Principles of Pharmacy Practice - Drug Dosing Guidelines and Measurements
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Principles of pharmacy
practice
Lec 1
Lecturer Dr
Athmar Dhahir Habeeb Al-Shohani
PhD in industrial pharmacy and pharmaceutical formulations
calculation of doses
•
The dose of a drug is the quantitative amount
administered or taken by a patient for the intended
medicinal effect. The dose may be expressed as
•
a single dose
, the amount taken at one time
•
a daily dose
•
a total dose,
the amount taken during the course of
therapy.
•
A daily dose
may be subdivided and taken in divided
doses, two or more times per day depending on the
characteristics of the drug and the illness.
•
The schedule of dosing (e.g., four times per day for 10
days) is referred to as
the dosage regimen
•
The usual adult dose
of a drug is the amount that
ordinarily produces the medicinal effect intended in
the adult patient.
•
The usual pediatric dose
of a drug is the amount
that ordinarily produces the medicinal effect
intended in infant or child patient.
•
The ‘‘usual’’ adult and pediatric doses of a drug
serve as a guide to physicians who may select to
prescribe that dose initially or vary it depending on
the assessed requirements of the particular patient.
•
The usual dosage range
for a drug indicates the
quantitative range or amounts of the drug that may
be prescribed within the guidelines of usual
medical practice.
•
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•
Certain biologic or immunologic products, such as
vaccines, may be administered in
prophylactic
doses
to protect the patient from contracting a
specific disease. Other products, such as
antitoxins, may be administered in
therapeutic
doses
to counter a disease after exposure or
contraction.
•
In the institutional setting, doses are measured and
administered by professional and paraprofessional
personnel. A variety of measuring devices may be
used, including calibrated cups for oral liquids and
syringes and intravenous sets for parenteral
medication.
Dose measurements
In the home setting, the adult patient or a child’s parent
generally measures and administers medication. Liquid
dosage is usually measured in ‘‘household’’ terms, most
commonly by the
teaspoonful
and
tablespoonful
.
It should be noted that the capacities of household teaspoons
may vary from
3 to 7 mL
and those of tablespoons may vary
from
15 to 22 mL
.
The Drop as a Unit of Measure
•
Occasionally, the drop
(abbreviated gtt)
is used as a
measure for small volumes of liquid medications.
•
A drop does not represent a definite quantity, because
drops of different liquids vary greatly.
•
In an attempt to standardize the drop as a unit of
volume, the United States Pharmacopeia defines the
official medicine dropper as being constricted at the
delivery end to a round opening with an external
diameter of about
3 mm
.
•
The dropper, when held vertically, delivers water in
drops, each of which weighs between
45
and
55 mg.
•
Accordingly, the official dropper is calibrated to deliver
approximately
20 drops of water per milliliter (i.e., 1 mL
of water 1 gram or 1000 mg
If a pharmacist counted 40 drops of a medication in filling a
graduate cylinder to the 2.5-mL mark, how many drops per
milliliter did the dropper deliver?
General Dose Calculations
Understanding drug dosing is crucial in pharmacy practice. This lecture covers various aspects of doses, including adult and pediatric doses, dosage regimens, median effective and toxic doses, loading and maintenance doses, and prophylactic and therapeutic doses. Dose measurements in institutional settings are also discussed, highlighting the importance of accurate administration. The content provides valuable insights into the calculations and considerations involved in determining appropriate drug doses for patients.
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Principles of pharmacy practice Lec 1 Lecturer Dr Athmar Dhahir Habeeb Al-Shohani PhD in industrial pharmacy and pharmaceutical formulations athmar1978@uomustansiriyah.edu.iq athmar1978@yahoo.com athmar.habeeb.12@ucl.ac.uk
calculation of doses The dose of a drug is the quantitative amount administered or taken by a patient for the intended medicinal effect. The dose may be expressed as a single dose, the amount taken at one time a daily dose a total dose, the amount taken during the course of therapy. A daily dose may be subdivided and taken in divided doses, two or more times per day depending on the characteristics of the drug and the illness. The schedule of dosing (e.g., four times per day for 10 days) is referred to as the dosage regimen
The usual adult dose of a drug is the amount that ordinarily produces the medicinal effect intended in the adult patient. The usual pediatric dose of a drug is the amount that ordinarily produces intended in infant or child patient. The usual adult and pediatric doses of a drug serve as a guide to physicians who may select to prescribe that dose initially or vary it depending on the assessed requirements of the particular patient. The usual dosage range for a drug indicates the quantitative range or amounts of the drug that may be prescribed within the medical practice. the medicinal effect guidelines of usual
The median effective dose of a drug is the amount that produces the desired intensity of effect in 50% of the individuals The median toxic dose of a drug is the amount that produces toxic effects in 50% of the individuals tested. The priming or loading dose is the dose that is larger-than-usual initial dose that may be required to achieve the desired blood drug level. The maintenance doses is the dose that is similar in amount to usual doses, are then administered according to the dosage regimen to sustain the desired drug blood levels or drug effects
Certain biologic or immunologic products, such as vaccines, may be administered in prophylactic doses to protect the patient from contracting a specific disease. Other antitoxins, may be administered in therapeutic doses to counter a disease after exposure or contraction. products, such as
Dose measurements In the institutional setting, doses are measured and administered by professional and paraprofessional personnel. A variety of measuring devices may be used, including calibrated cups for oral liquids and syringes and intravenous medication. sets for parenteral
In the home setting, the adult patient or a childs parent generally measures and administers dosage is usually measured in household terms, most commonly by the teaspoonful It should be noted that the capacities of household teaspoons may vary from 3 to 7 mL and those of tablespoons may vary from 15 to 22 mL. medication. Liquid and tablespoonful.
The Drop as a Unit of Measure Occasionally, the drop (abbreviated gtt) is used as a measure for small volumes of liquid medications. A drop does not represent a definite quantity, because drops of different liquids vary greatly. In an attempt to standardize the drop as a unit of volume, the United States Pharmacopeia defines the official medicine dropper as being constricted at the delivery end to a round opening with an external diameter of about 3 mm. The dropper, when held vertically, delivers water in drops, each of which weighs between 45 and 55 mg. Accordingly, the official dropper is calibrated to deliver approximately 20 drops of water per milliliter (i.e., 1 mL of water 1 gram or 1000 mg
If a pharmacist counted 40 drops of a medication in filling a graduate cylinder to the 2.5-mL mark, how many drops per milliliter did the dropper deliver?
