Paradigms of Cognitive Psychology
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By Balaji Niwlikar
https://www.careershodh.com/
1
Cognitive psychology
–
Branch of psychology that studies mental processes including how
people think, perceive, remember, and learn. Cognitive psychology
sees the individual as a processor of information.
Term ‘cognitive psychology’ in the book
Cognitive Psychology
by
Ulric Neisser in 1967.
Paradigm
"a typical example or pattern of something; a pattern or model”.
A body of knowledge structured according to what its proponents
consider important .
It include the assumptions investigators make in studying a
phenomenon.
It specifys what kinds of experimental methods & measures are
appropriate for an investigation.
Thus
intellectual frameworks
that guide investigators in studying and
understanding phenomena.
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2
Paradigms that cognitive psychologists use in
planning and executing their research.
1.
Information Processing Approach(1960-70s)
2.
The Connectionist Approach- (1980s)
3.
The Evolutionary Approach
4.
The Ecological Approach
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3
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4
It arose in the 1940s and 1950s, after World War II (Sternberg &
Sternberg, 2012).
Goal - to understanding human thinking in relation to how they process
the same kind of information as computers (Shannon & Weaver, 1963).
Used the computer metaphor.
Dominate in 1960 & 70s.
Rooted in structuralism, in that its followers attempt to identify the basic
capacities and processes we use in cognition.
The approach treats cognition as essentially computational in nature,
with
mind
being the
software
and the
brain
being the
hardware
.
The information processing approach in psychology is closely allied to
the Computational theory of mind
in philosophy;
It is also related, though not identical, to cognitivism in psychology and
functionalism in philosophy (Horst, 2011).
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5
“boxes-and-arrows” models of cognition
In information-processing models, cognition
is typically assumed to occur
serially.
This approach focuses researchers on the
functional aspects of cognition—what kinds
of processes are used toward what ends.
information processors look to computer
science
Tools used experimental and quasi-
experimental techniques in their
investigations.
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6
Cognition can be thought as information(what we
see, hear, read ,think about ) passing through a
system.
Assumption-
Information is processed(received, stored, transferred,
retrieval,etc) in stages.
Peoples cognitive abilities=systems of interrelated capacities
(different attention spans, memory capacities, and language
skills).
people, like computers, are symbol manipulators
Goal-
To determine the stages & storage places are and how they
work.
To find the relationships between these capacities, to
explain how individuals go about performing specific
cognitive tasks.
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Information processing model: The Working
Memory-
It must pass through three stages of mental
processing; sensory memory, short-term
memory, and long-term memory.
Working Memory Model(Baddedely)-
It includes the central executive, phonologic
loop, episodic buffer , visuospatial sketchpad,
verbal information, long term memory, and
visual information (Sternberg & Sternberg,
2012)
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Cognitive development theory-
Piaget’s Cognitive
Development Theory
–
During the sensorimotor stage, newborns and
toddlers rely on their senses for information
processing to which they respond with reflexes.
The preoperational stage, children learn through
imitation and remain unable to take other people’s
point of view.
The concrete operational stage is characterized by
the developing ability to use logic and to consider
multiple factors to solve a problem.
formal operational, in which preadolescents and
adolescents begin to understand abstract concepts
and to develop the ability to create arguments and
counter argument.
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10
Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
Three different components: creative,
analytical, and practical abilities(Sternberg &
Sternberg, 2012)
He says that information processing is made
up of three different parts,
◦
Metacomponent(planning and evaluating
problems)s,
◦
performance components(follow the orders of the
metacomponents), and
◦
knowledge-acquisition components (learns how to
solve the problems).
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11
in the 1980s, as alternative
Connectionism
or
parallel-distributed processing, or
PDP
cognition as a network of connections among simple
(and usually numerous) processing units (McClelland,
1988).
=neural networks
connectionist models assume that cognitive processes
occur in
parallel.
connectionists look to cognitive neuropsychology and
cognitive neuroscience for information to help them
construct their theories and models
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12
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13
Our most significant cognitive abilities
-Ability to perceive
three-dimensional objects
correctly
and the ability to understand and produce l
anguage.
Is it easy to program these abilities in computers. ???
Like other animal minds, the human mind is a biological
system, one that has evolved over generations- laws of
natural selection. (Cosmides & Tooby, 2002; Richerson &
Boyd, 2000).
We understand a system best if we understand the
evolutionary pressures on our ancestors.
people have special-purpose mechanisms (including
cognitive mechanisms) specific to a certain context or class
of problems (Cosmides and Tooby , 2002)
Ex. grammar acquisition, mate acquisition, food aversion,
way finding
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Explaining how a system of reasoning works, they believe,
is much easier if we understand how evolutionary forces
shaped the system in certain directions rather than other
,equally valid ones.
Ex- creating and enforcing social contracts.
To do this, people must be especially good at reasoning
about costs and benefits, and be able to detect cheating in a
social exchange .
Therefore, evolutionary psychologists predict that people’s
reasoning will be especially enhanced when they are
reasoning about cheating.
The evolutionary approach centers on questions of how a
cognitive system or function has evolved over generations.
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15
Lave (1988) described the results of the Adult Math Project
as “an observational and experimental investigation of
everyday arithmetic practices”
(2x2)+ (1x3) =?
Irappa ate 4 apple & Leena ate 10 apple, How many ice
creams did the two of them have together?”
The ecological approach stresses the need to consider the
context of any cognitive process to understand more
completely how that process functions in the real world.
Overlap --psychologists+anthropologists+evolutionarist-
Focus-all cognitive activities are shaped by the culture and
by the context in which they occur.
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A major proponent of this viewpoint was
J. J. Gibson
,whose
work on perception
It influences of both the functionalist and the Gestalt schools on
the ecological approach
Functionalists - the purposes performed by cognitive processes,
Gestalt psychology’s - the context surrounding any experience is
likewise compatible with the ecological approach.
Matters -Personal experience, goals, interests, and practical daily
living
Tools-- thus this tradition relies less on laboratory experiments or
computer simulations and more on
naturalistic observation
and
field studies
to explore cognition.
The ecological approach stresses the need to consider the context
of any cognitive process to understand more completely how that
process functions in the real world.
https://www.careershodh.com/
17
Galotti,K.M.(2004).Cognitive Psychology: In
and Out of the Laboratory, Fourth Edition.
Thomson Wadsworth.
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18
Cognitive psychology, a branch of psychology, delves into mental processes like thinking, perceiving, remembering, and learning. This field views individuals as information processors, with paradigms guiding research methodologies. Key approaches include Information Processing, Connectionist, Evolutionary, and Ecological paradigms, each offering unique perspectives on cognition. Rooted in the 1960s and 70s, the Information Processing Approach likened cognition to computer functions, emphasizing computational nature and cognitive processes. Researchers employ information-processing models, focusing on the sequential nature of cognition and functional processes to understand human thinking.
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PARADIGMS OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY PARADIGMS OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY PARADIGMS OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY By Balaji Niwlikar https://www.careershodh.com/ 1
Cognitive psychology Branch of psychology that studies mental processes including how people think, perceive, remember, and learn. Cognitive psychology sees the individual as a processor of information. Term cognitive psychology in the book Cognitive Psychology by Ulric Neisser in 1967. Paradigm "a typical example or pattern of something; a pattern or model . A body of knowledge structured according to what its proponents consider important . It include the assumptions investigators make in studying a phenomenon. It specifys what kinds of experimental methods & measures are appropriate for an investigation. Thus intellectual frameworks that guide investigators in studying and understanding phenomena. https://www.careershodh.com/ 2
PARADIGMS OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY PARADIGMS OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY Paradigms that cognitive psychologists use in planning and executing their research. 1. Information Processing Approach(1960-70s) 2. The Connectionist Approach- (1980s) 3. The Evolutionary Approach 4. The Ecological Approach https://www.careershodh.com/ 3
It arose in the 1940s and 1950s, after World War II (Sternberg & Sternberg, 2012). Goal - to understanding human thinking in relation to how they process the same kind of information as computers (Shannon & Weaver, 1963). Used the computer metaphor. Dominate in 1960 & 70s. Rooted in structuralism, in that its followers attempt to identify the basic capacities and processes we use in cognition. The approach treats cognition as essentially computational in nature, with mind The information processing approach in psychology is closely allied to the Computational theory of mind in philosophy; It is also related, though not identical, to cognitivism in psychology and functionalism in philosophy (Horst, 2011). mind being the software software and the brain brain being the hardware hardware. . https://www.careershodh.com/ 5
boxes-and-arrows models of cognition In information-processing models, cognition is typically assumed to occur serially. This approach focuses researchers on the functional aspects of cognition what kinds of processes are used toward what ends. information processors look to computer science Tools used experimental and quasi- experimental techniques in their investigations. https://www.careershodh.com/ 6
Cognition can be thought as information(what we see, hear, read ,think about ) passing through a system. Assumption- Information is processed(received, stored, transferred, retrieval,etc) in stages. Peoples cognitive abilities=systems of interrelated capacities (different attention spans, memory capacities, and language skills). people, like computers, are symbol manipulators Goal- To determine the stages & storage places are and how they work. To find the relationships between these capacities, to explain how individuals go about performing specific cognitive tasks. https://www.careershodh.com/ 7
Information processing model: The Working Memory It must pass through three stages of mental processing; sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Working Memory Model(Baddedely)- It includes the central executive, phonologic loop, episodic buffer , visuospatial sketchpad, verbal information, long term memory, and visual information (Sternberg & Sternberg, 2012) Information processing model: The Working Memory- - https://www.careershodh.com/ 9
Cognitive development theory Development Theory During the sensorimotor stage, newborns and toddlers rely on their senses for information processing to which they respond with reflexes. The preoperational stage, children learn through imitation and remain unable to take other people s point of view. The concrete operational stage is characterized by the developing ability to use logic and to consider multiple factors to solve a problem. formal operational, in which preadolescents and adolescents begin to understand abstract concepts and to develop the ability to create arguments and counter argument. Cognitive development theory- - Piaget s Cognitive https://www.careershodh.com/ 10
Sternberg's Three different components: creative, analytical, and practical abilities(Sternberg & Sternberg, 2012) He says that information processing is made up of three different parts, Metacomponent(planning and evaluating problems)s, performance components(follow the orders of the metacomponents), and knowledge-acquisition components (learns how to solve the problems). Sternberg's Triarchic Triarchic Theory of Intelligence Theory of Intelligence https://www.careershodh.com/ 11
in the 1980s, as alternative Connectionism or parallel-distributed processing, or PDP cognition as a network of connections among simple (and usually numerous) processing units (McClelland, 1988).=neural networks connectionist models assume that cognitive processes occur in parallel. connectionists look to cognitive neuropsychology and cognitive neuroscience for information to help them construct their theories and models https://www.careershodh.com/ 12
Our most significant cognitive abilities -Ability to perceive three-dimensional objects correctly and the ability to understand and produce language. Is it easy to program these abilities in computers. ??? Like other animal minds, the human mind is a biological system, one that has evolved over generations- laws of natural selection. (Cosmides & Tooby, 2002; Richerson & Boyd, 2000). We understand a system best if we understand the evolutionary pressures on our ancestors. people have special-purpose mechanisms (including cognitive mechanisms) specific to a certain context or class of problems (Cosmides and Tooby , 2002) Ex. grammar acquisition, mate acquisition, food aversion, way finding https://www.careershodh.com/ 14
Explaining how a system of reasoning works, they believe, is much easier if we understand how evolutionary forces shaped the system in certain directions rather than other ,equally valid ones. Ex- creating and enforcing social contracts. To do this, people must be especially good at reasoning about costs and benefits, and be able to detect cheating in a social exchange . Therefore, evolutionary psychologists predict that people s reasoning will be especially enhanced when they are reasoning about cheating. The evolutionary approach centers on questions of how a cognitive system or function has evolved over generations. https://www.careershodh.com/ 15
Lave (1988) described the results of the Adult Math Project as an observational and experimental investigation of everyday arithmetic practices (2x2)+ (1x3) =? Irappa ate 4 apple & Leena ate 10 apple, How many ice creams did the two of them have together? The ecological approach stresses the need to consider the context of any cognitive process to understand more completely how that process functions in the real world. Overlap --psychologists+anthropologists+evolutionarist- Focus-all cognitive activities are shaped by the culture and by the context in which they occur. https://www.careershodh.com/ 16
A major proponent of this viewpoint was J. J. Gibson ,whose work on perception It influences of both the functionalist and the Gestalt schools on the ecological approach Functionalists - the purposes performed by cognitive processes, Gestalt psychology s - the context surrounding any experience is likewise compatible with the ecological approach. Matters -Personal experience, goals, interests, and practical daily living Tools-- thus this tradition relies less on laboratory experiments or computer simulations and more on naturalistic observation and field studies to explore cognition. The ecological approach stresses the need to consider the context of any cognitive process to understand more completely how that process functions in the real world. https://www.careershodh.com/ 17
Galotti,K.M.(2004).Cognitive Psychology: In and Out of the Laboratory, Fourth Edition. Thomson Wadsworth. https://www.careershodh.com/ 18
