Psychological Testing and Intelligence Theories
Reliability
: ability of a
test to give the same
results under similar
conditions
3 ways to determine:
1) Retesting: approx.
score must be
maintained
2) test yields same
results from various
people
3) Split-half: divide test
items in half and score
each separately
Validity
: ability of a
test to measure what
it is intended to
measure
Best way to measure
validity:
predictive
validity
(finding out
afterwards)
Tests that are
administered and
graded in the same
way
Must est. a norm
(avg score) made by
a large group
Percentile system
:
ranking of test scores
that indicates the
ratio of scores lower
and higher than a
given score
Norms
: standard of
comparison for test
results developed by
giving the test to a
large, well-defined
group of people
Def: the ability to
acquire new ideas
and new behavior,
and to adapt to new
situations
Varying views…
Charles Spearman
2 factors contribute to
intelligence
1) g—general
intelligence (complex
mental work)
2) s—specific mental
abilities (verbal/math)
Critics: g does not
measure other mental
abilities
L.L. Thurstone
Opposed 2-factor
theory
Proposed 7 primary
mental abilities
Verbal
comprehension,
numerical ability,
spatial relations,
perceptual speed,
word fluency, memory,
inductive reasoning
Howard Gardner
8 types of intelligence
Verbal,
logical/mathematic,
spatial, musical, body-
kinesthetic,
interpersonal,
intrapersonal,
naturalist
Critics: most of these
are skills, not
intelligences
Robert Sternberg
Triarchic Theory:
intelligence can be
divided into 3 ways of
processing info
1)Analytical—problem
solving
2)Creative—dealing
with new things
3)Practical—adjusting
and coping with
environment
Includes 4 major
aspects of
intra/interpersonal
intelligences
1)accurately and
appropriately
perceive and
express emotions
2) Uses emotions
while thinking
3) Understand
emotions and use
the knowledge
effectively
4) Regulate one’s
emotions to promote
personal growth
Groups test items by
age level
Standardized
Intelligence Quotient
(IQ)
: standardized
measure of
intelligence based on
a scale in which 90-109
is average
Otis-Lennon Ability
Test: measures
cognitive abilities
related to school
Wechsler Adult
Intelligence Scale
(WAIS-R)
Wechsler
Intelligence Scale for
Children (WISC-III)—
6-16 yr olds
Wechsler Preschool
and Primary Scales
of Intelligences
(WPPSI-R)—4-7 yr olds
Identical twins have
similar IQs
Those raised in the
same environment
have similar IQs
Both heredity and
environment impact
intelligence
Def: an aspect of an
intelligence test in
which wording in
questions may be
more familiar to
people of one social
group than to
another group
Def: estimates the
probability that a person
will be successful in
learning a specific new skill
Assessed with
predictive
validity
General Aptitude Test
Battery (GATB)
: most widely
used---9 different tests
ranging from vocabulary to
manual dexterity
SAT and ACT (American
College Test):
predict
student’s success in college
Def: measures how
much a person has
learned in a given
subject area
Assessed with
content validity
Adaptive testing
:
computer testing
that responds to your
performance
Def: measure of a
person’s preferences
and attitudes in a
wide variety of
activities to identify
areas of likely success
Answer patterns will
correspond with
occupations
Kuder Preference
Record and the
Campbell Interest and
Skill Survey
Def: assesses an
individual’s
characteristics and
identifies problems
Some are objective
and some are
projective
Def: a limited-or-
forced-choice test in
which a person must
select one of several
answers
Minnesota
Multiphasic
Personality Inventory
Answers reveal
habits, fears,
delusions, sexual
attitudes, and
symptoms of psych
disorders
Best for diagnosing
psych disorders
California
Psychological
Inventory
Measures traits like
responsibility, self-
control, and
tolerance
Used to assess the
“normal” person
Does NOT reveal
psychiatric illnesses
Focuses on how we take
in info, make decisions,
and approach day-to-
day tasks
4 scales:
1) Extraversion v.
Introversion
2) Intuition v. Sensing
3) Feeling v. Thinking
4) Judging v. Perceiving
Personality is a
combination of these
Def: an unstructured
test in which a
person is asked to
respond freely,
giving his/her own
interpretation of
various ambiguous
stimuli
Best known and most
widely discussed
Hermann Rorschach
(1921)
Theory: A person’s
response will reveal
an aspect of that
person’s personality
Thematic
Apperception Test
Developed by Henry
Murray (1943)
Participants are asked
to tell a story about a
picture (20 pictures
total)
Used to assess
motivation and
personality
characteristics
Exploring the world of psychological testing, this information covers the characteristics of testing such as reliability and validity, standardization, and norms establishment. Delving into intelligence testing theories like Spearman's two-factor theory and Thurstone's opposing views, it sheds light on the complexities of measuring and understanding intelligence.
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CHAPTER 13: PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING
SECTION 1: CHARACTERISTICS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING
TEST RELIABILITY Reliability: ability of a test to give the same results under similar conditions 3 ways to determine: 1) Retesting: approx. score must be maintained 2) test yields same results from various people 3) Split-half: divide test items in half and score each separately
TEST VALIDITY Validity: ability of a test to measure what it is intended to measure Best way to measure validity: predictive validity (finding out afterwards)
STANDARDIZATION Tests that are administered and graded in the same way Must est. a norm (avg score) made by a large group
ESTABLISHING NORMS Percentile system: ranking of test scores that indicates the ratio of scores lower and higher than a given score Norms: standard of comparison for test results developed by giving the test to a large, well-defined group of people
SECTION 2: INTELLIGENCE TESTING
INTELLIGENCE Def: the ability to acquire new ideas and new behavior, and to adapt to new situations Varying views
TWO-FACTOR THEORY OF INTELLIGENCE Charles Spearman 2 factors contribute to intelligence 1) g general intelligence (complex mental work) 2) s specific mental abilities (verbal/math) Critics: g does not measure other mental abilities
THURSTONES THEORY OF INTELLIGENCE L.L. Thurstone Opposed 2-factor theory Proposed 7 primary mental abilities Verbal comprehension, numerical ability, spatial relations, perceptual speed, word fluency, memory, inductive reasoning
GARDNERS THEORY OF MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES Howard Gardner 8 types of intelligence Verbal, logical/mathematic, spatial, musical, body- kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalist Critics: most of these are skills, not intelligences
STERNBERGS THEORY OF INTELLIGENCE Robert Sternberg Triarchic Theory: intelligence can be divided into 3 ways of processing info 1)Analytical problem solving 2)Creative dealing with new things 3)Practical adjusting and coping with environment
EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE Includes 4 major aspects of intra/interpersonal intelligences 1)accurately and appropriately perceive and express emotions 2) Uses emotions while thinking
EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE 3) Understand emotions and use the knowledge effectively 4) Regulate one s emotions to promote personal growth
STANFORD-BINET INTELLIGENCE SCALE Groups test items by age level Standardized Intelligence Quotient (IQ): standardized measure of intelligence based on a scale in which 90-109 is average Otis-Lennon Ability Test: measures cognitive abilities related to school
THE WECHSLER TESTS Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-R) Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-III) 6-16 yr olds Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scales of Intelligences (WPPSI-R) 4-7 yr olds
CONTROVERSY OVER IQ TESTING
NATURE VS NURTURE Identical twins have similar IQs Those raised in the same environment have similar IQs Both heredity and environment impact intelligence
CULTURAL BIAS Def: an aspect of an intelligence test in which wording in questions may be more familiar to people of one social group than to another group
SECTION 3: MEASURING ACHIEVEMENT, ABILITIES, AND INTERESTS
APTITUDE TESTS Def: estimates the probability that a person will be successful in learning a specific new skill Assessed with predictive validity General Aptitude Test Battery (GATB): most widely used---9 different tests ranging from vocabulary to manual dexterity SAT and ACT (American College Test): predict student s success in college
ACHIEVEMENT TESTS Def: measures how much a person has learned in a given subject area Assessed with content validity Adaptive testing: computer testing that responds to your performance
INTEREST INVENTORIES Def: measure of a person s preferences and attitudes in a wide variety of activities to identify areas of likely success Answer patterns will correspond with occupations Kuder Preference Record and the Campbell Interest and Skill Survey
SECTION 4: PERSONALITY TESTING
PERSONALITY TEST Def: assesses an individual s characteristics and identifies problems Some are objective and some are projective
OBJECTIVE TESTS Def: a limited-or- forced-choice test in which a person must select one of several answers
THE MMPI Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Answers reveal habits, fears, delusions, sexual attitudes, and symptoms of psych disorders Best for diagnosing psych disorders
CPI California Psychological Inventory Measures traits like responsibility, self- control, and tolerance Used to assess the normal person Does NOT reveal psychiatric illnesses
MYERS-BRIGGS TEST Focuses on how we take in info, make decisions, and approach day-to- day tasks 4 scales: 1) Extraversion v. Introversion 2) Intuition v. Sensing 3) Feeling v. Thinking 4) Judging v. Perceiving Personality is a combination of these
PROJECTIVE TESTS Def: an unstructured test in which a person is asked to respond freely, giving his/her own interpretation of various ambiguous stimuli
RORSCHACH INKBLOT TEST Best known and most widely discussed Hermann Rorschach (1921) Theory: A person s response will reveal an aspect of that person s personality
TAT Thematic Apperception Test Developed by Henry Murray (1943) Participants are asked to tell a story about a picture (20 pictures total) Used to assess motivation and personality characteristics
