Preventing and Managing Type 2 Diabetes in Youth
Empowering
Change:
Strategies for
Preventing and
Managing Type 2
Diabetes in
Youth
Albara Marwa
MD, MPH, FAAP, CDCES, BC-ADM, D-ABOM
Pediatric Endocrinologist
Sinai Hospital of Baltimore
______________________________________
Taylor Kasoff,
RD, LDN
Outpatient Pediatric Dietitian
Sinai Hospital of Baltimore
Disclosures
Objectives
Understanding
Type 2
Diabetes
Definition and differences from type 1
diabetes
Epidemiology and trends in youth
Risk factors and early signs
Source: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
(2022, August 11). A snapshot: Diabetes in the United States.
https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/library/socialmedia/infographics/diabetes.html
Reference to specific commercial products, manufacturers, companies, or trademarks does not constitute its endorsement or recommendation by the U.S. Government, Department of Health and Human Services, or Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The material is otherwise available on the CDC website for no charge.
Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention.
(2022, August 11). A snapshot:
Diabetes in the United States.
https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/library/socialmedia
/infographics/diabetes.html
Reference to specific commercial products,
manufacturers, companies, or trademarks does
not constitute its endorsement or
recommendation by the U.S. Government,
Department of Health and Human Services, or
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The
material is otherwise available on the CDC
website for no charge.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
(2022, August 11). A snapshot: Diabetes in the United States.
https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/library/socialmedia/infographics/diabetes.html
Reference to specific commercial products, manufacturers, companies, or trademarks does not constitute its endorsement or recommendation by the U.S. Government, Department of Health and Human Services, or Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The material is otherwise available on
the CDC website for no charge.
N Engl J Med 2021; 385:416-426
Type 2 Diabetes is
Aggressive
in Youth
N Engl J Med 2021; 385:416-426
Early Signs and
Associated Conditions
Insulin Resistance
Acanthosis nigricans
High Blood Pressure
High Cholesterol
Polycystic Ovarian
Syndrome
Being Overweight
This Photo
publihsed at
https://thuocdantoc.vn/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/benh-gai-den-3.jpg
is licensed under CC BY-S
Whom to
screen?
Children and adolescents who are overweight
(≥85th percentile) or obese (≥95th percentile) and
exhibit
one or more
of the following risk factors:
o
Maternal history
of diabetes or gestational
diabetes during gestation
o
Family history
of type 2 diabetes in a first- or
second-degree relative
o
Race/ethnicity:
Native American, African
American, Latino, Asian American, Pacific
Islander
o
Signs of insulin resistance:
Acanthosis
nigricans, hypertension, dyslipidemia,
polycystic ovary syndrome, small-for-
gestational-age birth weight
American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee; 2. Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2024. Diabetes Care 1
January 2024; 47 (Supplement_1): S20–S42. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc24-S002
How to
Implement
Screening?
When to Start Screening: After the
onset of
puberty or after 10 years of age
, whichever
comes first.
Testing Frequency:
At least every 3 years
, with
adjustments based on BMI changes or
worsening risk profiles.
Note: Early screening
may be warranted for
children under 10
with multiple risk factors or
in cases of reported type 2 diabetes before age
10.
American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee; 2. Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2024. Diabetes Care 1
January 2024; 47 (Supplement_1): S20–S42. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc24-S002
Early Signs and
Associated Conditions
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
(2022, December 30). Type 2 Diabetes is a Rising Threat in Youths. https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/library/socialmedia/infographics/diabetes-youth-threat.html
Reference to specific commercial products, manufacturers, companies, or trademarks does not constitute its endorsement or recommendation by the U.S. Government, Department of Health and Human Services, or Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The material is otherwise available on the CDC website for no charge.
Link between Childhood Obesity and Type 2
Diabetes
This Photo
published by Wikimedia Commonsis licensed under
CC BY-SA
.
Prevention
Strategies
CDC Pysical
Acitivty
Guidelines
Long Term
Effects of
Physical
Activity
Improve cognition, decrease risk of
depression
Reduce risk of excessive weight gain
Help manage pain for osteoarthritis,
reduce progression of HTN, T2DM,
reduce symptoms of anxiety, depression,
and ADHD
Moderate
Intensity
According to
the CDC
The
talk test
is a simple way to measure relative
intensity. In general, if you’re doing moderate-intensity
activity, you can talk but not sing during the activity.
Walking briskly (3 miles per hour or faster, but not race-
walking)
Water aerobics
Bicycling slower than 10 miles per hour on primarily flat
or level terrain without hills
Tennis (doubles)
Ballroom dancing
General gardening
Vigorous
Intensity
According to
the CDC
In general, if you’re doing vigorous-intensity activity, you will not be
able to say more than a few words without pausing for a breath.
Race walking, jogging, or running
Swimming laps
Tennis (singles)
Aerobic dancing
Bicycling 10 miles per hour or faster that may include hills
Jumping rope
Heavy gardening (continuous digging or hoeing)
Hiking uphill or with a heavy backpack
Psychosocial
Aspects of
Diabetes
Management
Emotional
and mental health
considerations
Addressing stigma and building support
networks
Importance of family involvement and
communication
Psychosocial
Care
More than 1 component may affect Blood
sugar control. Provider should empower the
patient rather than "blame" for poor
adherence to diabetes recommendations.
About 1/3 of adolescents w/ DM develop
diabetes distress... leading to poor blood
glucose management
Psychosocial
Care
Potential reasons for poor blood diabetes
control:
o
Worsening disease
o
Low health literacy
o
Low reading level
o
Poor diabetes education
o
Lack of routine
o
Poor social support
o
Inaccurate beliefs in the diagnosis or medicine
o
Depressive symptoms
o
Financial Factors
Psychosocial
Care
Annual screenings for depression, anxiety
disorders, disordered eating behaviors, and
other mental illness
PHQ-9A
Modified with permission by the GLAD-PC team from the
PHQ-9 (Spitzer, Williams, & Kroenke, 1999), Revised PHQ-
A (Johnson, 2002), and the CDS (DISC Development Group,
2000)
Things to look
for during
assessment for
social factors
-
Any stressors at home/school
-
Access to food
-
Family Hx of Diabetes
-
Who is managing the Diabetes care? How old
is the pt?
-
Home Responsibilities
What do you think is ONE of
the MOST challenging parts
of diabetes Management is?
General Recommendations
Decrease overall energy intake
Decrease saturated fat intake
Increase Fiber Intake
Cut out sugary/sweetened beverages
Daily Intake Breakdown: 45-55% calories from carbs
15-20% calories from protein
<25% calories from fat
5-10% daily calories coming from saturated fat (2,000 calories = 10-20g sat fat)
Carbohydrates
What has more Sat Fat.?
McDonalds Medium French Fries
+
Classic Hamburger
Chick Fil a Spicy Southwest Salad
What has more carbs?
Snack Pack of Chips Ahoy vs 3 cups of Popped Popcorn
What has more Fiber
1/2 Cup of Granola vs 1 box of Raisins
What has more CARBS
1/2 Cup of Granola vs 1 box of Raisins
What has more fiber?
1 box Raisins vs 1 apple
SMART
GOALS
S
pecific
M
easurable
A
ttainable/Achievable
R
ealistic/Relevant
T
imeline
I will choose Skinny Pop
instead of Takis on
Mondays and
Wednesdays in order to
decrease my LDL by 20
units in 6 months.
Nutrition Facts
Label
This Photo
by Wikimedia Commons is licensed under
CC BY-SA
.
This Photo
by is licensed under
CC BY
.
Quick Tips
Use smaller plates/bowls at meals
o
Second helpings should be protein + non-
starchy vegetables
Get Kids involved with cooking
Do not use Food as Positive
Reinforcement
Meals together as a family
Eat meals without distractions
Quick Tips
Drink more water
Caregivers decide what is on the menu for meals and
the children decide how much or little they want to eat
from their plate
Out of Mind Out of Sight- Snacks should be poured
onto a plate/cup/napkin instead of eaten from the large
container
Lean Meats (97% lean ground meat, white meat of
poultry, lower fat cuts of meat), fish, beans, low-fat
dairy
Decrease Consumption of processed snacks
Medications for
Weight Loss
FDA-
Approved
Medication for
Obesity
Management:
Phentermine
&Topiramate
Combination
Indication: Obesity in children aged 12 and older.
Helps in reducing appetite and increasing feelings of
fullness.
Can lead to significant weight loss (AVG 7% BMI
decrease) when combined with a reduced-calorie diet
and increased physical activity.
Common Side Effects: Dry mouth, constipation,
tingling in hands/feet, altered taste sensation, Sleep
concerns.
Kelly AS, Bensignor MO, Hsia DS, Shoemaker AH, Shih W, Peterson C, Varghese ST. Phentermine/Topiramate for the
Treatment of Adolescent Obesity. NEJM Evidence. 2022;1(6):EVIDoa2200014. doi: doi:10.1056/EVIDoa2200014.
FDA- Approved
Medication for
Obesity
Management:
GLP-1 Agonists
(Liraglutide,
Semaglutide)
Mimics the action of GLP-1, a hormone that regulates
appetite and food intake, leading to reduced hunger
and calorie intake.
FDA Approved for use in children aged 12 and above
with obesity. (Approved for 10 and older with diabetes)
Estimated Weight Loss: Studies have shown a
significant reduction in BMI and body weight in
adolescents. (AVG 16% BMI reduction with
semaglutide)
Common Side Effects: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea,
abdominal pain, decreased appetite.
Weghuber D, Barrett T, Barrientos-Pérez M, et al for the STEP TEENS Investigators. Once-Weekly Semaglutide in
Adolescents with Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2022 Dec 15;387(24):2245-2257. PMID: 36322838.
Medical
Management
of
Type 2
Diabetes in
Youth
This Photo
published by Frontiers is licensed
under
CC BY
.
GLP-1 agonists
approved for
pediatric Type
2 Diabetes 10
years and older
Metformin
How it works:
Decreases glucose production in the
liver and improves insulin sensitivity
Effect on glucose levels:
Lowers blood sugar
levels
Prescribing considerations:
o
Affordable
o
Common first-line treatment
o
Treatment failure is very common
o
Mostly Weight-neutral
Side effects:
o
Gastrointestinal issues, such as nausea and
diarrhea.
o
Vitamin B12 deficiency with long-term use
SGLT-2
Inhibitors
(empagliflozin
approved for
10 and older)
How SGLT-2 Inhibitors Work
Prevents glucose reabsorption in the kidneys, leading to excretion of
glucose in urine, thereby lowering blood sugar levels.
Effect on Glucose Levels
Lowers blood sugar levels by promoting the excretion of glucose
through urine.
Lowers HbA1c by approximately 0.5%.
Prescribing Considerations
Often considered in combination with other medications for a
synergistic effect.
Monitor for signs of dehydration due to increased urination.
Beneficial in slowing the progression of kidney disease and
improving heart failure outcomes.
Side Effects
Common: Urinary tract infections and increased urination.
Serious: Risk of diabetic ketoacidosis with normal glucose levels, a
potentially life-threatening condition.
Insulin
Indicated for severe hyperglycemia or ketones
Replaces or supplements the body's own
insulin to regulate blood sugar levels
Prescribing Considerations:
o
Tailoring insulin regimen to individual needs.
Side Effects:
o
Hypoglycemia
o
Weight gain
o
Injection site reactions
This Photo
published by Frontiers is licensed under
CC BY
.
Bariatric
Surgery
Bariatric
Surgery
Overview of Bariatric Surgery
Surgical intervention to promote weight loss
Typically considered for adolescents with severe obesity and Type 2
diabetes
Impact on Type 2 Diabetes
Significant improvement or remission of diabetes
Reduces the need for medication in many cases
Considerations for Surgery
Comprehensive evaluation by a multidisciplinary team
Long-term commitment to lifestyle changes and follow-up care
Potential Risks and Side Effects
Nutritional deficiencies
Surgical complications
Psychological impact
Complications
& Screening
Type 2 Diabetes in Children and Adolescents- A Focus on Diagnosis and Treatment Cover of Endotext Endotext [Internet]. Feingold
KR, Anawalt B, Blackman MR, et al., editors. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc.; 2000- Creative Commons (CC-BY-NC-ND)
Empowering
Patients and
Families
Education and resources for self-
management
Encouraging autonomy and decision-
making
Success stories and motivational
strategies
Utilization of Continuous Glucose
Monitors
FDA-Approved
continuous
glucose monitors
The Role of
Multidisciplinary
Teams
Collaboration between healthcare
providers, nutritionists, and educators
Coordinated care plans and regular
follow-ups
Case management and patient-centered
approaches
Conclusion
and Takeaways
•
Understanding Type 2 Diabetes:
Early detection and
intervention are crucial.
•
Risk Factors:
Awareness and screening are key for at-
risk youth.
•
Prevention Strategies:
Encourage physical activity and
healthy eating habits.
•
Psychosocial Care:
Address emotional and mental
health to improve diabetes management.
•
Medical Management:
Utilize appropriate medications
and technologies for better outcomes.
•
Empowering Patients and Families:
Educate and
support self-management for long-term success.
Practical
Remarks
•
Insurance Coverage:
Most insurances, including
Medicare, cover visits with a dietitian for
obesity, pre-diabetes, and diabetes
management.
Call to Action:
As healthcare providers, let's
commit to early intervention, education, and
empowerment to prevent and manage Type 2
Diabetes in youth effectively.
Q&A and
Discussion
Strategies for preventing and managing type 2 diabetes in youth are discussed in this informative presentation by Dr. Albara Marwa and Taylor Kasoff. Participants will learn about the prevalence, risk factors, prevention strategies, and collaborative management approaches related to pediatric obesity and type 2 diabetes. The session aims to empower healthcare professionals with the knowledge to create personalized management plans for patients and enhance long-term health outcomes.
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Presentation Transcript
Empowering Change: Strategies for Preventing and Managing Type 2 Diabetes in Youth Albara Marwa MD, MPH, FAAP, CDCES, BC-ADM, D-ABOM Pediatric Endocrinologist Sinai Hospital of Baltimore ______________________________________ Taylor Kasoff, RD, LDN Outpatient Pediatric Dietitian Sinai Hospital of Baltimore
Disclosures Nothing to disclose We will not discuss off-label treatment
Understand the Current Landscape: Participants will be able to recognize the prevalence and risk factors associated with pediatric obesity and type 2 diabetes, and explain the implications for long-term health outcomes. Prevention Strategies: Attendees will learn to describe effective prevention strategies, including lifestyle modifications, community-based interventions, and medications, to reduce the incidence of type 2 diabetes in youth Objectives Management and Collaboration: Participants will be able to discuss the role of multidisciplinary teams, including nutritionists and endocrinologists, in creating personalized management plans for patients, and analyze the impact of these collaborations on patient outcomes.
Definition and differences from type 1 diabetes Epidemiology and trends in youth Risk factors and early signs Understanding Type 2 Diabetes
Source: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022, August 11). A snapshot: Diabetes in the United States. https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/library/socialmedia/infographics/diabetes.html Reference to specific commercial products, manufacturers, companies, or trademarks does not constitute its endorsement or recommendation by the U.S. Government, Department of Health and Human Services, or Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The material is otherwise available on the CDC website for no charge.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022, August 11). A snapshot: Diabetes in the United States. https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/library/socialmedia /infographics/diabetes.html Reference to specific commercial products, manufacturers, companies, or trademarks does not constitute its endorsement or recommendation by the U.S. Government, Department of Health and Human Services, or Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The material is otherwise available on the CDC website for no charge.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022, August 11). A snapshot: Diabetes in the United States. https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/library/socialmedia/infographics/diabetes.html Reference to specific commercial products, manufacturers, companies, or trademarks does not constitute its endorsement or recommendation by the U.S. Government, Department of Health and Human Services, or Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The material is otherwise available on the CDC website for no charge.
Type 2 Diabetes is Aggressive in Youth N Engl J Med 2021; 385:416-426
Early Signs and Associated Conditions Insulin Resistance Acanthosis nigricans High Blood Pressure High Cholesterol Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Being Overweight This Photo publihsed at https://thuocdantoc.vn/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/benh-gai-den-3.jpgis licensed under CC BY-S
Children and adolescents who are overweight ( 85th percentile) or obese ( 95th percentile) and exhibit one or more of the following risk factors: oMaternal history of diabetes or gestational diabetes during gestation oFamily history of type 2 diabetes in a first- or second-degree relative oRace/ethnicity: Native American, African American, Latino, Asian American, Pacific Islander oSigns of insulin resistance: Acanthosis nigricans, hypertension, dyslipidemia, polycystic ovary syndrome, small-for- gestational-age birth weight Whom to screen? American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee; 2. Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes: Standards of Care in Diabetes 2024. Diabetes Care 1 January 2024; 47 (Supplement_1): S20 S42. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc24-S002
When to Start Screening: After the onset of puberty or after 10 years of age, whichever comes first. Testing Frequency: At least every 3 years, with adjustments based on BMI changes or worsening risk profiles. Note: Early screening may be warranted for children under 10 with multiple risk factors or in cases of reported type 2 diabetes before age 10. How to Implement Screening? American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee; 2. Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes: Standards of Care in Diabetes 2024. Diabetes Care 1 January 2024; 47 (Supplement_1): S20 S42. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc24-S002
Early Signs and Associated Conditions
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022, December 30). Type 2 Diabetes is a Rising Threat in Youths. https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/library/socialmedia/infographics/diabetes-youth-threat.html Reference to specific commercial products, manufacturers, companies, or trademarks does not constitute its endorsement or recommendation by the U.S. Government, Department of Health and Human Services, or Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The material is otherwise available on the CDC website for no charge.
Insulin Resistance: Obesity increases the risk of insulin resistance, a precursor to Type 2 Diabetes. Lifestyle Factors:Poor diet, physical inactivity, and sedentary behavior in contributing to obesity and Type 2 Diabetes. Link between Childhood Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes
This Photo published by Wikimedia Commonsis licensed under CC BY-SA.
Role of lifestyle modifications: diet, exercise, sleep Importance of early intervention Prevention Strategies Community and school- based initiatives Medications
3-5 y.o.Should be active for at least 3 hours a day CDC Pysical Acitivty Guidelines 6-17 y.o. Should be active for at least 1 hour a day with moderate to vigorous activity Move MORE and Sit LESS
Long Term Effects of Physical Activity Improve cognition, decrease risk of depression Reduce risk of excessive weight gain Help manage pain for osteoarthritis, reduce progression of HTN, T2DM, reduce symptoms of anxiety, depression, and ADHD
The talk testis a simple way to measure relative intensity. In general, if you re doing moderate-intensity activity, you can talk but not sing during the activity. Walking briskly (3 miles per hour or faster, but not race- walking) Water aerobics Bicycling slower than 10 miles per hour on primarily flat or level terrain without hills Tennis (doubles) Ballroom dancing General gardening Moderate Intensity According to the CDC
In general, if youre doing vigorous-intensity activity, you will not be able to say more than a few words without pausing for a breath. Race walking, jogging, or running Swimming laps Tennis (singles) Aerobic dancing Bicycling 10 miles per hour or faster that may include hills Jumping rope Heavy gardening (continuous digging or hoeing) Hiking uphill or with a heavy backpack Vigorous Intensity According to the CDC
Emotional and mental health considerations Addressing stigma and building support networks Importance of family involvement and communication Psychosocial Aspects of Diabetes Management
More than 1 component may affect Blood sugar control. Provider should empower the patient rather than "blame" for poor adherence to diabetes recommendations. Psychosocial Care About 1/3 of adolescents w/ DM develop diabetes distress... leading to poor blood glucose management
Potential reasons for poor blood diabetes control: oWorsening disease oLow health literacy oLow reading level oPoor diabetes education oLack of routine oPoor social support oInaccurate beliefs in the diagnosis or medicine oDepressive symptoms oFinancial Factors Psychosocial Care
Annual screenings for depression, anxiety disorders, disordered eating behaviors, and other mental illness Psychosocial Care
PHQ-9A Modified with permission by the GLAD-PC team from the PHQ-9 (Spitzer, Williams, & Kroenke, 1999), Revised PHQ- A (Johnson, 2002), and the CDS (DISC Development Group, 2000)
- Any stressors at home/school Things to look for during assessment for social factors - Access to food - Family Hx of Diabetes - Who is managing the Diabetes care? How old is the pt? - Home Responsibilities
What do you think is ONE of the MOST challenging parts of diabetes Management is?
General Recommendations Decrease overall energy intake Decrease saturated fat intake Increase Fiber Intake Cut out sugary/sweetened beverages Daily Intake Breakdown: 45-55% calories from carbs 15-20% calories from protein <25% calories from fat 5-10% daily calories coming from saturated fat (2,000 calories = 10-20g sat fat)
Carbs, protein and fat are the three biggest nutrients that make up what we eat Carbs have the biggest affect on our blood sugars While you need to eat carbs to survive, it is important not to eat too many carbs Eating too many carbs can lead to weight gainand high blood sugars (hyperglycemia) Carbohydrates Carbs are found in a variety of foods including: Grains: bread, pasta, crackers, cereal, rice, etc Fruits Starchy vegetables: potatoes, corn, peas, etc Dairy: milk, yogurt, etc Sugar: juices, soda, fruit drinks, cakes, cookies, candy, dessert
McDonalds Medium French Fries + Classic Hamburger Chick Fil a Spicy Southwest Salad What has more Sat Fat.?
What has more carbs? Snack Pack of Chips Ahoy vs 3 cups of Popped Popcorn
What has more Fiber 1/2 Cup of Granola vs 1 box of Raisins
What has more CARBS 1/2 Cup of Granola vs 1 box of Raisins
What has more fiber? 1 box Raisins vs 1 apple
Specific Measurable Attainable/Achievable Realistic/Relevant Timeline SMART GOALS
I will choose Skinny Pop instead of Takis on Mondays and Wednesdays in order to decrease myLDL by 20 units in 6 months.
Nutrition Facts Label This Photo by is licensed under CC BY. This Photo by Wikimedia Commons is licensed under CC BY-SA.
Use smaller plates/bowls at meals oSecond helpings should be protein + non- starchy vegetables Get Kids involved with cooking Do not use Food as Positive Reinforcement Meals together as a family Eat meals without distractions Quick Tips
Drink more water Caregivers decide what is on the menu for meals and the children decide how much or little they want to eat from their plate Out of Mind Out of Sight- Snacks should be poured onto a plate/cup/napkin instead of eaten from the large container Lean Meats (97% lean ground meat, white meat of poultry, lower fat cuts of meat), fish, beans, low-fat dairy Decrease Consumption of processed snacks Quick Tips
Medications for Weight Loss
Indication: Obesity in children aged 12 and older. Helps in reducing appetite and increasing feelings of fullness. Can lead to significant weight loss (AVG 7% BMI decrease) when combined with a reduced-calorie diet and increased physical activity. Common Side Effects: Dry mouth, constipation, tingling in hands/feet, altered taste sensation, Sleep concerns. FDA- Approved Medication for Obesity Management: Phentermine &Topiramate Combination Kelly AS, Bensignor MO, Hsia DS, Shoemaker AH, Shih W, Peterson C, Varghese ST. Phentermine/Topiramate for the Treatment of Adolescent Obesity. NEJM Evidence. 2022;1(6):EVIDoa2200014. doi: doi:10.1056/EVIDoa2200014.
Mimics the action of GLP-1, a hormone that regulates appetite and food intake, leading to reduced hunger and calorie intake. FDA Approved for use in children aged 12 and above with obesity. (Approved for 10 and older with diabetes) Estimated Weight Loss: Studies have shown a significant reduction in BMI and body weight in adolescents. (AVG 16% BMI reduction with semaglutide) Common Side Effects: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, decreased appetite. FDA- Approved Medication for Obesity Management: GLP-1 Agonists (Liraglutide, Semaglutide) Weghuber D, Barrett T, Barrientos-P rez M, et al for the STEP TEENS Investigators. Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adolescents with Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2022 Dec 15;387(24):2245-2257. PMID: 36322838.
Medical Management of Type 2 Diabetes in Youth Lifestyle modifications Medication options and monitoring Regular check-ups and long-term care
This Photo published by Frontiers is licensed under CC BY.
Liraglutide GLP-1 agonists approved for pediatric Type 2 Diabetes 10 years and older Exenatide Dulaglutide
