Radio Frequency Behavior and Propagation Behaviors
Radio Frequency Behavior
•
As an RF signal travels through the air and other
mediums, it can move and behave in different
manners.
•
RF signal behavior has an impact upon the speed
of a transmission and distance achieved between
two devices
–
Classified as propagation behaviors
1
Propagation Behaviors
•
Common misconception: an RF signal goes out
from an antenna in a single signal that takes a
direct path to a receiver. Signal may “bounce” off of
walls and other objects
•
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•
Several different behaviors the wave will take:
–
Absorption, reflection, scattering, refraction, and
diffraction
2
3
Incorrect and correct views of wave propagation and
multipath
Propagation Behaviors
•
Understand RF propagation behaviors helps for:
–
Making sure that access points are deployed in the
proper location,
–
Making sure the proper type of antenna is chosen
–
Monitoring the performance of the wireless network.
4
Absorption
•
The most common RF behavior is absorption,
most
materials will absorb some amount of an RF signal
to varying degrees.
Materials that will “absorb” the
RF signal:
–
Concrete, wood, and asphalt
–
A 2.4 GHz signal will be 1/16 the original power after
propagating through a concrete wall. That same
signal will only lose one-half the original power after
passing through drywall material.
–
Absorption is a leading cause of attenuation (loss)
5
Absorption
6
Reflection
•
Reflection: when a signal is bounced off a smooth,
nonabsorptive surface and change it direction
–
Opposite of absorption
–
Caused by objects that are very large and smooth
(walls, buildings, and the surface of the earth)
–
Objects made of metal will reflect a signal
–
If not properly handled, reflections could cause a
decrease in throughput and poor network
performance in IEEE 802.11a/b/g wireless networks,
because reflecting generate multiple reflected
signals, this effect called multipath.
7
Reflection
8
Scattering
•
When an RF signal strikes an uneven surface,
wavefronts of the signal will reflect off the uneven
surface in several directions
•
Scattering can most easily be described as multiple
reflections. These multiple reflections occur when
the electromagnetic signal’s wavelength is larger
than pieces of whatever medium the signal is
reflecting from or passing through.
•
Caused by small objects such as: foliage, rocks,
and sand
–
Can also occur when RF signal comes in contact
with airborne substances such as rain or heavy dust
9
Scattering
10
Refraction
•
When an RF signal moves from one medium to
another of a different density the signal bends
instead of traveling in a straight line
–
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Refraction
Diffraction
•
Diffraction occurs when an object with rough
surfaces is in the path of the RF signal ad causes it
to bend
12
Diffraction
Impact of Behaviors
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•
Two phenomena that can result in loss of an RF
signal:
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Not a result of absorption, reflection, scattering, or
diffraction
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13
Why Is Free Space Path Loss
Important?
•
All radio devices have what is known as a receive
sensitivity level. The radio receiver can properly
interpret and receive a signal down to a certain
fixed amplitude threshold. If a radio receives a
signal above its amplitude threshold, the signal is
powerful enough for the radio to sense and
interpret the signal.
•
If the amplitude of a received signal is below the
radio’s receive sensitivity threshold, the radio can
no longer properly sense and interpret the signal
14
15
Amplification
•
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The strengthening of a signal
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•
Amplification in delay spread can occur if copies
arrive at the same time as the primary signal and
are in phase
–
End result is that the signal is strengthened
–
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RF Signal Strength Measurements
•
Four units of measurements are used to represent
RF signal strength:
–
mW (milliwatts)
–
dBm (decibel milliwatts)
–
RSSI (Receive Signal Strength Indicator)
–
Signal-to-Noise Ratio
16
Milliwatt (mW)
•
Voltage: electrical pressure on a wire and is
measured in volts
•
Current: rate of electrical flow and is measured in
amperes or amps
•
Resistance: Impedance of electrical flow and is
measured in ohms
•
Electrical power: amount of energy and is
measured in watts (W)
–
A watt is a basic unit of power of 1 amp of current
that flows at 1 volt
–
Milliwatt (mW) is one thousandth of a watt of power
17
18
Electrical terminology
19
Decibel Milliwatt (dBm)
•
RF power measured by two units on two scales:
–
Linear scale:
•
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•
Reference point is zero
•
Does not reveal gain or loss in relation to whole
–
Relative scale:
•
Reference point is the measurement itself
•
Often use logarithms
•
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Receive Signal Strength Indicator
(RSSI)
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–
Value was intended for internal use by the wireless
NIC
–
Example – a wireless NIC can check the RSSI value
to:
•
Determine if it is clear to send its transmission
•
Determine if the user is roaming beyond the range of
a particular AP
20
21
WiFi signal strength is typically measured in decibel milliwatts (dBm), a
unit of the level that is used to indicate that a power ratio is expressed in
decibels (dB) with reference to one milliwatt (mW).
22
23
Signal-to-Noise Ratio
•
SNR is the difference in decibels between the received
signal and the background noise level. For example, if
you receive a signal of -70 dBm and the noise floor is
measured at – 80 dBm, the SNR is 10 dB. Of course, you
want the Signal-to-Noise ratio to be as high as possible
so that it’s less likely for a signal to disappear in
environmental noise.
24
25
Signal-to-Noise Ratio
•
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•
How SNR values relate to WLAN performance:
–
Over 40 dB = Excellent signal (5 bars)
–
25 dB-40 dB = Very good signal (3-4 bars)
–
15 dB-25 dB =Low signal (2 bars)
–
10 dB-15 dB = Very low signal (1 bar)
–
Less than 10 dB = No signal (0 bar)
26
27
28
Summary
•
An analog signal is a continuous signal with no
breaks in it
•
A digital signal consists of data that is discrete or
separate, as opposed to continuous
•
Almost all wireless systems use digital modulations
•
Four units of measurements are used to represent
RF signal strength: mW (milliwatts), dBm (decibel
milliwatts), RSSI (Receive Signal Strength
Indicator), and SNR
•
If you’re in the same room as your wireless router and
have trouble achieving good network performance, the
chances are that there is a lot of environmental noise
from various electronic devices and other wireless
networks.
29
30
•
The behavior of the RF signal has a significant
impact on the speed of the transmission and the
distance between two devices
•
Propagation behaviors include: Absorption,
reflection, scattering, refraction, and diffraction
•
Loss of signal strength is known as attenuation
•
Free space path loss is the “natural” loss of signal
strength through space
•
The difference in time of multipath signals that
reach the receiver is known as delay spread
Summary
31
32
Radio frequency signals exhibit various behaviors as they travel through different mediums, affecting transmission speed and distance between devices. Propagation behaviors include absorption, reflection, scattering, refraction, and diffraction, impacting wireless network performance. Understanding these behaviors is crucial for deploying access points, choosing the right antennas, and monitoring network performance.
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Presentation Transcript
Radio Frequency Behavior As an RF signal travels through the air and other mediums, it can move and behave in different manners. RF signal behavior has an impact upon the speed of a transmission and distance achieved between two devices Classified as propagation behaviors 1
Propagation Behaviors Common misconception: an RF signal goes out from an antenna in a single signal that takes a direct path to a receiver. Signal may bounce off of walls and other objects Wave propagation: the way in which the signal travels Several different behaviors the wave will take: Absorption, reflection, scattering, refraction, and diffraction 2
Incorrect and correct views of wave propagation and multipath 3
Propagation Behaviors Understand RF propagation behaviors helps for: Making sure that access points are deployed in the proper location, Making sure the proper type of antenna is chosen Monitoring the performance of the wireless network. 4
Absorption The most common RF behavior is absorption, most materials will absorb some amount of an RF signal to varying degrees. Materials that will absorb the RF signal: Concrete, wood, and asphalt A 2.4 GHz signal will be 1/16 the original power after propagating through a concrete wall. That same signal will only lose one-half the original power after passing through drywall material. Absorption is a leading cause of attenuation (loss) 5
Reflection Reflection: when a signal is bounced off a smooth, nonabsorptive surface and change it direction Opposite of absorption Caused by objects that are very large and smooth (walls, buildings, and the surface of the earth) Objects made of metal will reflect a signal If not properly handled, reflections could cause a decrease in throughput and poor network performance in IEEE 802.11a/b/g wireless networks, because reflecting generate multiple reflected signals, this effect called multipath. 7
Scattering When an RF signal strikes an uneven surface, wavefronts of the signal will reflect off the uneven surface in several directions Scattering can most easily be described as multiple reflections. These multiple reflections occur when the electromagnetic signal s wavelength is larger than pieces of whatever medium the signal is reflecting from or passing through. Caused by small objects such as: foliage, rocks, and sand Can also occur when RF signal comes in contact with airborne substances such as rain or heavy dust 9
Scattering 10
Refraction When an RF signal moves from one medium to another of a different density the signal bends instead of traveling in a straight line Bending behavior is known as refraction Refraction 11
Diffraction Diffraction occurs when an object with rough surfaces is in the path of the RF signal ad causes it to bend Diffraction 12
Impact of Behaviors Attenuation: loss of signal strength or decrease its amplitude Two phenomena that can result in loss of an RF signal: Free Space Path Loss (FPSL): natural loss of signal strength through space Not a result of absorption, reflection, scattering, or diffraction Delay Spread: The difference in time of multipath signals that reach the receiver 13
Why Is Free Space Path Loss Important? All radio devices have what is known as a receive sensitivity level. The radio receiver can properly interpret and receive a signal down to a certain fixed amplitude threshold. If a radio receives a signal above its amplitude threshold, the signal is powerful enough for the radio to sense and interpret the signal. If the amplitude of a received signal is below the radio s receive sensitivity threshold, the radio can no longer properly sense and interpret the signal 14
Amplification Gain: Positive difference in amplitude between two signals The strengthening of a signal Achieved by amplification of signal Amplification in delay spread can occur if copies arrive at the same time as the primary signal and are in phase End result is that the signal is strengthened Known as upfade 15
RF Signal Strength Measurements Four units of measurements are used to represent RF signal strength: mW (milliwatts) dBm (decibel milliwatts) RSSI (Receive Signal Strength Indicator) Signal-to-Noise Ratio 16
Milliwatt (mW) Voltage: electrical pressure on a wire and is measured in volts Current: rate of electrical flow and is measured in amperes or amps Resistance: Impedance of electrical flow and is measured in ohms Electrical power: amount of energy and is measured in watts (W) A watt is a basic unit of power of 1 amp of current that flows at 1 volt Milliwatt (mW) is one thousandth of a watt of power 17
Decibel Milliwatt (dBm) RF power measured by two units on two scales: Linear scale: Using milliwatts (mW) Reference point is zero Does not reveal gain or loss in relation to whole Relative scale: Reference point is the measurement itself Often use logarithms Measured in decibels (dB) The reference point that relates the (dB) scale to the linear milliwatt scale is know as decibel milliwatt (dBm) 19
Receive Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) RSSI: a mechanism by which RF signal strength can be measured by the circuitry on a wireless NIC Value was intended for internal use by the wireless NIC Example a wireless NIC can check the RSSI value to: Determine if it is clear to send its transmission Determine if the user is roaming beyond the range of a particular AP 20
WiFi signal strength is typically measured in decibel milliwatts (dBm), a unit of the level that is used to indicate that a power ratio is expressed in decibels (dB) with reference to one milliwatt (mW). 21
Signal-to-Noise Ratio SNR is the difference in decibels between the received signal and the background noise level. For example, if you receive a signal of -70 dBm and the noise floor is measured at 80 dBm, the SNR is 10 dB. Of course, you want the Signal-to-Noise ratio to be as high as possible so that it s less likely for a signal to disappear in environmental noise. 24
Signal-to-Noise Ratio Noise: unwanted interference that impacts the RF signal Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR): desired signal to undesired signal (noise) in the average power level of a transmission (given as dB) How SNR values relate to WLAN performance: Over 40 dB = Excellent signal (5 bars) 25 dB-40 dB = Very good signal (3-4 bars) 15 dB-25 dB =Low signal (2 bars) 10 dB-15 dB = Very low signal (1 bar) Less than 10 dB = No signal (0 bar) 26
Summary An analog signal is a continuous signal with no breaks in it A digital signal consists of data that is discrete or separate, as opposed to continuous Almost all wireless systems use digital modulations Four units of measurements are used to represent RF signal strength: mW (milliwatts), dBm (decibel milliwatts), RSSI (Receive Signal Strength Indicator), and SNR 28
If youre in the same room as your wireless router and have trouble achieving good network performance, the chances are that there is a lot of environmental noise from various electronic devices and other wireless networks. 29
Summary The behavior of the RF signal has a significant impact on the speed of the transmission and the distance between two devices Propagation behaviors include: Absorption, reflection, scattering, refraction, and diffraction Loss of signal strength is known as attenuation Free space path loss is the natural loss of signal strength through space The difference in time of multipath signals that reach the receiver is known as delay spread 30
