris Pupil Dim light enlarges (mydriasis) Bright light decreases (miosis)
Eye Retina Sensory portion Optic disc Center is the point at which the vascular network enters the eye Macula Responsible for central vision
Visual Pathways Light waves must bend to focus correctly on the retina. Refractory structures bend light waves onto retina. Optic fibers of the optic nerve cross over at the chiasm and join temporal fibers from the opposite eye. Impulse transmitted to occipital lobe of brain for interpretation
Visual fields of the eye and the visual pathway to the brain
Accessory Structures of the Eye Eyebrows Protect the eye Eyelids : Movable folds of skin that cover and protect the eyes Palpebral fissure is opening between upper and lower eyelids.
Accessory Structures of the Eye Eyelids Meibomian glands glands that lubricate eyes and eyelids Eyelashes Project from eyelids and curl outward Conjunctivae Prevents foreign objects from entering eye
Accessory Structures of the Eye Lacrimal apparatus Secretes tears that spread over conjunctivae when blinking Extrinsic muscles Lateral rectus Medial rectus Superior rectus Inferior rectus Inferior oblique Superior oblique
Special Considerations Age Developmental level Race Ethnicity Occupation Socioeconomics Emotional well-being
Lifespan Considerations Infants and children Visual acuity not as sharp as adults Children typically have 20/20 vision by age 7. At birth, the iris has little color but changes to permanent color by 3 months of age. continued on next slide
Lifespan Considerations The pregnant female Dryness of the eyes Vision changes Due to shifting fluid in cornea Blurriness Distorted vision Up to 6 weeks postpartum
Lifespan Considerations The older adult Cataracts Macular degeneration
Psychosocial Considerations Impact of decreased visual acuity/visual impairment on independence and quality of life Children may experience developmental delays. Stress for families and individuals Eye contact within culture, age, gender
Cultural and Environmental Considerations Changes that occur normally in various races and ethnic groups Excessive sun exposure Medications Hygiene practices Trauma or damage
Focused Interview Function and structures of the eye Consider in relation to expectations based on age, gender, race, culture, environment, health practices, past and current problems, and therapies Consider patient's ability to participate
Focused Interview Focused interview questions General Illness or infection Symptoms, pain, and behaviors continued on next slide
Assessment of the Eye Techniques Inspection Palpation Ophthalmoscope
Assessment of the Eye Visual acuity of distant and near vision using Jaeger or Rosenbaum charts Visual fields by confrontation Six cardinal fields of gaze Corneal light reflex Cover/uncover test Pupils and pupillary response
Assessment of the Eye Accommodation of pupil response Corneal reflex External eye Sclera
Assessment of the Eye Ophthalmoscope Fundus Advanced skill
Approaching the patient for the ophthalmoscopic exam.
Examining the eye using the ophthalmoscope.
Abnormal Findings Vision Eye movement Internal and external structures
Abnormalities of the Eyelids continued on next slide
Abnormalities of the Fundus continued on next slide
Abnormal Findings Disorders of visual acuity Myopia Hyperopia Astigmatism Familial condition Refraction of light spread over a wide area rather than a distinct point on the retina Presbyopia
Abnormal Findings Visual fields Damage to the retina Lesions in the optic nerve or chiasm Increased intraocular pressure Retinal vascular damage Cardinal fields of gaze Strabismus Esophoria Exophoria
