Overview of ICU Admission and Management for Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients
There are various strains of coronavirus with Sars-cov-2 causing COVID-19. The virus is transmitted through droplets and has an incubation period of 2-14 days. Clinical features range from mild illness to critical disease with a fatality rate of 2.3-5%. Criteria for ICU admission include the need for mechanical ventilation, vasopressors, and specific respiratory parameters. Regular reassessment is crucial for categorization and management of COVID-19 patients in the ICU.
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Indications of ICU admission and ICU management of critically ill COVID 19 patients DR AVINASH AGRAWAL Prof & HOD Dept. Of critical Care Medicine, King George s Medical University, UP, Lucknow
Brief Overview There are 7 different strains of corona virus- (229E- alpha, NL63- alpha, OC43- beta, HKU1- beta, mers- cov-beta, sars-cov-beta & sars-cov-2- novel) Sars-cov-2 previously referred as 2019-ncov It is a SS RNA virus, with size 120 nm In feb 2020 who designated the disease covid-19 (corona virus disease 2019).
Transmission Mainly by droplet- cough, sneeze or talk. Droplets direct contact with mucus membrane Droplets don t travel more than 6 feet Virus persist for longer time in faeces and urine.
Clinical features Incubation period : 2- 14 days, most cases within 5 days Spectrum of illness: Most- self limiting Mild illness Severe illness 14- 15% (Dyspnea- RR 30/min, Hypoxemia- spo2 93%/pao2/fio2< 300, >50%lung involvement on imaging within 24- 48 hours) Critical disease- 4- 5% (Resp failure, Septic shock, MODS) Overall case fatality- 2.3- 5% 80- 82%
Brief Overview CATEGORIES: A Fever/ mild sore throat/ dry cough/ rhinitis/ diarrhoea B Fever and severe sore throat/ cough/ diarrhoea OR Category A plus two or more of the following Lung/Heart/Liver/kidney/neurological disease/HTN/haematological disorder/uncontrolled DM/Cancer/HIV-AIDS On long term steroids/immunosupressive drugs. Pregnant lady. Age > 60 years. OR Category A plus Cardiovascular disease C Breathlessness, chest pain, drowsiness, Hypotension, haemoptysis, cyanosis (red flag sign). Worsening underlying chronic conditions. Categorization should be reassessed ever 24- 48 hours for category A & B
Indications for ICU admission Criteria for selection and admission in ICU on the basis of diagnosis, objective or on priority basis. In covid 19 cases criteria are: Need for mechanical ventilation Need for vasopressors Respiratory rate > 30 breaths per minute Pao2 < 50 mm hg on room air/spo2 <90% on supplemental oxygen of 6lpm Confusion LeukopeniaThrombocytopenia Uraemia Multi-lobar infiltrates Hypotension requiring fluid resuscitation Hypothermia qSOFA >2 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.
Indications for ICU admission CRITERIA FOR SELECTION AND ADMISSION IN ICU CAN BE ON THE BASIS OF DIAGNOSIS, OBJECTIVE OR ON PRIORITY BASIS. In COVID 19 cases criteria are: Other indications are CURB 65
Indications for ICU admission Validated definition includes either one major criterion or three or more minor criteria Minor criteria: Respiratory rate > 30 breaths/min Pao2/FIO2 ratio < 250 Multilobar infiltrates Confusion/disorientation Uraemia (blood urea nitrogen level > 20 mg/dl) Leukopenia* (white blood cell count , 4,000 cells/ml) thrombocytopenia (platelet count , 100,000/ml) Hypothermia (core temperature , 368C) Hypotension requiring aggressive fluid resuscitation Major criteria: Septic shock with need for vasopressors Respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. i. ii.
ICU Management Initial resuscitation Screening for sepsis and performance improvement Diagnosis Antimicrobial/antiviral/ other therapy Source control Fluid therapy Vasoactive medications Corticosteroids Blood products Immunoglobulins Blood purification Anticoagulants Mechanical ventilation Sedation and analgesia Glucose control Renal replacement therapy Bicarbonate therapy Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis Stress ulcer prophylaxis Nutrition
ICU Management INITIAL RESUSCITATION: i. Sepsis and septic shock are medical emergencies, and treatment and resuscitation begin Immediately. a. Resuscitation from sepsis-induced hypo perfusion, at least 30 ml/kg of iv crystalloid fluid be given within the first 3 hours. b. Following initial fluid resuscitation, additional fluids be guided by frequent reassessment of hemodynamic status. a.
Further hemodynamic assessment (such as assessing cardiac function) to determine the type of shock if the clinical examination does not lead to a clear diagnosis. a. Dynamic over static variables be used to predict fluid responsiveness, where available. a. Initial target mean arterial pressure of 65 mm hg in patients with septic shock requiring vasopressors. a. Guiding resuscitation to normalize lactate in patients with elevated lactate levels as a marker of tissue hypo perfusion. a.
ICU Management VII. VASOACTIVE MEDICATIONS: Nor epinephrine as the first-choice vasopressor 1. Vasopressinor Epinephrine to Nor epinephrine with the intent of raising mean arterial pressure to target or decraese dose of noradrenaline 2. 3. dopamine as an alternative vasopressor agent to nor epinephrine only in highly selected patients (e.g. Patients with low risk of tachyarrhythmia and absolute or relative bradycardia). 4. Against using low-dose dopamine for renal protection. .
5. Using dobutamine in patients who show evidence of persistent hypo perfusion despite adequate fluid loading and the use of vasopressor agents 6. All patients requiring vasopressors have an arterial catheter placed as soon as practical if resources are available
ICU Management IX. BLOOD PRODUCTS: 1. RBC transfusion when Hb decreases to < 7.0 g/dl in adults except in myocardial ischemia, severe hypoxemia, or acute hemorrhage. Against treatment of anaemia associated with sepsis. the use of erythropoietin for 2. 3. Against the use of fresh frozen plasma to correct clotting abnormalities in the absence of bleeding or planned invasive procedures.
Prophylactic platelet transfusion when counts are < 10,000/mm3 (10 109/L) in the absence of apparent bleeding When counts are < 20,000/mm3 (20 109/L) if the patient has a significant risk of bleeding. Higher platelet counts ( 50,000/mm3 [50 109/L]) are advised for active bleeding, surgery, or invasive procedures.
ICU Management XIII. MECHANICAL VENTILATION: Patients on HFNC and NIV should be thoroughly monitored If worsening of respiratory conditions and need of intubation, intubation should not be delayed in such cases Invasive mechanical ventilation Initaite Mechanical ventilationuse using lung protective strategy (tidal volume 4- 8ml/kg predicted body weight). Plateau pressure goal: 30 cm h2o Check pplat (0.5 second inspiratory pause), at least every 4h and after each change in PEEP or VT. If pplat > 30 cm h2o: decrease vt by 1ml/kg steps (minimum = 4 ml/kg). Consider use of incremental fio2/peep combinations such as shown below to achieve goal
ICU Management XV. GLUCOSE CONTROL: A protocolized approach to blood glucose management in ICU patients with sepsis,commencing insulin dosing when two consecutive blood glucose levels are > 180 mg/ dl Target an upper blood glucose level 180 mg/dl rather than an upper target blood glucose level 110 mg/dl. Blood glucose values be monitored every 1 to 2 hours until glucose values and insulin infusion rates are stable, then every 4 hours thereafter in patients receiving insulin infusions. That glucose levels obtained with point-of-care testing of capillary blood be interpreted with caution because such measurements may not accurately estimate arterial blood or plasma glucose values. Use of arterial blood rather than capillary blood for point-of-care testing using glucose meters if patients have arterial catheters.
ICU Management XVIII. VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM PROPHYLAXIS: Pharmacologic prophylaxis against venous thromboembolism (VTE) in the Absence contraindications to the use of these agents LMWH rather than UFH for VTE prophylaxis In the absence of contraindications to the use of LMWH Combination pharmacologic VTE prophylaxis And mechanical prophylaxis, whenever possible Mechanical VTE prophylaxis when pharmacologic VTE is contraindicated.
ICU Management XX. NUTRITION: Against the administration of early parenteral nutrition alone or parenteral nutrition in combination with enteral feedings. 2. Early initiation of enteral feeding rather than a complete fast or only IV. 3. We suggest either early trophic/hypocaloric or early full enteral feeding in critically ill patients with sepsis or septic shock then feeds should be advanced according to patient tolerance. 4. Against the use of omega-3 fatty acids as an immune supplement. 5. Use of prokinetic agents for feeding intolerance. 6. We recommend against the use of IV selenium, Arginine, Glutamine and Carnitine.
ICU Management: General GENERAL MANAGEMENT DURING ICU STAY: F- feeding A- analgesia S- sedation T- thromboembolism prophylaxis H- head end up U- ulcer prophylaxis G- glucose control S- spontaneous breathing trial B- bowel regimen I- indwelling cathater removal D- de-escalation of antibiotics
ICU Management: General GENERAL MANAGEMENT DURING ICU STAY: A- Assess, prevent and manage pain B- Both spontaneous breathing and awakening trials C- Choice of sedation and analgesia D- Delirium assessment, prevention and management E- Early mobility and exercise F- Family communication and involvement.
ICU Management INVESTIGATIONS: BASELINE: Complete hemogram Liver funtion test Renal function test ft, Serum electrolytes Coagulation profile, Viral profile, viral markers (hbs ag, anti hcv, hiv1& 2) Baseline ECG Chest radiograph, ABG (if spo2 <94%), cxr, Total cpk, cpkmb and trop t (quantitative) in all patients. Oher specific investigations pertaining to their co morbid illness as the case may arise.
ICU Management RISK FACTORS AND PROGNOSTIC DETERMINANTS: History of co morbidities (Htn, DM, COPD, Asthma, Hemato-lymphoid cancer, Solid organ cancer, CLD, CKD, CHF,IHD, Stroke, Dementia etc.). Higher body temperatures were associated with more severe disease and higher fatality. In the wuhan cohort, the following laboratory cut offs appeared to indicate a poor prognosis lymphopenia < 2000/cu.mm Neutrophil / lymphocyte ratio >2 LDH > 245 u/l hs-cardiac troponin > 28 ng/ml Prothrombin time > 16 s Serum ferritin > 300 g/l D dimer
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation in COVID 19 Causes of cardiac arrest- 5Hs and 5 Ts 5Hs- Hypoxia, Hypovolemia, Hydrogen ion (Acidosis), Hyper/ Hypokalaemia, hypothermia 5Ts- Toxins, Tamponade (Cardiac), Tension Pneumothorax, Thrombosis (Coronary and Pulmonary), Rhythms of cardiac arrest Shockable rhythm- Pulse less VT and VF Non Shockable rhythm- Asystole and PEA Shock 200 J Biphasic Compression to ventilation ratio 30:2 Drugs Used during CPR- Adrenaline, Amiodarone, MgSO4 etc.
References: COVID 19 Guidelines- WHO COVID 19 Guidelines- Position statement ISCCM COVID 19 Guidelines- International Pulmonologist s Concensus COVID 19 Guidelines- Government of Kerala Surviving Sepsis Campaign 2016 guidelines
