Space: Pioneers, Missions, and the Role of Animals
TEKS 6.11(C) describe the history and future of space
exploration, including the types of equipment and
transportation needed for space travel.
Space is said to begin at an altitude of 100 km
This point is usually referred to as the Kármán
Line, the boundary between the Earth’s
atmosphere and outer space
Outer space usually refers to the region above
Earth’s atmosphere
There is no concrete boundary between
Earth’s upper atmosphere and space as the
atmosphere gradually thins with increasing
altitude
Sub-orbital flights reach an altitude higher
than the Kármán line
Sub-orbital flights usually test spacecraft and
launch vehicles intended for future orbital
spaceflights
To enter orbit, a spacecraft must also reach
orbital speed (about 7900 m/s)
Orbital spaceflights have only been
completed by launch vehicles using rocket
engines for propulsion
On April 12, 1961, Yuri Gargarin was the first man
to orbit the Earth
May 5, 1961 – Alan Shepard pilots the
Freedom 7
and becomes the first American to travel into
space
John Glenn becomes the first American man to
orbit Earth on February 20, 1962
Apollo 8 orbits the moon and allows the
world a glimpse of Earth from outer space
Neil Armstrong and Edwin “Buzz” Aldrin
landed on the moon in 1969
Sally Ride becomes the first American woman
in space on June 18, 1983
Before humans were sent into space, scientists
used animals to learn more about the possible
effects
Because of these animals, scientists gained
knowledge about
The biological effects of space travel
Conditions beyond the ozone layer
Effects of weightlessness on living organisms
Effects of stress on behavior
Animals
played a vital role
in testing the initial
spacecraft and technology needed to put
humans into space
A stray dog from the streets of Moscow
Nicknamed “Muttnik” by the American press
First animal launched into orbit (November 3, 1957)
Sent to space in Sputnik 2, the Soviet Union’s (and
the world’s) second artificial space satellite
Proved that a living
passenger could survive
being launched into orbit
and undergo weightlessness
Laika died from overheating
just a few hours after the
mission had started
On April 14, 1958, her
remains (as well as Sputnik
2) disintegrated during re-
entry
One of the first monkeys to
travel into space
Nicknamed “Old Reliable”
Launched from Cape Canaveral
in the US Jupiter AM-13 on
December 13, 1958
Parachute failed and he died
during landing
His flight was considered a
success because scientists
learned that the human body
could cope with weightlessness
First monkeys to survive
spaceflight on May 28,
1959
Flew to an altitude of 360
miles, withstanding 38
times the normal pull of
gravity and weightlessness
for 9 minutes
Able died 4 days after the
flight from complications in
surgery
Rhesus monkeys
Sam lifted off on December 4, 1959 and traveled
55 miles into space
Flew on the Little Joe 2 (Mercury program) to
test a restraint harness that astronauts would
later use
Miss Sam flew to an altitude of nine miles in 1960
She tested an escape system for future Mercury
manned flights
Both were recovered safely
On board Sputnik 5, which was launched
August 19, 1960 and became the first
spacecraft to return animals alive from orbit
Accompanied by 49 mice and 2 rats
Recovered after spending a day in orbit
One of Strelka’s puppies was given to JFK
First chimpanzee launched into outer
space by America
Was taught to pull levers in response
to flashing lights during flight
Took off from Cape Canaveral on Jan.
31, 1961
Before mission was aborted due to
complications, Ham traveled 155
miles in 16 minutes
Named after Holloman Aerospace Medical
(HAM) center in New Mexico where he trained
for his mission
After the mission, Ham lived at various zoos
until his death on January 19, 1983
Ham’s skeleton is at AFIP’s National Museum of
Health and Medicine while his other remains
were buried at the International Space Hall of
Fame
Ham III, the main character of Space Chimps,
was named after Ham
Watch a video about Ham
First chimpanzee in orbit
Received more extensive
training than Ham’s
because he would be
exposed to more extreme
forces
Launched Nov. 29, 1961 in
a Mercury capsule
Completed two orbits
before coming back down
His success led to John
Glenn’s mission in 1962
Launched on February 22, 1966
Spent 22 days in obit on board Cosmos 110,
setting the record for the longest space flight
by dogs
Used to study the prolonged effects of
radiation from the Van Allen Belts
Observed via video transmission and
biomedical telemetry
Arabella, a garden spider, was placed on
Skylab 3 in 1973
She was part of an experiment to determine
if the webs spiders wove in space differed
from the ones woven on Earth
Scientists discovered that the webs from
space had slight differences most likely due
to gravity (or lack of)
On April 28, 1985, the shuttle Challenger was
launched with Spacelab on board
Spacelab contained monkeys, rats, as well as
other animals under observation
One monkey adapted quickly to microgravity,
while the other exhibited symptoms of Space
Adaptation Syndrome
Animals were returned to Earth alive and well
Space Shuttles – reusable crafts that
transport satellites, astronauts, animals, and
other materials to and from space
Space Station – permanent outpost in orbit
that provides astronauts and scientists a
place to study the effects of space on animals
International Space Station
Skylab
Mir
Are considered the real pioneers of space
flight
Continue to help scientists gain a better
understanding of space and its effect on
living organisms
Video: History of Space Exploration
Quiz: Early Space Missions
Quiz: Current and Future Space Missions
Games: Space Activities
Astronomy for Kids
Click on picture for a 5 ½ minute clip about animals in space
Humans have a rich history of space exploration, with notable milestones including Yuri Gagarin's orbit in 1961, the Apollo 8 moon mission, and Sally Ride becoming the first American woman in space. Before human space travel, animals played a crucial role in understanding the effects of space on living organisms. Space begins at an altitude of 100 km, with sub-orbital flights exceeding this boundary. The boundary between Earth's atmosphere and outer space is known as the Kármán Line. Scientists used animals to study biological effects, stress, and technology for space travel.
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http://www.spacetoday.org/images/Astronauts/SpaceDogs/RhesusMonkeySpacesuitNASA.jpghttp://www.spacetoday.org/images/Astronauts/SpaceDogs/RhesusMonkeySpacesuitNASA.jpg
Space is said to begin at an altitude of 100 km This point is usually referred to as the K rm n Line, the boundary between the Earth s atmosphere and outer space Outer space usually refers to the region above Earth s atmosphere There is no concrete boundary between Earth s upper atmosphere and space as the atmosphere gradually thins with increasing altitude
Sub-orbital flights reach an altitude higher than the K rm nline Sub-orbital flights usually test spacecraft and launch vehicles intended for future orbital spaceflights To enter orbit, a spacecraft must also reach orbital speed (about 7900 m/s) Orbital spaceflights have only been completed by launch vehicles using rocket engines for propulsion
On April 12, 1961, Yuri Gargarin was the first man to orbit the Earth May 5, 1961 Alan Shepardpilots the Freedom 7 and becomes the first American to travel into space John Glenn becomes the first American man to orbit Earth on February 20, 1962
Apollo 8 orbits the moon and allows the world a glimpse of Earth from outer space Neil Armstrong and Edwin Buzz Aldrin landed on the moon in 1969 Sally Ride becomes the first American woman in space on June 18, 1983
Before humans were sent into space, scientists used animals to learn more about the possible effects Because of these animals, scientists gained knowledge about The biological effects of space travel Conditions beyond the ozone layer Effects of weightlessness on living organisms Effects of stress on behavior Animals played a vital role in testing the initial spacecraft and technology needed to put humans into space
A stray dog from the streets of Moscow Nicknamed Muttnik by the American press First animal launched into orbit (November 3, 1957) Sent to space in Sputnik 2, the Soviet Union s (and the world s) second artificial space satellite
Proved that a living passenger could survive being launched into orbit and undergo weightlessness Laika died from overheating just a few hours after the mission had started On April 14, 1958, her remains (as well as Sputnik 2) disintegrated during re- entry
One of the first monkeys to travel into space Nicknamed Old Reliable Launched from Cape Canaveral in the US Jupiter AM-13 on December 13, 1958 Parachute failed and he died during landing His flight was considered a success because scientists learned that the human body could cope with weightlessness
First monkeys to survive spaceflight on May 28, 1959 Flew to an altitude of 360 miles, withstanding 38 times the normal pull of gravity and weightlessness for 9 minutes Able died 4 days after the flight from complications in surgery
Rhesus monkeys Sam lifted off on December 4, 1959 and traveled 55 miles into space Flew on the Little Joe 2 (Mercury program) to test a restraint harness that astronauts would later use Miss Sam flew to an altitude of nine miles in 1960 She tested an escape system for future Mercury manned flights Both were recovered safely
On board Sputnik 5, which was launched August 19, 1960 and became the first spacecraft to return animals alive from orbit Accompanied by 49 mice and 2 rats Recovered after spending a day in orbit One of Strelka spuppies was given to JFK
First chimpanzee launched into outer space by America Was taught to pull levers in response to flashing lights during flight Took off from Cape Canaveral on Jan. 31, 1961 Before mission was aborted due to complications, Ham traveled 155 miles in 16 minutes
Named after Holloman Aerospace Medical (HAM) center in New Mexico where he trained for his mission After the mission, Ham lived at various zoos until his death on January 19, 1983 Ham s skeleton is at AFIP s National Museum of Health and Medicine while his other remains were buried at the International Space Hall of Fame Ham III, the main character of Space Chimps, was named after Ham Watch a video about Ham
First chimpanzee in orbit Received more extensive training than Ham s because he would be exposed to more extreme forces Launched Nov. 29, 1961 in a Mercury capsule Completed two orbits before coming back down His success led to John Glenn s mission in 1962
Launched on February 22, 1966 Spent 22 days in obit on board Cosmos 110, setting the record for the longest space flight by dogs Used to study the prolonged effects of radiation from the Van Allen Belts Observed via video transmission and biomedical telemetry
Arabella, a garden spider, was placed on Skylab 3 in 1973 She was part of an experiment to determine if the webs spiders wove in space differed from the ones woven on Earth Scientists discovered that the webs from space had slight differences most likely due to gravity (or lack of)
On April 28, 1985, the shuttle Challenger was launched with Spacelab on board Spacelab contained monkeys, rats, as well as other animals under observation One monkey adapted quickly to microgravity, while the other exhibited symptoms of Space Adaptation Syndrome Animals were returned to Earth alive and well
Space Shuttles reusable crafts that transport satellites, astronauts, animals, and other materials to and from space Space Station permanent outpost in orbit that provides astronauts and scientists a place to study the effects of space on animals International Space Station Skylab Mir
Are considered the real pioneers of space flight Continue to help scientists gain a better understanding of space and its effect on living organisms
Video: History of Space Exploration Quiz: Early Space Missions Quiz: Current and Future Space Missions Games: Space Activities Astronomy for Kids
![Read⚡ebook✔[PDF] The Untold Stories of the Space Shuttle Program: Unfulfilled D](/thumb/21685/read-ebook-pdf-the-untold-stories-of-the-space-shuttle-program-unfulfilled-d.jpg)
