Post Harvest Methods in Cucurbits - Importance and Techniques
Due to varied agro-climatic conditions,
different types of fruits and vegetables are
grown in India and at present India is the
second largest producer of fruits and
vegetables in the world.
However, the huge post harvest losses to
the tune of 30-40% occur every year owing
to the improper post harvest management
practices.
The careless harvesting, improper loading
and inadequate storage and processing
facilities are the major factors which cause
the post harvest losses in India.
Post harvest technology-
importance and role
The post harvest technology of vegetable
crops envisages the developing of
appropriate techniques to reduce post
harvest losses to prevent spoilage and help
utilize maximum crops, in a nutritious and
safe manner.
To reduce the losses, we must understand
the biological and environmental factors
involved in deterioration of the perishables,
and secondly to use the post harvest
technological procedures to achieve the
same
The processing itself includes several
techniques such as low temperature
preservation, chemical preservation,
irradiation, thermal processing,
dehydration and high pressure processing
and preservation by fermentation.
Muskmelon
Maturity standards:
The fruits when mature slip out easily
from the vine with a little pressure or
Jerk or if not, remain separated the next
day. This is called full slip stage.
The quality characteristics in muskmelon
are several and varied namely thick skin
and netting suitable for long distance
hauling, juicer flesh with at least 10% TSS.
Muskmelon is a climacteric fruit, which
ripens during transit and storage and
hence it is harvested before it is fully ripe
so that it well reach the consumer at full
ripe condition.
More juicier the flesh the less will be the
keeping quality of the whole fruit. Firmer
flesh stands transport well
Post harvest management:
The cucurbits are not usually processed.
Similarly muskmelon is not generally
processed except the flesh of muskmelon
is used in ice-cream in western countries.
On small scale the juice of muskmelon
flesh could be prepared; however, it has to
be consumed within short time because (
does not have any storage quality.
Marketing:
Muskmelon especially can be hauled to
the long distance metropolitan markets of
Bombay (from A.P) Calcutta (from UP)
and Delhi (from Rajasthan, Lucknow etc).
Muskmelon transported in trucks without
any individual packing and are liable to
bruises and damage transit.
Storage
Muskmelon (full lip stage) can be stored for
2-3 days
Period of storage can be increased by
lowering the storage temperature at
0°C at
80-90%RH.
Muskmelon and watermelon are transported
in trucks without any individual packing and
are liable to bruises and damage during
transit.
Musk melon is sensitive to ethylene and
should not be stored or shipped with
ethylene producing commodities.
Cucumber
Marketing :
In cucumber crook neck shaped fruits
produced especially at the fag end
of
the
harvest
would
have less marketable value.
These fruits are produced because of
imperfect
pollination and
fertilization and
also due to fly attack. Other consideration in
harvesting
of
cucumber is
the distance
of
the market; cucumber does not stand much
to long distance transportation.
In rainy season crops or crops damaged
by summer rains, fly attacked fruits would
be considerable which will have to be
culled out before sending to market.
In fact,
cucumber has
to be sold out in
heavy urban markets.
Cucumbers are
packed in baskets and transported.
Being
highly perishable, marketing of
cucumber involves risks and losses and
hence
its cultivation is
concentrated
around the metropolitan cities.
Storage :
' For good storage life, optimum
temperature is near
-10°C & RH of
85%.
Cucumbers can be stored for
10-14 days
Chilling Injury is a physiological storage
disorder when fruits are exposed
to
temperature
below
-IO°C
for
prolonged period.
is moderately resistant
Laamin
et al.
(1995) reported that
modified atmosphere storage of cucumbers
significantly reduced weight loss,
maintained fruit colour, firmness and acidity
and doubled the shelf-life
Ceramic film of 0.02 mm thickness was
the best for maintaining fruit quality during
modified atmosphere storage of cucumber.
Shelf-life of about 2 weeks at 4°C has been
reported by
Huyskens
et al.
(1993
) in
cucumber
Cucumber fruits can be stored at 12.5°C
without risks to fruit quality and it
developed symptoms of chilling injury
when stored at 2.5°C
Most of the cucurbits in India are not
stored, except pumpkin and ash gourd
and no cold storage facility is available in
this country for these vegetables.
watermelon
Maturity standards :
In water melon, maturity is judged by
taking into consideration several factors.
Dull sound when the fruit is thumped in
contrast to metallic sound.
Withering of tendril at the fruit axil
Ground spot (Where the fruit touches
the ground) turning yellow.
4. Rind of the ripe melon yields to
presume.
Cumulatively all these criteria will help to
judge the fruit for picking. Most of the
cultivars have deep pink or pink or pale
pink flesh colour with slightly reddish
tinge containing largely lycopene and
anthocyanin pigments.
The average sweetness will record around
9-10% TSS.
Post harvest management:
The cucurbits are not usually processed.
Similarly muskmelon is not generally
processed except the flesh of watermelon
is used in ice-cream in western countries.
On small scale the juice of muskmelon
flesh could be prepared; however, it has to
be consumed within short time because it
does not have any storage quality
Marketing and storage:
Especially in rainy season crops or crops
damaged by summer rains, fly attacked fruits
would be considerable which will have to be
culled out before sending to market.
Anthracnose affected fruits of watermelon
are of poor quality. Most of the cucurbits do
not stand long transportation. Watermelon is
transported in trucks without any individual
packing and are liable to bruises and damage
during transmit.
Being highly perishable, marketing of
cucurbits involve risks and losses and
hence cultivation of these vegetables are
more concentrated around metropolitan
cities.
Some far flung river bed growing supply
watermelon to the distant markets.
Watermelons require careful handling as
they are easily damaged and they cannot
be stored may then 2-3 weeks.
Pumpkin
Harvesting:
Reach maturity in about 75-180 days after
seed sowing
Better to harvest at tender stage as a
vegetable, this increases the yield
But for storage and seed extraction, it
should be harvested only after full
maturity
Fully matured fruit have to be harvested
after the skin colour has turned
completed brown from green colour and
the pedicel (fruit stalk) separates from the
vine or dried
Fully matured fruits have a long storage-
life and they can also be transported
easily to distant markets
After harvesting pumpkins, the most
important factor in preserving pumpkin
quality is storage temperature.
The ideal storage temperature is between 50°
F to 60° F.
This temperature range is usually not feasible
for most growers with a six to eight week
marketing season.
Generally, healthy, disease free, fully mature,
dry fruit can be preserved quite well with
fluctuating temperatures between 35° F and
70° F, which can be achieved in a well
ventilated shed that limits direct sun exposure
and provides frost protection.
Since pumpkins are a popular cash crop
for apple producers, it is important to
remind growers that storing pumpkins
with apples is not a good idea. Stored
apples emit ethylene gases that accelerate
the ripening process and will potential
lead to over mature pumpkins and
premature breakdown
Waxing:
By protecting against moisture loss and
contamination, wax coatings help fresh
vegetables to maintain wholesomeness
and freshness.
Waxing does not improve the quality. It
reduces respiration and transpiration
rates.
Commodities that may have coatings
applied include
cucumbers, squash,
melons, pumpkins.
Bitter gourd
Storage:
After harvesting remove all fruits affected
with insect pests or diseases and
deformed ones. The harvested fruits
cannot be kept for long time and to be
sent to market as soon as possible.
By sprinkling water over the fruits,
freshness can be maintained for sometime
in the initial stage. Fruits can be packed in
polypropylene bag for extended shelf-life.
Bottle gourd
Storage:
Fruits can be stored for 3-5 days under cool
and shady conditions
Marketing:
For local markets, fruits are kept in basket or
crate and then marketed. For export
marketing the fruits should be picked at
edible stage and then packed in polythene
pipe bags and these bags are kept in boxes of
50-100kg capacity. These boxes are then
transported to marketing areas.
Bottle gourd fruits (cv. Samrat) packed in
polyethylene bags + CFB boxes and
stored in a cool chamber (20.16-21.18°C
and 90.25-94.50% RH) had the longest
storage life (28 days).
The other consideration in harvesting of
cucurbits is the distance of the markets. Most of
the cucurbits do not stand long transportation.
In fact long or serpent melon, Indian squash or
round melon (tinda), cucumber, bottle gourd,
etc., have to be sold out in nearby urban
markets.
Ridge and
sponge gourd
Storage and marketing:
Harvesting should be done at proper
edible maturity. Grading of fruits should
be done according to size. The fruits are
packed in separate baskets. Care should
be taken that the fruits should not have
any injury during transit. The fresh and
tender fruits should reach the consumer.
Fruits harvested at the marketable stage
can be stored for 3-4 days in a cool place
without any adverse effects.
The fruits are packed in bamboo baskets
with proper padding to prevent injury in
transit. The fruits are marketed in local
and distant markets. The plastic crates are
also used for packing of fruits
By dipping in benzyladenine at 50 mg/1
fruits of ridge gourd cv. HRQ-14 could be
stored for 9 days at 0.5°C with least
physiological weight loss, lowest decay and
the best fruit quality
Ash gourd
Storage:
Ash gourd can be stored longer than any
other cucurbits
Snake gourd
Storage and marketing
:
Shelf-life
: Two days
Generally the whole fruits are packed and
then sent to the markets
squash fruits (C.
moschata)
stored at 12°C
showed no chilling injury symptoms after
20 days of storage but did not show any
increase in marketability due to
accelerated quality deterioration after 10
days in storage
Recommended storage
temperatures and RH
Different types of fruits and vegetables are grown in India due to varied agro-climatic conditions. India, being the second largest producer globally, faces significant post-harvest losses. Improper management practices such as careless harvesting, inadequate storage facilities, and processing methods contribute to these losses. Post-harvest technology plays a crucial role in reducing spoilage and maximizing crop utilization in a safe and nutritious manner. Various techniques like low-temperature preservation, chemical preservation, and thermal processing are employed to minimize losses. Maturity standards and quality characteristics in muskmelons are vital considerations for successful post-harvest handling. Understanding the ripening process of climacteric fruits like muskmelon is key to ensuring optimal quality during storage and transport.
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Post harvest methods in cucurbits G.HARIKA
Post harvest methods in cucurbits
Due to varied agro-climatic conditions, different types of fruits and vegetables are grown in India and at present India is the second largest producer of fruits and vegetables in the world. However, the huge post harvest losses to the tune of 30-40% occur every year owing to the improper post harvest management practices. The careless harvesting, improper loading and inadequate storage and processing facilities are the major factors which cause the post harvest losses in India.
Post harvest technology- importance and role The post harvest technology of vegetable crops envisages the developing of appropriate techniques to reduce post harvest losses to prevent spoilage and help utilize maximum crops, in a nutritious and safe manner. To reduce the losses, we must understand the biological and environmental factors involved in deterioration of the perishables, and secondly to use the post harvest technological procedures to achieve the same
The processing itself includes several techniques such as low temperature preservation, chemical preservation, irradiation, thermal processing, dehydration and high pressure processing and preservation by fermentation.
Muskmelon Maturity standards: The fruits when mature slip out easily from the vine with a little pressure or Jerk or if not, remain separated the next day. This is called full slip stage.
The quality characteristics in muskmelon are several and varied namely thick skin and netting suitable for long distance hauling, juicer flesh with at least 10% TSS.
Muskmelon is a climacteric fruit, which ripens during transit and storage and hence it is harvested before it is fully ripe so that it well reach the consumer at full ripe condition. More juicier the flesh the less will be the keeping quality of the whole fruit. Firmer flesh stands transport well
Post harvest management: The cucurbits are not usually processed. Similarly muskmelon is not generally processed except the flesh of muskmelon is used in ice-cream in western countries. On small scale the juice of muskmelon flesh could be prepared; however, it has to be consumed within short time because ( does not have any storage quality.
Marketing: Muskmelon especially can be hauled to the long distance metropolitan markets of Bombay (from A.P) Calcutta (from UP) and Delhi (from Rajasthan, Lucknow etc). Muskmelon transported in trucks without any individual packing and are liable to bruises and damage transit.
Storage Muskmelon (full lip stage) can be stored for 2-3 days Period of storage can be increased by lowering the storage temperature at 0 C at 80-90%RH. Muskmelon and watermelon are transported in trucks without any individual packing and are liable to bruises and damage during transit. Musk melon is sensitive to ethylene and should not be stored or shipped with ethylene producing commodities.
Cucumber Marketing : In cucumber crook neck shaped fruits produced especially at the fag end of the harvest would have less marketable value. These fruits are produced because of imperfect pollination and fertilization and also due to fly attack. Other consideration in harvesting of cucumber is the distance of the market; cucumber does not stand much to long distance transportation.
In rainy season crops or crops damaged by summer rains, fly attacked fruits would be considerable which will have to be culled out before sending to market.
In fact, cucumber has to be sold out in heavy urban markets. Cucumbers are packed in baskets and transported. Being highly perishable, marketing of cucumber involves risks and losses and hence its cultivation is concentrated around the metropolitan cities.
Storage : ' For good storage life, optimum temperature is near -10 C & RH of 85%. Cucumbers can be stored for 10-14 days Chilling Injury is a physiological storage disorder when fruits are exposed to temperature below -IO C for prolonged period. is moderately resistant
Laamin et al.(1995) reported that modified atmosphere storage of cucumbers significantly reduced weight loss, maintained fruit colour, firmness and acidity and doubled the shelf-life Ceramic film of 0.02 mm thickness was the best for maintaining fruit quality during modified atmosphere storage of cucumber. Shelf-life of about 2 weeks at 4 C has been reported by Huyskens et al. (1993) in cucumber
Cucumber fruits can be stored at 12.5C without risks to fruit quality and it developed symptoms of chilling injury when stored at 2.5 C Most of the cucurbits in India are not stored, except pumpkin and ash gourd and no cold storage facility is available in this country for these vegetables.
watermelon Maturity standards : In water melon, maturity is judged by taking into consideration several factors. Dull sound when the fruit is thumped in contrast to metallic sound. Withering of tendril at the fruit axil Ground spot (Where the fruit touches the ground) turning yellow.
4. Rind of the ripe melon yields to presume. Cumulatively all these criteria will help to judge the fruit for picking. Most of the cultivars have deep pink or pink or pale pink flesh colour with slightly reddish tinge containing largely lycopene and anthocyanin pigments. The average sweetness will record around 9-10% TSS.
Post harvest management: The cucurbits are not usually processed. Similarly muskmelon is not generally processed except the flesh of watermelon is used in ice-cream in western countries. On small scale the juice of muskmelon flesh could be prepared; however, it has to be consumed within short time because it does not have any storage quality
Marketing and storage: Especially in rainy season crops or crops damaged by summer rains, fly attacked fruits would be considerable which will have to be culled out before sending to market. Anthracnose affected fruits of watermelon are of poor quality. Most of the cucurbits do not stand long transportation. Watermelon is transported in trucks without any individual packing and are liable to bruises and damage during transmit.
Being highly perishable, marketing of cucurbits involve risks and losses and hence cultivation of these vegetables are more concentrated around metropolitan cities. Some far flung river bed growing supply watermelon to the distant markets. Watermelons require careful handling as they are easily damaged and they cannot be stored may then 2-3 weeks.
Pumpkin Harvesting: Reach maturity in about 75-180 days after seed sowing Better to harvest at tender stage as a vegetable, this increases the yield But for storage and seed extraction, it should be harvested only after full maturity
Fully matured fruit have to be harvested after the skin colour has turned completed brown from green colour and the pedicel (fruit stalk) separates from the vine or dried Fully matured fruits have a long storage- life and they can also be transported easily to distant markets
After harvesting pumpkins, the most important factor in preserving pumpkin quality is storage temperature. The ideal storage temperature is between 50 F to 60 F. This temperature range is usually not feasible for most growers with a six to eight week marketing season. Generally, healthy, disease free, fully mature, dry fruit can be preserved quite well with fluctuating temperatures between 35 F and 70 F, which can be achieved in a well ventilated shed that limits direct sun exposure and provides frost protection.
Since pumpkins are a popular cash crop for apple producers, it is important to remind growers that storing pumpkins with apples is not a good idea. Stored apples emit ethylene gases that accelerate the ripening process and will potential lead to over mature pumpkins and premature breakdown
Waxing: By protecting against moisture loss and contamination, wax coatings help fresh vegetables to maintain wholesomeness and freshness. Waxing does not improve the quality. It reduces respiration and transpiration rates. Commodities that may have coatings applied include cucumbers, squash, melons, pumpkins.
Bitter gourd Storage: After harvesting remove all fruits affected with insect pests or diseases and deformed ones. The harvested fruits cannot be kept for long time and to be sent to market as soon as possible. By sprinkling water over the fruits, freshness can be maintained for sometime in the initial stage. Fruits can be packed in polypropylene bag for extended shelf-life.
Bottle gourd Storage: Fruits can be stored for 3-5 days under cool and shady conditions Marketing: For local markets, fruits are kept in basket or crate and then marketed. For export marketing the fruits should be picked at edible stage and then packed in polythene pipe bags and these bags are kept in boxes of 50-100kg capacity. These boxes are then transported to marketing areas.
Bottle gourd fruits (cv. Samrat) packed in polyethylene bags + CFB boxes and stored in a cool chamber (20.16-21.18 C and 90.25-94.50% RH) had the longest storage life (28 days).
The other consideration in harvesting of cucurbits is the distance of the markets. Most of the cucurbits do not stand long transportation. In fact long or serpent melon, Indian squash or round melon (tinda), cucumber, bottle gourd, etc., have to be sold out in nearby urban markets.
Ridge and sponge gourd Storage and marketing: Harvesting should be done at proper edible maturity. Grading of fruits should be done according to size. The fruits are packed in separate baskets. Care should be taken that the fruits should not have any injury during transit. The fresh and tender fruits should reach the consumer.
Fruits harvested at the marketable stage can be stored for 3-4 days in a cool place without any adverse effects. The fruits are packed in bamboo baskets with proper padding to prevent injury in transit. The fruits are marketed in local and distant markets. The plastic crates are also used for packing of fruits
By dipping in benzyladenine at 50 mg/1 fruits of ridge gourd cv. HRQ-14 could be stored for 9 days at 0.5 C with least physiological weight loss, lowest decay and the best fruit quality
Ash gourd Storage: Ash gourd can be stored longer than any other cucurbits
Snake gourd Storage and marketing: Shelf-life: Two days Generally the whole fruits are packed and then sent to the markets
squash fruits (C. moschata) stored at 12C showed no chilling injury symptoms after 20 days of storage but did not show any increase in marketability due to accelerated quality deterioration after 10 days in storage
Recommended storage temperatures and RH Vegetables Temperatur e (o c) RH (%) Storage life (weeks) Bitter gourd 0.6-1.7 85-90 4 Cucumber 10.0-11.7 92 2 Pumpkin 1.7-11.6 70-75 24-36 Winter squash Watermelon 12.8-15.6 70-75 24-36 7.2-15.6 80-90 2
