Teaching Methods in Pakistan Studies: Lecture Method Overview
Unit 3
Methods of Teaching Pakistan Studies
Week 5 and 6
Lectures: 13,14,15,16,17 and 18
Lecture 13
Introduction
•
Method
may be defined as a systematic
procedure adopted for the attainment of
some specific objectives.
•
The term
teaching method
refers to the
general principles, pedagogy and
management strategies used for classroom
instruction.
CONT
•
The need for right methods of teaching cannot be
underestimated in an ideal system of education. Infact
the problem of method can no more be ignored in any
system of educational philosophy and practice than
that of the aim of the curriculum.
•
Even the best curriculum and the most perfect syllabus
remains ineffective unless quickened into life by the
right methods of teaching.
Methods of teaching Pakis Studies
•
Lecture Method.
•
Discussion Method.
•
Project Method.
•
Team Teaching Method.
•
Demonstration method
Lecture Method
•
This is a method which is generally followed in colleges
and schools with big classes. In this method only the
teacher talks, the students are passive listeners and they
do not take any active part. Although this method is
attractive, economical speedy, useful for factual
information and logical sequence yet it has certain,
limitations that it is memory based, emphasizes spoon
feeding, too rapid, without learning by doing,
authoritarian and fails to develop critical thinking.
CONT
•
In lecture method only the teacher talks &
stu
d
e
n
ts
are
p
a
ssive
l
isten
e
r
s
.
Since
the stu
d
e
n
t
do not actively participate in this method of
teaching, this is a teacher – controlled &
information centered
method.
•
Lecture method
is
most commonly followed
in
colleges and in schools in big classes. This
method
is not quite suitable to realize the real
aim of teaching
science.
Objectives
•
We use this method because of the following
objectives:
•
To clarify
•
To extend contents
•
For the purpose of review
PLANNING
THE
LECTURE
Before
starting to
prepare
a
lecture,
the
teacher
must
be
able
to answer four
basic
questions:-
•
Who is your audience?-
Who
•
What is the
purpose
of your
lecture?-
Why
•
How
much time
is
available- How
long
•
What is the subject matter?-
What
Steps
•
The lecture follows some specific steps through
which it is carried out.
•
Planning of a lecture
•
Presentation of a lecture
•
Introduction of a lecture
•
Development phase
•
Evaluation
Lecture 14
Merits of Lecture Method
•
Economical
•
Time Saving
•
Teacher’s work become easier
•
Useful for factual information
•
Develops listening skills
•
Useful for brilliant students
•
Assists other methods
Demerits of Lecture Method
•
Students are passive
•
No surety of students understanding
•
Weak students cannot follow
•
No learning by doing
•
Individual differences are not cared
•
Authoritarian method
Discussion method
•
The
word
‘discuss’
has been
derived
from the
Latin
root ‘discutere’,
which
means to shake or
strike.
•
Thus ‘discussion’ refers to
thoroughly shaking up
the
subject,
that
is, examining it thoroughly
to
reach
a
conclusion.
•
A discussion is an
activity
of sitting and
talking
about
a specific
subject.
CONT
•
A discussion method is
the means
by
which
people
share experiences, ideas and
attitudes.
•
Discussion method
enable to engage
in an
orderly
verbal interchange and to express
thoughts
on a
particular
subject.
Discussion Method
•
The discussion method of teaching is a process in which small groups
assemble to communicate with each other, using speaking, listening
and nonverbal processes in order to achieve instructional objectives.
•
The most common type of collaborative method of teaching in a class
is classroom discussion. It is also a democratic way of handling a
class, where each student is given equal opportunity to interact and put
forth their views. A discussion taking place in a classroom can be
either facilitated by a teacher or by a student. A discussion could also
follow a presentation or a demonstration. Class discussions can
enhance student understanding, add context to academic content,
broaden student perspectives, highlight opposing viewpoints, reinforce
knowledge, build confidence, and support community in learning.
CONT
•
Discussion
involves
two-way
communication
between
participants.
•
In
the classroom
situation
a
teacher
and
students
all
participate
in
discussion.
•
During discussion, the teacher spends some
time
listening while the students spend sometimes
talking.
•
The
discussion
is,
therefore,
a more
active
learning
experience
for the students than the
lecture.
Characteristics
•
Ensure
maximum
participation.
•
Students have the opportunity
to
criticize
and
evaluate.
•
Logical and meaningful criticism should
be
accepted.
•
Students
should anchor
the discussion
themselves.
•
Keeping teachers
as
guide.
•
Teacher selects
the topic
only with
the
help
of
students.
CONT
•
Teacher divides
the class
in to different groups
and
gives
the
topic
of
the discussion
to
each
group.
•
Every group has
a leader to anchor and
conduct
the
discussion.
•
Students
who have
leadership
quality should
be
selected
for
anchoring.
•
Relevant
topic
should only be
considered.
•
In the end, teacher draws the conclusion of
the
discussion
with the help
of
leaders.
Advantages
•
Discussion method
can
develop following
abilities among
students:
•
Thinking and communicating
powers
•
Leadership
quality
•
Expression
ability
•
Problem solving
ability
•
Creativity
•
Motivation
and
confidence
CONT
•
Increase students interest
•
Increases students acceptance and commitments.
•
Utilizes student knowledge and experience.
•
Results in more permanent learning because of
high degree of student participation.
Disadvantages
•
Require highly skilled instructor.
•
Requires preparation by student.
•
Limits content.
•
Consumes time.
•
Restricts size of groups.
Lecture 15
Demonstration method
•
Demonstrating, which is also called the coaching style or the
Lecture-cum-Demonstration method, is the process
of
teaching
through examples or
experiments.
•
It is
one of
traditional
method.
This
is
also known
as
Chalk
and
talk
method.
In this method
Teacher
is active and
learners
are passive. Lecture-cum-demonstration
includes
the
merits
of
the
lecture as
well
as demonstration method.
Demonstration means
‘to show’. In
Lecture
method
teacher
just
tells but in demonstration
method teacher shows and
illustrates certain
fundamental
phenomena.
Characteristics
•
Characteristics of
good
demonstration:
•
Visibility
& Clear
cut
•
Convincing &
Rehearsal
•
Supplemented with
other teaching
aids
•
Asking relevant
questions
•
Neat, clean
and
tidiness
•
Simple
and
speedy
•
Teacher
to
act as
performer
Advantages
•
Advantages of Lecture-cum-Demonstration
Method:
•
Save time and
money.
•
Student
participation.
•
Helpful to promote useful
discussion.
•
Activity method
•
Can be presented to large groups.
•
Builds confidence
•
Reduces damages and waste.
•
Promotes safety.
Disadvantages
•
Require careful preparation and rehearsal.
•
Requires special classroom arrangements.
•
Requires tools and equipment.
•
Requires large block.
•
Requires more instructors.
•
Visibility:
Visibility is main problem
for
a teacher because all the
students
may not
be
able to see the details and results of a
demonstration
•
Spe
e
d
of
e
x
perim
e
n
t
:
Eith
e
r
too
fa
s
t
or
too
s
l
ow
s
p
eed
of
demons
t
rat
i
on
s
o
met
i
m
e
s m
a
y create
trouble
•
Ignore individual difference: This method totally ignores the main principle
of
psychology.
•
Not useful for developing scientific
attitude
Lecture 16
Project method
•
Project method is one of
the
modern
method
of
teaching in
which,
the
students
point of
view
is
given
importance
in
designing the
curricula and
content
of
studies.
This
method is based on
the
philosophy of
Pragmatism
and
the
principle
of
‘Learning
by
doing’.
In
this
strategy pupils
perform constructive
activities
in
natural
condition. A
project is a list of real
life
that
has been
imparted
into the school.
It
demands
work
from the
pupils.
Characteristics
•
It takes
the
student
beyond the walls
of
the class
room
.
•
It is carried
out
in a
natural setting
,
thus making
learning realistic
and
experiential
.
•
It
encou
r
ages
investigative learni
n
g
and so
l
ut
i
on
o
f p
r
a
c
tic
a
l
problems.
•
It is
focused
on
the
student
as
it enlists his/her
active
involvement
in
the
task
set.
•
Teacher plays a facilitative role rather than
the
role of
an
expert.
CONT
•
Teacher plays a facilitative role rather than
the
role of
an
expert.
•
It
allows
the
students
a
great
degree
of
freedom
to
choose from
among
the
options
given
to
them; hence
it
provides
a psychological
boost
.
•
It
encourages the
spirit
of
research
in the student.
Steps
of project
method
1.
Creating
Situation:
•
In the first
step
teacher creates
the
proper situation
to
the
students in
the
class. He
puts
up
the
knowledge about
the
project method
procedure,
steps, and uses
to the
students.
•
A
project should arise
out
of a need
felt
by students and it
should
never be forced on
them.
It should
be
purposeful and
significant.
CONT
•
2. Selection of the
problem
•
The teacher helps the
students to
select the problem and guide them.
Students are having freedom
to
choose
the
topic
or
problem based on
their
interest and ability.
•
3.
Planning:
•
The
teacher discuss
with the students
about the problem
in
various
angles and
points.
•
After the free expression
of the
students’ opinion about
the
problem,
the
teacher writes
down the
whole
program
of
action stepwise
on
the
blackboard.
CONT
•
In
the
process of planning
teacher
has
to
act
only
as
a
guide and should
give suggestions
at
times but actual
planning
be left to the
students.
•
4.
Execution
•
The students are stating
their work in this step.
They
are
collecting
the
relevant
information
and materials at first.
The teacher should give the
time
and
right to
the
students
according
to
their
own
speed, interest and ability.
CONT
•
Evaluation of the project should be done both
by
the
pupils and the teachers. Here the students evaluating
their
task.
They
determine whether
the
objects are
achieved
or
not. After
that
they criticize and express
their feeling
about the
task freely.
The
evaluation
of
the
project has to be done
in
the
light
of
plans,
difficulties
in
the execution and achieved
results.
Lecture 17
Reporting and Recording
•
It is
the
last step
of
the
project
method
in
which
each
and
every step
of the
work are
reported.
The reported things are
recorded
in
a certain order in a book
form.
•
It should include
the
proposal, plan and its discussion, duties
allotted to different students
and
how
far they were carried
out
by
them. It should also include
the
details
of
places
visited
and
surveyed guidance
for future and
all other
possible details.
•
The book
formatted
report
is submitted to
the
teacher
at
the
end.
Advantages
•
Based on psychological principal
•
Child centered
•
Fulfils the needs of all students
•
Promotes critical thinking
•
Links with real life situation
•
Promotes social development
•
Working at own pace
•
Democratic method
CONT
•
Time consuming
•
All syllabus cannot be covered
•
Costly
•
Need teacher expertise
•
No systematic coverage of curriculum
•
Material not available
Team Teaching
•
Team teaching is a
method
of
coordinated
classroom teaching
involving
a
team
of
teachers working together with
a
single
group
of
students.
Types of team teaching
1.
A team
of teachers
from
same
department.
2.
A team
of
teachers from
inter-department
but
from the
same
institutions.
3.
A
team
of
teachers from inter-institution.
Lecture 18
Objectives of team teaching
•
To make
the
best use
of
experts of teacher
under
team teaching
•
To
improve
the
quality of
teaching.
it involves
two
or more
experts of the subject to teach same group simultaneously.
•
To develop
the feelings of
co-operation
or group
work in
teaching learning
situation.
•
To help
the
students, to satisfy
the needs
and
difficulties
relating
to the
special
content.
•
To develop
the,
sense
of
shared responsibility in teaching and
evaluation of
students learning
outcome.
•
To
minimize
the scope
of
teaching wrong
things
to
the
students.
Advantages of team teaching
•
Utilizes
the
competencies
of
the teachers.
•
Creates
learning environment.
•
Opportunity for
free discussion
•
Development
of
social
relationship
•
Opportunity for
teachers to develop professional
status
•
Learners
are
benefited by
the
special knowledge by various teachers
•
It
considers
the
need and
difficulty of students.
•
Its an economical teaching
device
•
It utilizes the
teaching
aids
and
equipments of
teaching in an
appropriate
manner
•
Bring excellence in
teaching.
Disadvantages of team teaching
1.
Difficult
to seek
co-operation among teachers
2.
Feasible in practice
to
assign
powers.
3.
No
mutual
regard
and
respect among teachers every
teacher consider himself
as
an expert
of
the subject
4.
Generally they are
of
the opinion in western
countries not
here
in
Pakistan
or
India.
Understanding the Lecture Method as a teaching approach in Pakistan Studies, focusing on its characteristics, benefits, limitations, and objectives. Explore the importance of planning lectures effectively to engage students and enhance learning outcomes.
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Presentation Transcript
Unit 3 Methods of Teaching Pakistan Studies Week 5 and 6 Lectures: 13,14,15,16,17 and 18
Introduction Method may be defined as a systematic procedure adopted for the attainment of some specific objectives. The term teaching method refers to the general principles, pedagogy and management strategies used for classroom instruction.
CONT The need for right methods of teaching cannot be underestimated in an ideal system of education. Infact the problem of method can no more be ignored in any system of educational philosophy and practice than that of the aim of the curriculum. Even the best curriculum and the most perfect syllabus remains ineffective unless quickened into life by the right methods of teaching.
Methods of teaching Pakis Studies Lecture Method. Discussion Method. Project Method. Team Teaching Method. Demonstration method
Lecture Method This is a method which is generally followed in colleges and schools with big classes. In this method only the teacher talks, the students are passive listeners and they do not take any active part. Although this method is attractive, economical speedy, useful for factual information and logical sequence yet it has certain, limitations that it is memory based, emphasizes spoon feeding, too rapid, without learning by doing, authoritarian and fails to develop critical thinking.
CONT In lecture method only the teacher talks & students are passive listeners. Since the student do not actively participate in this method of teaching, this is a teacher controlled & information centered method. Lecture method is most commonly followed in colleges and in schools in big classes. This methodis not quite suitable to realize the real aim of teaching science.
Objectives We use this method because of the following objectives: To clarify To extend contents For the purpose of review
PLANNING THE LECTURE Before starting to prepare a lecture, the teacher must be able to answer four basic questions:- Who is your audience?-Who What is the purpose of your lecture?-Why How much time is available- How long What is the subject matter?-What
Steps The lecture follows some specific steps through which it is carried out. Planning of a lecture Presentation of a lecture Introduction of a lecture Development phase Evaluation
Merits of Lecture Method Economical Time Saving Teacher s work become easier Useful for factual information Develops listening skills Useful for brilliant students Assists other methods
Demerits of Lecture Method Students are passive No surety of students understanding Weak students cannot follow No learning by doing Individual differences are not cared Authoritarian method
Discussion method The word discuss has been derived from the Latin root discutere , which means to shake or strike. Thus discussion refers to thoroughly shaking up the subject, that is, examining it thoroughly to reach a conclusion. A discussion is an activity of sitting and talking about a specific subject.
CONT A discussion method is the means by which people share experiences, ideas and attitudes. Discussion method enable to engage in an orderly verbal interchange and to express thoughts on a particular subject.
Discussion Method The discussion method of teaching is a process in which small groups assemble to communicate with each other, using speaking, listening and nonverbal processes in order to achieve instructional objectives. The most common type of collaborative method of teaching in a class is classroom discussion. It is also a democratic way of handling a class, where each student is given equal opportunity to interact and put forth their views. A discussion taking place in a classroom can be either facilitated by a teacher or by a student. A discussion could also follow a presentation or a demonstration. Class discussions can enhance student understanding, add context to academic content, broaden student perspectives, highlight opposing viewpoints, reinforce knowledge, build confidence, and support community in learning.
CONT Discussion involves two-way communication between participants. In the classroom situation a teacher and students all participate in discussion. During discussion, the teacher spends some time listening while the students spend sometimes talking. The discussion is, therefore, a more active learning experience for the students than the lecture.
Characteristics Ensure maximum participation. Students have the opportunity to criticize and evaluate. Logical and meaningful criticism should be accepted. Students should anchor the discussion themselves. Keeping teachers as guide. Teacher selects the topic only with the help of students.
CONT Teacher divides the class in to different groups and gives the topic of the discussion to each group. Every group has a leader to anchor and conduct the discussion. Students who have leadership quality should be selected for anchoring. Relevant topic should only be considered. In the end, teacher draws the conclusion of the discussion with the help of leaders.
Advantages Discussion method can develop following abilities among students: Thinking and communicating powers Leadership quality Expression ability Problem solving ability Creativity Motivation and confidence
CONT Increase students interest Increases students acceptance and commitments. Utilizes student knowledge and experience. Results in more permanent learning because of high degree of student participation.
Disadvantages Require highly skilled instructor. Requires preparation by student. Limits content. Consumes time. Restricts size of groups.
Demonstration method Demonstrating, which is also called the coaching style or the Lecture-cum-Demonstration method, is the process of teaching through examples or experiments. It is one of traditional method. This is also known as Chalk and talk method. In this method Teacher is active and learners are passive. Lecture-cum-demonstration includes the merits of the lecture as well as demonstration method. Demonstration means to show . In Lecture method teacher just tells but in demonstration method teacher shows and illustrates certain fundamental phenomena.
Characteristics Characteristics of good demonstration: Visibility & Clear cut Convincing & Rehearsal Supplemented with other teaching aids Asking relevant questions Neat, clean and tidiness Simple and speedy Teacher to act as performer
Advantages Advantages of Lecture-cum-Demonstration Method: Save time and money. Student participation. Helpful to promote useful discussion. Activity method Can be presented to large groups. Builds confidence Reduces damages and waste. Promotes safety.
Disadvantages Require careful preparation and rehearsal. Requires special classroom arrangements. Requires tools and equipment. Requires large block. Requires more instructors. Visibility: Visibility is main problem for a teacher because all the students may not be able to see the details and results of a demonstration Speed of experiment: Either too fast or too slow speed of demonstration sometimes may create trouble Ignore individual difference: This method totally ignores the main principle of psychology. Not useful for developing scientific attitude
Project method Project method is one of the modern method of teaching in which, the students point of view is given importance in designing the curricula and content of studies. This method is based on the philosophy of Pragmatism and the principle of Learning by doing . In this strategy pupils perform constructive activities in natural condition. A project is a list of real life that has been imparted into the school. It demands work from the pupils.
Characteristics It takes the student beyond the walls of the class room. It is carried out in a natural setting, thus making learning realistic and experiential. It encourages investigative learning and solution of practical problems. It is focused on the student as it enlists his/her active involvement in the task set. Teacher plays a facilitative role rather than the role of an expert.
CONT Teacher plays a facilitative role rather than the role of an expert. It allows the students a great degree of freedom to choose from among the options given to them; hence it provides a psychological boost. It encourages the spirit of research in the student.
Steps of project method 1. Creating Situation: In the first step teacher creates the proper situation to the students in the class. He puts up the knowledge about the project method procedure, steps, and uses to the students. A project should arise out of a need felt by students and it should never be forced on them. It should be purposeful and significant.
CONT 2. Selection of the problem The teacher helps the students to select the problem and guide them. Students are having freedom to choose the topic or problem based on their interest and ability. 3. Planning: The teacher discuss with the students about the problem in various angles and points. After the free expression of the students opinion about the problem, the teacher writes down the whole program of action stepwise on the blackboard.
CONT In the process of planning teacher has to act only as a guide and should give suggestions at times but actual planning be left to the students. 4. Execution The students are stating their work in this step. They are collecting the relevant information and materials at first. The teacher should give the time and right to the students according to their own speed, interest and ability.
CONT Evaluation of the project should be done both by the pupils and the teachers. Here the students evaluating their task. They determine whether the objects are achieved or not. After that they criticize and express their feeling about the task freely. The evaluation of the project has to be done in the light of plans, difficulties in the execution and achieved results.
Reporting and Recording It is the last step of the project method in which each and every step of the work are reported. The reported things are recorded in a certain order in a book form. It should include the proposal, plan and its discussion, duties allotted to different students and how far they were carried out by them. It should also include the details of places visited and surveyed guidance for future and all other possible details. The book formatted report is submitted to the teacher at the end.
Advantages Based on psychological principal Child centered Fulfils the needs of all students Promotes critical thinking Links with real life situation Promotes social development Working at own pace Democratic method
CONT Time consuming All syllabus cannot be covered Costly Need teacher expertise No systematic coverage of curriculum Material not available
Team Teaching Team teaching is a method of coordinated classroom teaching involving a team of teachers working together with a single group of students.
Types of team teaching A team of teachers from same department. A team of teachers from inter-department but from the same institutions. A team of teachers from inter-institution. 1. 2. 3.
Objectives of team teaching To make the best use of experts of teacher under team teaching To improve the quality of teaching. it involves two or more experts of the subject to teach same group simultaneously. To develop the feelings of co-operation or group work in teaching learning situation. To help the students, to satisfy the needs and difficulties relating to the special content. To develop the, sense of shared responsibility in teaching and evaluation of students learning outcome. To minimize the scope of teaching wrong things to the students.
Advantages of team teaching Utilizes the competencies of the teachers. Creates learning environment. Opportunity for free discussion Development of social relationship Opportunity for teachers to develop professional status Learners are benefited by the special knowledge by various teachers It considers the need and difficulty of students. Its an economical teaching device It utilizes the teaching aids and equipments of teaching in an appropriate manner Bring excellence in teaching.
Disadvantages of team teaching 1. Difficult to seek co-operation among teachers 2. Feasible in practice to assign powers. 3. No mutual regard and respect among teachers every teacher consider himself as an expert of the subject 4. Generally they are of the opinion in western countries not here in Pakistan or India.
