The Alliance System in European History
The Alliance System played a crucial role in shaping European relations in the 19th and 20th centuries. It led to various alliances like the Dual Alliance and Triple Alliance, aimed at preventing war and preserving peace. Countries such as Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy strategically formed alliances to protect themselves from potential threats and conflicts. Learn about the alliances, reasons behind their formation, and their impact on European history.
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THE ALLIANCE SYSTEM Name Year Countries involved Reason for the alliance What did the Alliance say?
European Powers: A Recap 1. In 1870 there was a short war between Germany and France. Which bit of industrial land did Germany take off France as a result of this war? 2. Austria-Hungary was made up of many different ethnic groups, give an example of one of the ethnic groups. 3. Who did Britain consider it s most dangerous rivals for most of the 19th Century? 4. What were the two main concerns of France? 5. Russia had a long history of rivalry with which country?
By the end of this lesson everybody will be able to Recall the different alliances that formed in the lead up to WWI Explain why these alliances formed Evaluate the impact of these alliances of European relations
THE ALLIANCE SYSTEM On the following slides are situations that European Powers faced in the early 19th and 20th Centuries. Your will continue to represent your country from last lesson. Where necessary you will be expected to make important decisions on who you should ally with, in order to preserve peace!!
1879 Germany s Otto von Bismarck is pursuing a system of alliances (friendships) to prevent, or limit war. In particular Bismark is trying to stop Russia from attacking. He is also pursuing a system of alliances to prevent the Isolation of Germany. DUAL ALLIANCE 1879 The Dual Alliance was between Germany and Austria Hungary. The two powers promised each other support in case of attack by Russia. Also, they promised to stay neutral if one of them was attacked by another European power (generally taken to be France).
1882 Italy sought support against France shortly after it lost North African ambitions to the French.. TRIPLE ALLIANCE 1882 The Triple Alliance, was a secret agreement between Germany, Austria- Hungary, and Italy. Each member promised to support each other in the event of an attack by any other great power. The treaty said that Germany and Austria-Hungary were to assist Italy if it was attacked by France. In turn, Italy would assist Germany if attacked by France. In the event of a war between Austria-Hungary and Russia, Italy promised to remain neutral.
1894 Germany, assuming that France and Russia would not ally, allowed its Treaty with Russia to collapse in 1890. In the event of war, France wanted support against Germany; and Russia, against Austria-Hungary. FRANCO-RUSSIAN ALLIANCE 1894 The Franco-Russian Alliance was also a secret. The new alliance was to be in force as long as the Triple Alliance existed. It provided that in the event of an attack on France by Germany, Russia would give 700,000- 800,000 men to fight Germany; in the event of an attack on Russia by Germany, France would field 1,300,000 men to fight Germany.
1904 For almost a hundred years, there had been conflict between England and France. It had been over their colonies in North Africa. France needed protection against Germany, and Britain wanted to keep Germany in check. ENTENTE CORDIAL 1904 The entente was an agreement, not an alliance. The most important feature of the agreement was that it granted freedom of action to the UK in Egypt and to France in Morocco (they had almost fought a War over interests in North Africa, Fashoda Incident 1898 and had been trying to improve relations since). It did not say they would give each other military aid to achieve this.
1907 The Russian Empire had been advancing into Central Asia and Britain had been consolidating it s domination of South Asia. This led to intense rivalry between the two The emergence of the German Empire as a world power, and the humiliating defeat in 1905 of Russia to Japan, helped to persuade some British and Russian officials of a need to resolve their differences in Asia. ANGLO-RUSSIAN ENTENTE 1907 Anglo-Russian Entente, was a pact in which Britain and Russia settled their colonial disputes in Persia, Afghanistan, and Tibet.
Alliance System overview 1870-71 Franco-Prussian war 1871 Unification of Germany 1879 dual alliance (Germany and AH support against Russia) 1882 triple alliance (secret! Italy sought support against France shortly after it lost North African ambitions to the French.) 1894 Franco-Russian Alliance (France wants defence against Germany, Russia defence against AH) 1904 Entente Cordial (granted freedom of action to the UK in Egypt and to France in Morocco) 1907 Anglo-Russian Agreement (issues in Asia, rise of Germany & Russian defeat with Japan)
The Uncertain Embrace By a German artist, 1904 Study Source A. Source A is critical of the Entente Cordiale. How do you know? Explain your answer using Source A and your contextual knowledge. [4 marks]
Mark Scheme Level Marks How to get the marks! Students may progress from a simple analysis of the source with extended reasoning supported by factual knowledge and understanding related to the features of the source. 2 3-4 OR Comments on the fact that it is a German cartoon and identifies the reasons why Germany would wish Students identify relevant features in the source and support them with simple factual knowledge and understanding. 1 1-2 Students either submit no evidence or fail to address the question 0 0
Mark Scheme Level Marks How to get the marks! Students may progress from a simple analysis of the source with extended reasoning supported by factual knowledge and understanding related to the features of the source. E.G. Linking details about the Entente Cordiale with points identified in the cartoon, such as the bulldog and Cockerel underneath he sea, the dangerous nature of the embrace, and the sea monsters lurking waiting for failure. 2 3-4 OR Comments on the fact that it is a German cartoon and identifies the reasons why Germany would wish Students identify relevant features in the source and support them with simple factual knowledge and understanding. 1 1-2 E.G. Some facts about the Entente Cordiale, talking about how there is still distrust underneath the surface 0 0 Students either submit no evidence or fail to address the question
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, France, Britain and Russia have been invited to a dinner party! However, they must all sit at the SAME table. It is your job, as event organiser, to decide which countries should sit next to each other Justify each decision you make!
Cartoon is from 1911 after second Moroccan crisis!!! NOT FOR THIS LESSON AQA SPEC RECOMMENDS THIS PUNCH CARTOON, BUT MAKES 0 SENSE SINCE YOU NEED THE MOROCCAN CRISES TO ANALYSE IT! Describe the international agreements made in the years 1890 to 1907 which Germany believed had encircled her. OLD SPEC QUESTION ADAPT? Write an account of how IS NEW SPEC WORDING OR SOURCE ON NEXT SLIDE???
