Overcoming Outdated Theory in Semiarid Silviculture: A Biogeosystem Approach
1
Biogeosystem Technique as a methodology for
overcoming the outdated theory and
management principles of semiarid silviculture
1,2
Kalinichenko Valery,
2
Glinushkin Alexey,
2
Mukovoz Peter,
3
Batukaev Abdulmalik,
4
Minkina Tatiana,
4
Sushkova
Svetlana,
4
Mandzieva Saglara,
1
Zinchenko Vladimir,
5
Iljina Lyudmila,
1
Larin George,
4
Bauer Tatiana
1
Institute of Fertility of Soils of South Russia, Persianovka, Russia,
kalinitch@mail.ru
2
Russian Scientific-Research Institute of Phytopathology, Big Vyazemy, Moscow Region, Russia,
glinale@mail.ru
3
Agrotechnological Institute of Chechen State University, Grozny, Chechen Republic, Russia,
batukaevmalik@mail.ru
4
Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia,
tminkina@mail.ru
5
Southern Scientific Center of RAS, Rostov-on-Don, Russia,
iljina@ssc-ras.ru
2
Outdated theory and management principles of semiarid silviculture are to be discussed
understanding critically the larger-scale processes concerning the current level of land use,
assessing as a whole the Humankind industrial technologies suitability for geospheres.
The task is to change an outdated imitative Nature use paradigm which causes:
humic substances application to soil:
soil and water health deterioration;
waste, biosphere, climate uncertainties;
false calls for outdated technologies slight modernization;
false calls for carbon direct sequestration, and other mistakes in global elemental cycles
management;
Forests and forest lines degradation in the semiarid environment.
Technological platform of Noosphere is to be developed concerning the fact that current
multi-alternative business development model is becoming biosphere restricted.
The way out has been proposed by Aristotle. Strong very elegant say:
The “techne” is not a simple imitation, but the way for human to find a
proper niche for completion the phenomena or processes "which nature
does not bring to a finish" in her nonchalance.
Aristotle
“Ecosphere – technology” conflict
3
Forests and artificial forest lines at the climax stage are the source of greenhouse gases.
The Chernozem and Kastanozem artificial forest systems have the obvious signs of the
climatic suppression.
The adverse influence of climate on artificial forests via summer droughts is aggravated by
poor soil conditions for silviculture.
The lifespan of artificial forests reduces from typical for most tree species of 200-800 years
to short 30-60 years.
In dry steppe, the habitus and dimensions of trees are worse in comparison to natural
analogue in good conditions of development.
Now the artificial forests in semiarid and arid areas do not suit the task of carbon
sequestration, oxygen producing and climate correction. This aggravates the current
uncertainty of biosphere.
Standard outdated agronomy and soil reclamation technologies fail to prepare the soil for the
long-term successful forest growth.
The known silviculture technology fails to provide the forest soil watering, because standard
irrigation is linked to enormous water consumption, soil and landscape degradation.
4
Geophysical properties of the components of Kastanozem soil complex of
southern Russia dry steppe under the artificial forest stand belt of the 45-year after
deep digger pre-planting plowing with passive working bodies to a depth of 45 cm
in the summer vegetation period
5
For breakthrough
the fundamental shortcomings of current industrial technological
platform
we propose
a
new field of science and
technology world strategic
development
for the semiarid and arid
forestry
improvement.
–
Biogeosystem Technique
(BGT*).
We
m
ean
BGT*
as the only opportunity for further development and the way to
overcome
the large-scale calls
:
sustainable evolution of
healthy
soil, better soil conditions for humic substances,
water saving, high soil fertility,
high quality
environment –
to increase the
Biosphere
stability and semiarid silviculture sustainability.
BGT* –
interdisciplinary institutional
innovative
integrated
solutions, environmentally
and economically sound, increasing the Earth biogeochemical flux, ensuring the
synthesis of highly stable biogeosystems.
BGT* – implements a transcendental (uncommon for Nature,
non-imitating natural
processes
) technical approach to overcome the confrontation between
technological
development and
biosphere
.
BGT* is proven in practice providing the synergy of theory and experiment.
6
BGT* provides pre-planting soil processing, soil watering and fertigation (chemisation) for
proper long-term artificial forestry.
The BGT* provide regulation of the fluxes of energy, matter (including organic carbon), water
and higher biological productivity of artificial
forestry
:
intra-soil machining provides productive fine aggregate system of the 20-50 cm soil layer for
root development;
waste intra-soil dispersed recycling while intra-soil machining of the 20-50 cm soil layer
provides better soil reclamation, remediation, plant nutrition, macro- and micro elements
(including heavy metals), matter organic matter transfer and turnover in the soil continuum;
intra-soil pulse continuous-discrete plant watering reduces the transpiration rate, water
consumption of trees is less for 5-20 times, and at the same time provides increased
biological productivity of forest plantation, reversible biological sequestration of carbon.
BGT* artificial forests, forest lines, recreational forest plantations can help to reduce the
greenhouse emission, increase oxygen production, enlarge the soil carbon biological
capacity, and improve silviculture land protective and recreational function.
7
Pedosphere and water
Pedosphere is a geosphere where water operates as a major soil-biological driver.
Soil-biological and
silviculture
result of
humic substances,
precipitation and irrigation
depends on soil properties, dissolution and weathering of rocks.
Chernozems and Kastanozems of the South Russia were studied. The properties of
these soils are similar to that of the most world semiarid and arid soils. Therefore
the obtained results are appropriate for the vast
extrapolation throughout the world
.
8
Standard
tillage
technology imitates
geological weathering
Copying Nature leads to upper
soil layer
excessive
dispersion,
dead-end porosity, compaction
and heavy block structure. Soil
aggregates composition is
inappropriate for plants.
Mineral-water interfaces are
deteriorated. Efficiency of
humic substances is restricted.
No-till
technology
gives no
conditions
for roots
development
Standard soil
reclamation tillage fails
to transform the soil
aggregate system
adverse properties.
30 years after three-tier
tillage not destroyed
macro-aggregates of
20-45 cm soil illuvial
layer remain impervious
for roots
.
9
Results of uncontrolled preferential
soil solution fluxes in the profile of dry
steppe chestnut soil (Kastanozem)
10
Unstable soil biogeochemical barriers
are a consequence of the s
oil solution
calcium-carbonate equilibrium, as well
as the other chemical equilibriums.
The program ION-2 was
developed for the soil solution
composition quantitative
thermodynamic representation
considering calcium carbonate
equilibrium (CCE), association
and complexation of ions.
CCE is a driver of mobility,
transfer, cycling, and
bioavailability of carbonates,
organic matter, nutrients, and
microelements including heavy
metals.
11
Program ION-2 (fragment)
C(Ca)C(CO
3
)=S
[Ca
2+
][CO
3
2-
]=
C(Ca)γ(Ca)C(CO
3
)γ(CO
3
)=S
1
;
[Ca
2+
]
as
[CO
3
2-
]
as
=
C(Ca)γ(Ca)f
as
(Ca)C(CO
3
)γ(CO
3
)f
as
(CO
3
)=S
2
;
[Ca
2+
]
as+om
[CO
3
2-
]
as+om
=
C(Ca)γ(Ca)f
as
(Ca)C(CO
3
)γ(CO
3
)f
as
(CO
3
)f
om
(CaCO
3
)=S
3
;
f
om
(CaCO
3
) = (1 + 100·(DOM
−
0.01)
-1.4
.
12
Under intra-soil milling and intra-soil pulse continuous-discrete watering, the soil solution
equilibriums are more controllable as the soil micro-aggregate system is stable, the
quantity of corresponding discrete soil solution micro-basins to accept larger soil solution
volume is greater, and the general soil humidity is relatively low.
This decreases the soil organic matter mobility and leaching.
At the same time the association and complexation of heavy metals is increased, and their
bioavailability reduces.
Soil solution micro-basins differentiation is a source of high-quality soil solution for plants.
Biogeochemical barriers “soil – plant”, “soil – vadose zone” will become more reliable.
Humic substances functioning will be the best, providing silviculture.
The natural soil solution is oversaturated with CaCO
3
.
Accounting ion analytical concentration (S), ion activity (S
1
), ion association (S
2
), ion
association and organic matter content (S
3
) compared with the standard solubility product
S
0
(S/S
0
, S
1
/S
0
, S
2
/S
0
, S
3
/S
0
), the calculated via ION-2 oversaturation degree up to 1000
was revealed.
Oversaturation increases organic matter mobility and leaching, degradation of soil internal
surface, and causes a dangerous for plants heavy metals high bioavailability.
13
BGT* Soil improvement – intra-soil milling device and
technology. Transcendental artificial weathering not the
soil upper layer, but internal soil illuvial layer.
FS-1.3. 1976
1 – frame, 2 – hitch,
3 – topsoil layer
plow, 4 – driveline,
5 – onboard reducer,
6 – final side drive,
7 – soil inner layer
milling ripper, 8 –
support wheels.
Patent SU №353665. 1969.
Milling working body fully
immersed into the soil.
PMS-70. 1972
20-45 cm layer i
ntra-soil milling forms
soil illuvial horizon
micro- and mezo-aggregate
geophysical system structure.
The mineral-water interfaces become more controllable.
Favorable conditions for
humic substances,
rhizosphere,
plant and
tree
are
creating.
Machines were developed, field trials fulfilled.
PMS-100. 1974
14
Dubovka experimental site. PMS-70 trial, 1972.
Standard agronomy practice.
Dense gray soil illuvial horizon
impermeable for
roots.
After precipitation or irrigation,
the water front cause
excessive dissolution and
weathering of rocks, the soil
organic-mineral aggregates
system is dispersed.
Root system is expelled into
the upper soil horizon, illuvial
horizon morphons degrade.
Soil dead-end porosity is up to
99%. Conditions for
humic
substances and silviculture
are
unfavorable.
15
After intra-soil milling, the soil micro-aggregates
prevail, water penetrates the soil freely. This
provides the multilevel soil mineral-water
interfaces, promotes flocculation of the soil
particles and dissolved organic matter. Internal
soil geophysical and organic-mineral structure
surface become more stable.
The plants consume less energy and water,
simultaneously use more nutrients, sequestering
more CO
2
and releasing more ionized O
2
most
useful for CH
4
and other air pollutants oxidizing
and stability of the Earth atmosphere.
Soil microbiological process important for soil
mineral-water interfaces is optimized, C content is
increased: in 0-20 cm layer for 25%, in 20-40 cm
layer for 60%.
C and nutrients turnover is getting richer (better N
fixation from atmosphere), the biosphere and
climate system are becoming more buffered and
certain.
Best conditions for
humic substances
functioning,
and silviculture
.
36
years
after
20-45
cm layer
intra-soil
milling
40-45
cm depth
Good soil
aggregate
structure. Roots.
No signs of
illuvial horizon
restoration.
3
5
cm depth
Soil structure
is stable.
Roots.
30
cm depth
Soil structure
is stable.
Roots.
16
Soil aggregate 1-3 mm fraction content after soil processing, %
Soil aggregate 1-3 mm fraction content
after intra-soil milling at a depth of 20-40
cm was high, and now is the same.
One-time intra-soil milling of the 20-45
cm soil layer promotes good conditions
for rhizosphere development, long-term
up to 40 years
high plants productivity.
The soil evolution is stable.
Winter wheat plants, 1973:
to the left – moldboard tillage, 0-22 cm
in the middle – three-tier process PTN-
40, 0-45 cm
to the right –
intra-soil milling
PMS-70,
20-45 cm
17
17
E
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
a
l
e
f
f
e
c
t
c
o
m
p
a
r
i
s
o
n
Remontnoye
experimental site.
FS-1.3 trial, 1976
Standard methods against Kastanozem intra-soil milling. Winter wheat, 2006
In 2006 profitability of winter wheat was triple compared to standard tillage.
18
Intra-soil milling ripper PMS-260
Factory test
The drive of PMS-70, PMS-100, FS-1.3
devices was mounted inside the
passive soil ripper, so the traction
resistance of machine was too high.
Effective illuvial soil layer processing
.
Long-term mineral-water interfaces
and
humic substances
improvement.
The mills on the horizontal shaft are the
same.
New device contains a ring drive with
cutting tools on the outer edge for soil
slotting. This provides the drive free
passage. Passive traction resistance
is10 times less, power consumption is
50% less compared former technical
decisions.
19
Planting trees
method
Patent
RU
№2498550 С2
,
20.11.2013
Rotary soil milling:
1 – layer of 0-30 cm, strip of 5-7 cm;
2 – layer of 30-70 cm, strip of 60-80 cm;
3 – seedling;
4 – roots;
5 – soil surface;
6 – plants row.
Sustainable forest cultures
in urban, techno rural
landscapes.
High decorative habitus
and long-term life of trees.
The biological basis to
extrapolate the intra-soil
milling into the sphere of
silviculture
is a close
proximity of the root
system key nutrition
function of annual and
winter crops and trees.
This function is uniform for
the Plant Kingdom various
representatives.
For
silviculture
, we propose
the pre-planting
methodology by intra-soil
milling to a depth of 30–60
cm following the fact that
the tree lifespan is longer,
and their root system
spreads deeper than that
of annual and winter crops.
20
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
i
r
r
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
p
a
r
a
d
i
g
m
Irrigation consumption is 95% of freshwater global resources. Standard irrigation
water losses are 4–15 times greater than empirically determined irrigation water
need of plants.
Current outdated irrigation paradigm is imitational, gravitational, frontal, and
continuous-isotropic, and inappropriate for soil organic matter synthesis, as well as
for
humic substances
.
This paradigm is improper for silviculture.
Reasons for the new developments in the field of plant water supply are obvious.
In the world
–
up to
50 000
m
3
/га
per
year
.
USA
Water consumption
up to
6
ft per year
Water consumption for
irrigation,
m
3
/
ha per year
.
21
21
Drip irrigation
Water consumption is up to
12 000
m
3
/
ha
Drip irrigation (or subsoil drip
irrigation) causes profile and
lateral water loss due to
emitter water discharge
deviation, soil local over-
moistening and dispersion,
and soil and vadose zone
water preferential flows
.
Result: loss of soil quality, loss
of fertilizes and nutrients
.
Current simulating
gravitational frontal
continuous-isotropic
irrigation paradigm is
environmentally
dangerous, and not only in
itself, but in focus of
uncontrolled mineral-water
interfaces.
22
This is not a beneficial reuse.
Loss of water.
Leaching of nutrients.
Bad quality of reused water.
Spoiled C, nutrients,
humic
substances
.
Soil and landscape bad health.
Changing Paradigm in Irrigation
Water Management!
And where are you seeing a change?
Extremes – or desert, or swamp.
23
The combination of a water supply phase to the soil and a phase of water spreading into the
soil we call the
“s
ystemic hydrological defect of biosphere”.
Current irrigation paradigm is based on imitation of natural rain, drip, surface or subsurface
water fluxes to soil. This systemic disadvantage simultaneously reproduces other natural
hydrological process features – soil over-moistening, preferential water fluxes through the
soil to vadose zone and saturation zone, uncontrolled
mineral-water interfaces,
biogeochemical process violations, weakened biogeochemical barriers for contaminants, and
landscape waterlogging.
At irrigation, including
greenhouse production industry
, the goal soil water potential (FC
−0.033 MPa) corresponds to the high soil moisture. This soil water content is excessive for
most plant species growth, as well as for the subsequent production quality and human
health.
This is a state of potential transpiration – plant stomatal apparatus is fully opened.
Soil solution is extremely diluted, plants are forced to pump out the excess water.
Soil water-mineral interfaces are ruined, soil aggregates become dispersed. So the high soil
moisture is to be maintained, otherwise a poor soil structure aggregates system will limit the
plant growth which monotonously declines as the soil water potential decreases (
blue curve
).
Results: excessive evaporation and transpiration, irreversible water loss via soil and vadose
zone preferential water flows. HMs free transfer from diluted soil solution to the plant tissue,
and bad environmental quality of production.
H
umic substances,
soil and landscape
degradation.
24
W
ilting
Stomatal regulation
of transpiration
P
– thermodynamic water potential, bar
Relative transpiration
(Т
r
/Т
r
0
)
Stomatal apparatus is
fully open
Transpiration e
xcess
Hydraulic
conductivity,
cm/day
Т
r
/Т
r
0
Do not drown a plant
25
BGT* Intra-soil pulse continuous-discrete paradigm of watering.
Transcendental
dividing a
phase
of
water supply to the soil and a phase of water spreading
throughout the soil
.
On the first
supply
stage t
0
-t
5
water is injected by syringe 1 into the soil humidification cylinder 2 of
1.5–2.5 cm diameter at a depth from 10 to 35 cm. On the second
spreading
stage
i
n 5–10 min after
injection the water redistributes via capillary, film and vapor transfer. An ambient soil carcass is dry
and mechanically stable. This provides quick aggregation of hydrodynamically disturbed soil zones
and effective stable multilevel mineral-water interfaces. Resulting matrix soil water potential is of −0.2
MPa. Soil solution concentration is optimal for plant nutrition. Stomatal apparatus of plants operates
in regulation mode providing saving water, and CO
2
fertigation. HMs are passivated in soil. Higher
plant pathogen resistance. The plants biological productivity is high (
r
ed curve
)
.
Water consumption is reduced for 5-20
times.
Resource and energy economy
– 10-
30
times
.
Biotechnology
,
mechatronics, robotics
.
Water is supplied precisely into individual
soil volume without transition through the
soil continuum providing the b
est
conditions for
humic substances
, soil
biota and soil health,
and silviculture
.
26
Stomatal regulation
of transpiration
P
– thermodynamic water potential, bar
Relative transpiration
(Т
r
/Т
r
0
)
Stomatal apparatus is
fully open
Transpiration e
xcess
Hydraulic
conductivity,
cm/day
Highest Biomass growth
rate of xerophyte plants
L
e
s
s
w
a
t
e
r
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
t
i
o
n
r
a
t
e
Т
r
/Т
r
0
W
ilting
27
No signs of soil dispersion a
t
intra-soil pulse continuous-
discrete watering
.
Spring barley seedlings are in
optimal condition.
Standard irrigation
At standard irrigation
the signs of soil dispersion
are
obvious – cracks
, crusts, subsidence, and deformation of
soil carcass.
The
spring barley seedlings are weakened.
Intra-soil pulse continuous-discrete watering
28
W
a
t
e
r
s
c
a
r
c
i
t
y
a
n
d
s
o
i
l
d
e
g
r
a
d
a
t
i
o
n
a
r
e
c
l
o
s
e
l
y
l
i
n
k
e
d
t
o
o
t
h
e
r
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
s
In result of standard concentrated waste utilization on land, in upper soil, in subsoil,
into geological deposits, into the sea or elsewhere the hazardous substances and
infections are spreading by air, surface, subsurface, ground water, and biologically.
Concentrated waste metamorphism gives the new more perilous substances.
Useable nutrient, soil structuring substances and
humic substances
are wastefully
lost in vain. These substances are useful for agriculture and
silviculture
.
Rostov Region
Bird droppings in the open storage.
Poor veterinary and medical sanitary
quality of environment.
C loss.
Florida
Phosphogypsum stack
Other waste – situation
is the same.
29
Awful mistake of C sequestration via
burying
Biochar is placed to sub
soil layer
without mixing with soil.
The aim is to exclude C biological
availability and C involvement into
the soil microbiological process,
reduce the C return to atmosphere
and biosphere
.
Subsoil manuring
Substance is su
pplied through
the channel inside the ripper
to
the bottom of the slit.
No
mixing with soil.
Attempts to use the soil
30
Utilization of liquid waste
using irrigation equipment
(surface, sprinkler, drip)
gives the same adverse
result.
Standard surface waste utilization causes concentrated contamination and
infection of environment. The soil dead-end porosity rises, soil internal surface
degrades, as well as the mineral-water interfaces and
humic substances
.
31
Standard incineration, a
erobic
composting
strain air, soil, and
water quality and health.
Vienna
.
The Spittelau incineration
plant
.
Dioxins
, NO
x
etc.
D
esign
:
Friedensreich Hundertwasser
The
“
Baltika
”
project
www.eco.sznii.ru/booklet.pdf
The Baltic Sea is polluted, so:
“Mix manure with earth by bulldozers“ –
the best way to absorb organic
pollutants”.
Waste recycling technologies in a framework of outdated
industrial ideas are dangerous.
32
W
a
s
t
e
d
o
e
s
n
o
t
e
x
i
s
t
The unique Earth’s substances are used incorrectly and in result of Humankind's carelessness
are withdrawn from ecosphere process.
The task is to shorten the biogeochemical cycle feedback, to return the so called waste into
biosphere and improve conditions for
humic substances
. This will provide plants and
trees
growth.
The simplest model:
Should the turnover (return) rate of the same waste amount (speaking properly – substance)
be 10 fold faster, the capacity of biosphere will be 10 times greater.
Forests and swamps are assessed as the global C sinks. But this function is substituted by C
emission on the climax stage.
The fate of C in litterfall (Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory study) in the South facing deciduous
forest was as follows: 14.3% was lost as leaching of dissolved organic C, 2.2% was lost as
downward fine particulate matter flux from the bottom of the forest floor, 78.2% was
mineralized (by mass balance), leaving only 5.4% of foliar litter after 13 years of
decomposition.
The current annual C loss is high even in the mountain not degrading mature forests a long
before their climax stage. This loss in the steppe environment forest, of course, is much
higher.
The forest C turnover is to be controlled artificially to exclude uncontrolled degradation and C
excess to atmosphere.
33
BGT* provides tree increased life span and higher wood gain. This makes forest recreational
potential higher and long-term. C reversible biological sequestration is provided in
aboveground and underground biomass. Ionized O
2
production and oxidation atmosphere
potential are higher. Extended timber production is possible. More gas product can be
obtained from mature tree biomass and timber waste. Nutrient turnover become richer. This is
important both for the forest ecosystem and urban systems. The urban system life potential is
degrading now in the absence of reliable intra-quarter recreational potential of
trees, forest
massives and forest lines
.
I
n
B
G
T
*
f
o
c
u
s
,
t
h
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
C
a
n
d
o
t
h
e
r
f
o
s
s
i
l
c
h
e
m
i
c
a
l
e
l
e
m
e
n
t
s
b
i
o
s
p
h
e
r
e
e
x
c
e
s
s
i
s
a
p
o
s
i
t
i
v
e
c
i
r
c
u
m
s
t
a
n
c
e
.
This is linked to the forest C turnover, and forest circulation.
On the basis of BGT* methodology the soils will become the
soil-biological
chemical reactor with
stable well developed organic
mineral-water interfaces
for environmentally safe
biological matter additional amount producing.
34
1 – frame, 2 – drive, 3 – disk,
4 – rotor milling ripper, 5 – pulp feeding channel, 6 –distributing
ramp, 7 – pulp channel in a ramp, 8 - nozzle.
Organic and mineral
substances of any nature
for recycling:
industrial, agricultural,
household,
hazardous
biological wastes (including
slaughterhouse waste),
amendments, pollutants,
high carbon biochar,
carbon free biochar (a a
reverse gas flow
organic
waste gasification product
),
humic substances
and
other.
BGT* Intra-soil applying of substance in the course of intra-soil milling.
Transcendental excluding a phase of matter surface supply to the soil, and direct
supply of matter to illuvial soil horizon for better soil organic-mineral-water
interfaces providing and priority conditions for
humic substances and trees
.
The soil milling device is the same, the disc 2 is provided with channel 5, ramp 6 – with
channel 7 and
nozzles
8
for feeding substance in loose, granular or liquid form into
processing soil layer.
For improved delivery reliability and increased supplied substance flow rate, the use of a
pulsed pneumatic transportation is provided.
35
C containing waste recycling
2 – reverse gas flow gasifier; 6 – gas purifier (
in
carbon free biochar)
; 9 – buffer of
carbon free biochar
; 28 – buffer of flying ash; 29 – buffer of syngas; 11-26 – intra-
soil recycling system of
carbon free biochar
; 20 – rotor intra-soil milling ripper.
36
BGT* Intra-soil pulse continuous-discrete fertigation
chemigation
device
1 - electrical supply unit
2 - chassis
3 - control unit
4 –water and matter supply unit
5 - drive
6 - axis
7 - syringe element
8 - flexible coupling with central channel
9 - retractable sliding syringe
Mechatronics, robotics
institutional technical
solution for silviculture
Instead of water system eutrophication.
Instead of wastewater excessive cleaning
via reverse osmosis.
Breaking the trophic chains of pathogen
spread provides a high medical and
veterinary sanitary safety of environment.
Soil micro-biota is much more resistant to
pollution (even to white phosphorus)
compared to higher organisms, and
transforms pollutants to nutrients or
insoluble forms of chemical compounds.
37
The BGT* methods reduce the loss of organic matter from soil to vadoze zone and
atmosphere; reduce greenhouse emission from soil and forest, and improve agro-
ecological environment.
Apply of the BGT* methods to the dry steppe Chernozem and Kastanozem artificial
forest systems will increase the artificial forests oxygen and biomass production,
prolong forest lifespan, improve the silviculture land protective function, and
mitigate climate change.
BGT* robotic systems will be of low energy and material consumption, will improve
forestry, agriculture, reduce the biosphere and climate uncertainty, insure the
recreational appearance of forest, make the life attractive.
Chernozem and Kastanozem long-term Russian steppe terrain
silviculture
system:
intra-soil 20-50 cm milling;
waste intra-soil dispersed recycling while intra-soil 20-50 cm machining,
intra-soil pulse continuous-discrete plant watering;
Higher artificial forest biological productivity, reversible carbon biological
sequestration, soil fertility, human and soil health.
38
Concluding remarks on BGT
*
possibilities for
silviculture
:
In BGT* case, the standard remote soil sensing system, as well as the models of soil
water content and transfer, xerotization, yield, climate dynamics require a cardinal
revision.
On the contrary, the new experiments and models of surface, mineralogical
phenomena, discrete soil matter transfer are possible.
An opportunity appears to study the more developed soil inner surface structure, as
well as the corresponding mineralogical composition conversion, and organic and
mineral-water interfaces caused by the BGT* soil evolution vector.
BGT* is a long-term research base to elucidate the new multilevel organic and mineral-
water interfaces dynamics, pollutants conversion to insoluble forms – a certain
(
sought-for)
fate of contaminants.
BGT* methodology helps to achieve the soil interfacial phenomena better
understanding, ensures soil processes,
humic substances
predictable dynamics.
The new water paradigm (water strategy) gives a higher level Synergy between
Theory & Experiment in irrigation and other applications of water use and water
regime.
39
We propose the BGT* methodology as a development basis for the new
environmentally safe robotic high level chemical engineering for soil, water, and
humic substances
.
BGT* new water strategy mitigates greenhouse effect reducing transpiration rate.
BGT* is linked to the sea water desalination problem.
BGT* is promising for silviculture – important two level recreational system.
There are many other possibilities for BGT* implementation as an alternative
method to enhance the efficiency of policy makers and managers in Noosphere:
mitigate the impact of water scarcity on food security and food safety, extend
reproduction of soil, water, and environment health, high level stability of Biosphere
and Climate.
For ending the presentation – again a few words about the technology & biosphere
co-evolution
:
W
e
t
r
y
t
o
p
r
o
m
o
t
e
t
h
e
B
G
T
*
a
s
a
n
e
w
n
i
c
h
e
f
o
r
h
a
r
m
o
n
y
w
h
i
c
h
A
r
i
s
t
o
t
l
e
h
a
s
c
a
l
l
e
d
u
s
t
o
.
Final keynote is as follows:
We offer the BGT* approach as a framework of the future
International Partnership
– Russia scientific and technical project. It will be a contribution of leading countries
to development of the world level nature-based technologies.
40
Everywhere in the world the soils are degraded as well as the soil mineral-
water interfaces.
For many years, the world water scarcity was obvious, the waste disposal
problem was acute.
T
h
e
r
e
i
s
a
s
t
r
o
n
g
n
e
e
d
t
o
a
c
c
e
p
t
t
h
e
B
G
T
*
p
a
r
a
d
i
g
m
.
Biosphere has no alternative, and this fact has to become a BGT* basis of the
future world business strategic development model, and
silviculture relevance
.
The BGT* reduces the organic matter loss from soil into vadoze zone and
atmosphere; reduce greenhouse emission from soil and forest, and improve the
agro-ecological environment. Apply of the BGT* methods to the dry steppe
Chernozem and Kastanozem artificial forest systems will increase the artificial
forests oxygen and biomas production, prolong forest lifespan, improve the
silviculture land protection function, and mitigate climate change.
BGT* robotic systems will be of low energy and material consumption, will improve
forestry, agriculture, reduce the biosphere and climate uncertainty, insure the
recreational appearance of forest, make the life attractive.
41
Vernadsky Award, 2008
Reason to accept our point of view
Research, patents and applied results
acknowledgement:
Golden medal of VDNKh (Exhibition of
Achievements of the National Economy of the
USSR), 1975;
Silver medal of VDNKh, 1976;
Bronze medal of VDNKh, 1977 and 1986;
Vernadsky Award, 2008;
Golden medal of X Moscow International
Saloon of Innovation and Investment, 2010;
Golden medal of All-Russia Exhibition
Center (Exhibition “Golden Autumn”), 2010;
Two Silver medal of All-Russia Exhibition
Center (Exhibition “Golden Autumn”), 2010;
Bronze medal of All-Russia Exhibition
Center (Exhibition “Golden Autumn”), 2010;
Diploma of IX Investment Economical
Summit, Sochy, 2010;
Diploma of High Technology Exhibition,
Rostov-on-Don, 2010.
42
http://ejournal33.com
http://ejournal19.com
http://ejournal51.com
Academic Publishing House Researcher s.r.o.
http://aphrsro.net/
43
Colleagues
Valery P. Kalinitchenko
(right)
Thank you for your kind attention
Discussion on outdated theory and management principles in semiarid silviculture, focusing on assessing land use, industrial technologies suitability, and developing a technological platform for sustainable forest growth. Highlighting challenges faced by artificial forests in semiarid environments and proposing solutions for long-term success in forest development.
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1,2Kalinichenko Valery, 2Glinushkin Alexey, 2Mukovoz Peter, 3Batukaev Abdulmalik, 4Minkina Tatiana, 4Sushkova Svetlana, 4Mandzieva Saglara, 1Zinchenko Vladimir, 5Iljina Lyudmila, 1Larin George, 4Bauer Tatiana 1Institute of Fertility of Soils of South Russia, Persianovka, Russia, kalinitch@mail.ru 2Russian Scientific-Research Institute of Phytopathology, Big Vyazemy, Moscow Region, Russia, glinale@mail.ru 3Agrotechnological Institute of Chechen State University, Grozny, Chechen Republic, Russia, batukaevmalik@mail.ru 4Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia, tminkina@mail.ru 5Southern Scientific Center of RAS, Rostov-on-Don, Russia, iljina@ssc-ras.ru Biogeosystem Technique as a methodology for overcoming the outdated theory and management principles of semiarid silviculture 1
Outdated theory and management principles of semiarid silviculture are to be discussed understanding critically the larger-scale processes concerning the current level of land use, assessing as a whole the Humankind industrial technologies suitability for geospheres. Ecosphere technology conflict The task is to change an outdated imitative Nature use paradigm which causes: humic substances application to soil: soil and water health deterioration; waste, biosphere, climate uncertainties; false calls for outdated technologies slight modernization; false calls for carbon direct sequestration, and other mistakes in global elemental cycles management; Forests and forest lines degradation in the semiarid environment. Technological platform of Noosphere is to be developed concerning the fact that current multi-alternative business development model is becoming biosphere restricted. The way out has been proposed by Aristotle. Strong very elegant say: The techne is not a simple imitation, but the way for human to find a proper niche for completion the phenomena or processes "which nature does not bring to a finish" in her nonchalance. Aristotle 2
Forests and artificial forest lines at the climax stage are the source of greenhouse gases. The Chernozem and Kastanozem artificial forest systems have the obvious signs of the climatic suppression. The adverse influence of climate on artificial forests via summer droughts is aggravated by poor soil conditions for silviculture. The lifespan of artificial forests reduces from typical for most tree species of 200-800 years to short 30-60 years. In dry steppe, the habitus and dimensions of trees are worse in comparison to natural analogue in good conditions of development. Now the artificial forests in semiarid and arid areas do not suit the task of carbon sequestration, oxygen producing and climate correction. This aggravates the current uncertainty of biosphere. Standard outdated agronomy and soil reclamation technologies fail to prepare the soil for the long-term successful forest growth. The known silviculture technology fails to provide the forest soil watering, because standard irrigation is linked to enormous water consumption, soil and landscape degradation. 3
Geophysical properties of the components of Kastanozem soil complex of southern Russia dry steppe under the artificial forest stand belt of the 45-year after deep digger pre-planting plowing with passive working bodies to a depth of 45 cm in the summer vegetation period The number of tree roots D > 0.5 cm, pcs cross the plot of 20 cm2in soil profile Matric water potential, MPa Soil Density, t m-3 Hardness, psi Depth, cm aggregate > 5 cm, % Salic Solonetz under the forest belt 0 5 (forest litter) 5 20 20 40 40 60 60 80 80 100 0.30 20 0 1 0.2 1.34 1.42 1.57 1.66 1.74 300 400 590 810 1010 25 35 n.d. n.d. n.d. 4 3 1 0 0 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.9 4
For breakthrough the fundamental shortcomings of current industrial technological platform we propose a new field of science and technology world strategic development for the semiarid and arid forestry improvement. Biogeosystem Technique (BGT*). We mean BGT* as the only opportunity for further development and the way to overcome the large-scale calls: sustainable evolution of healthy soil, better soil conditions for humic substances, water saving, high soil fertility, high quality environment to increase the Biosphere stability and semiarid silviculture sustainability. BGT* interdisciplinary institutional innovative integrated solutions, environmentally and economically sound, increasing the Earth biogeochemical flux, ensuring the synthesis of highly stable biogeosystems. BGT* implements a transcendental (uncommon for Nature, non-imitating natural processes) technical approach to overcome the confrontation between technological development and biosphere. BGT* is proven in practice providing the synergy of theory and experiment. 5
BGT* provides pre-planting soil processing, soil watering and fertigation (chemisation) for proper long-term artificial forestry. The BGT* provide regulation of the fluxes of energy, matter (including organic carbon), water and higher biological productivity of artificial forestry: intra-soil machining provides productive fine aggregate system of the 20-50 cm soil layer for root development; waste intra-soil dispersed recycling while intra-soil machining of the 20-50 cm soil layer provides better soil reclamation, remediation, plant nutrition, macro- and micro elements (including heavy metals), matter organic matter transfer and turnover in the soil continuum; intra-soil pulse continuous-discrete plant watering reduces the transpiration rate, water consumption of trees is less for 5-20 times, and at the same time provides increased biological productivity of forest plantation, reversible biological sequestration of carbon. BGT* artificial forests, forest lines, recreational forest plantations can help to reduce the greenhouse emission, increase oxygen production, enlarge the soil carbon biological capacity, and improve silviculture land protective and recreational function. 6
Pedosphere and water Pedosphere is a geosphere where water operates as a major soil-biological driver. Soil-biological and silviculture result of humic substances, precipitation and irrigation depends on soil properties, dissolution and weathering of rocks. Chernozems and Kastanozems of the South Russia were studied. The properties of these soils are similar to that of the most world semiarid and arid soils. Therefore the obtained results are appropriate for the vast extrapolation throughout the world. 7
Copying Nature leads to upper soil layer excessive dispersion, dead-end porosity, compaction and heavy block structure. Soil aggregates composition is inappropriate for plants. Mineral-water interfaces are deteriorated. Efficiency of humic substances is restricted. Standard tillage technology imitates geological weathering No-till technology gives no conditions for roots development Standard soil reclamation tillage fails to transform the soil aggregate system adverse properties. 30 years after three-tier tillage not destroyed macro-aggregates of 20-45 cm soil illuvial layer remain impervious for roots. 8
Results of uncontrolled preferential soil solution fluxes in the profile of dry steppe chestnut soil (Kastanozem) 9
Unstable soil biogeochemical barriers are a consequence of the soil solution calcium-carbonate equilibrium, as well as the other chemical equilibriums. The program ION-2 was developed for the soil solution composition quantitative thermodynamic representation considering calcium carbonate equilibrium (CCE), association and complexation of ions. CCE is a driver of mobility, transfer, cycling, and bioavailability of carbonates, organic matter, nutrients, and microelements including heavy metals. 10
Program ION-2 (fragment) + + + 2 2 3 2 Ca CO Ca HCO SO 2 3 2 4 CO MgCO 3 = = 3 K ; K + = + + + 2 2 Ca Ca 1 CaCO CaHCO + 0 3 CaCO CaHCO K K K 3 3 3 CaCO CaHCO CaSO 3 3 4 + 2 2 4 Ca SO + SO 2 3 2 4 CO HCO = ; K 3 + = + + + 2 2 Mg Mg 1 CaSO 0 4 CaSO 4 K K K MgCO MgHCO MgSO 3 3 4 + + 2 2 3 2 2 3 Mg CO Mg HCO + SO 2 3 2 4 CO = = K ; K ; + = + + Na Na 1 MgCO MgHCO + 0 3 MgCO MgHCO 3 3 K K 3 NaCO NaSO 3 4 + 2 2 4 Mg SO = + + + 2 2 K Ca Mg Na MgSO = + + + 2 3 2 3 0 4 CO CO 1 MgSO 4 K K K CaCO MgCO NaCO 3 3 3 + + 2 3 2 4 Na CO Na SO + + 2 2 Ca K Mg K = = K ; K . = + + CO HCO 1 NaCO NaSO NaCO NaSO 3 4 3 3 3 4 CaHCO MgHCO 3 3 * I + + + 2 2 Ca Mg Na = 2 * lg 0,2 y z I SO = + + + 2 4 2 4 SO 1 K K K + * 1 I CaSO MgSO NaSO 4 4 4 2 2 2 3 2 3 2 4 CO K CO K HCO K SO K Cl K OH K OH K ) ( = 1 k + C C , 3 = + + + + + + k ME asME ME asPb PbCO Pb(CO ) PbHCO PbSO PbCl PbOH Pb(OH) 3 3 2 3 4 2 C(Ca)C(CO3)=S [Ca2+][CO32-]=C(Ca) (Ca)C(CO3) (CO3)=S1; [Ca2+]as[CO32-]as=C(Ca) (Ca)fas(Ca)C(CO3) (CO3)fas(CO3)=S2; [Ca2+]as+om[CO32-]as+om=C(Ca) (Ca)fas(Ca)C(CO3) (CO3)fas(CO3)fom(CaCO3)=S3; fom(CaCO3) = (1 + 100 (DOM 0.01)-1.4. 11
The natural soil solution is oversaturated with CaCO3. Accounting ion analytical concentration (S), ion activity (S1), ion association (S2), ion association and organic matter content (S3) compared with the standard solubility product S0(S/S0, S1/S0, S2/S0, S3/S0), the calculated via ION-2 oversaturation degree up to 1000 was revealed. Oversaturation increases organic matter mobility and leaching, degradation of soil internal surface, and causes a dangerous for plants heavy metals high bioavailability. Under intra-soil milling and intra-soil pulse continuous-discrete watering, the soil solution equilibriums are more controllable as the soil micro-aggregate system is stable, the quantity of corresponding discrete soil solution micro-basins to accept larger soil solution volume is greater, and the general soil humidity is relatively low. This decreases the soil organic matter mobility and leaching. At the same time the association and complexation of heavy metals is increased, and their bioavailability reduces. Soil solution micro-basins differentiation is a source of high-quality soil solution for plants. Biogeochemical barriers soil plant , soil vadose zone will become more reliable. Humic substances functioning will be the best, providing silviculture. 12
BGT* Soil improvement intra-soil milling device and technology. Transcendental artificial weathering not the soil upper layer, but internal soil illuvial layer. 20-45 cm layer intra-soil milling forms soil illuvial horizon micro- and mezo-aggregate geophysical system structure. The mineral-water interfaces become more controllable. Favorable conditions for humic substances, rhizosphere, plant and tree are creating. Machines were developed, field trials fulfilled. Patent SU 353665. 1969. Milling working body fully immersed into the soil. PMS-70. 1972 FS-1.3. 1976 1 frame, 2 hitch, 3 topsoil layer plow, 4 driveline, 5 onboard reducer, 6 final side drive, 7 soil inner layer milling ripper, 8 support wheels. PMS-100. 1974 13
Dubovka experimental site. PMS-70 trial, 1972. After precipitation or irrigation, the water front cause excessive dissolution and weathering of rocks, the soil organic-mineral aggregates system is dispersed. Root system is expelled into the upper soil horizon, illuvial horizon morphons degrade. Soil dead-end porosity is up to 99%. Conditions for humic substances and silviculture are unfavorable. Standard agronomy practice. Dense gray soil illuvial horizon impermeable for roots. 14
After intra-soil milling, the soil micro-aggregates prevail, water penetrates the soil freely. This provides the multilevel soil mineral-water interfaces, promotes flocculation of the soil particles and dissolved organic matter. Internal soil geophysical and organic-mineral structure surface become more stable. The plants consume less energy and water, simultaneously use more nutrients, sequestering more CO2and releasing more ionized O2most useful for CH4and other air pollutants oxidizing and stability of the Earth atmosphere. Soil microbiological process important for soil mineral-water interfaces is optimized, C content is increased: in 0-20 cm layer for 25%, in 20-40 cm layer for 60%. 36 years after 20-45 cm layer intra-soil milling 30 cm depth Soil structure is stable. Roots. 35 cm depth Soil structure is stable. Roots. C and nutrients turnover is getting richer (better N fixation from atmosphere), the biosphere and climate system are becoming more buffered and certain. 40-45 cm depth Good soil aggregate structure. Roots. No signs of illuvial horizon restoration. Best conditions for humic substances functioning, and silviculture. 15
Soil aggregate 1-3 mm fraction content after soil processing, % Depth of sampling, cm Soil before plowing Moldboard tillage, 0-22 cm (standard) PTN-40 three-tier plowing, 0-45 cm PMS-70 intra-soil milling, 20-45 cm 0 20 8,2 14,4 15,9 18,2 20 40 21,3 17,1 20,8 39,6 Soil aggregate 1-3 mm fraction content after intra-soil milling at a depth of 20-40 cm was high, and now is the same. One-time intra-soil milling of the 20-45 cm soil layer promotes good conditions for rhizosphere development, long-term up to 40 years high plants productivity. The soil evolution is stable. Winter wheat plants, 1973: to the left moldboard tillage, 0-22 cm in the middle three-tier process PTN- 40, 0-45 cm to the right intra-soil milling PMS-70, 20-45 cm 16
Economical effect comparison Remontnoye experimental site. FS-1.3 trial, 1976 Standard methods against Kastanozem intra-soil milling. Winter wheat, 2006 Unit Standard tillage, 0-22 cm Three-tier tillage, 0-45 cm 20-45 cm layer intra-soil milling Productivity, 2006, t/ha Yield increase, % Effective process Validity, years Incurred expenses for soil amelioration, in Ratio Depreciation of the equipment, in Ratio Total expenses, in Ratio Profitability, % 4,14 5,12 23,7 6,58 58,9 0 10 30 0 1 3 0 1 2 1 1.3 1.1 57,1 22,4 22,9 In 2006 profitability of winter wheat was triple compared to standard tillage. 17 17
Intra-soil milling ripper PMS-260 Factory test The drive of PMS-70, PMS-100, FS-1.3 devices was mounted inside the passive soil ripper, so the traction resistance of machine was too high. The mills on the horizontal shaft are the same. New device contains a ring drive with cutting tools on the outer edge for soil slotting. This provides the drive free passage. Passive traction resistance is10 times less, power consumption is 50% less compared former technical decisions. Effective illuvial soil layer processing. Long-term mineral-water interfaces and humic substances improvement. 18
Planting trees method The biological basis to extrapolate the intra-soil milling into the sphere of silviculture is a close proximity of the root system key nutrition function of annual and winter crops and trees. This function is uniform for the Plant Kingdom various representatives. Patent RU 2498550 2, 20.11.2013 For silviculture, we propose the pre-planting methodology by intra-soil milling to a depth of 30 60 cm following the fact that the tree lifespan is longer, and their root system spreads deeper than that of annual and winter crops. Rotary soil milling: 1 layer of 0-30 cm, strip of 5-7 cm; 2 layer of 30-70 cm, strip of 60-80 cm; 3 seedling; 4 roots; 5 soil surface; 6 plants row. Sustainable forest cultures in urban, techno rural landscapes. High decorative habitus and long-term life of trees. 19
Current irrigation paradigm Irrigation consumption is 95% of freshwater global resources. Standard irrigation water losses are 4 15 times greater than empirically determined irrigation water need of plants. Current outdated irrigation paradigm is imitational, gravitational, frontal, and continuous-isotropic, and inappropriate for soil organic matter synthesis, as well as for humic substances. This paradigm is improper for silviculture. Reasons for the new developments in the field of plant water supply are obvious. Water consumption for irrigation, m3/ha per year. In the world up to 50 000 m3/ per year. USA Water consumption up to 6 ft per year 20
Drip irrigation Water consumption is up to 12 000 m3/ha Drip irrigation (or subsoil drip irrigation) causes profile and lateral water loss due to emitter water discharge deviation, soil local over- moistening and dispersion, and soil and vadose zone water preferential flows. Result: loss of soil quality, loss of fertilizes and nutrients. Current simulating gravitational frontal continuous-isotropic irrigation paradigm is environmentally dangerous, and not only in itself, but in focus of uncontrolled mineral-water interfaces. 21 21
Changing Paradigm in Irrigation Water Management! And where are you seeing a change? Extremes or desert, or swamp. This is not a beneficial reuse. Loss of water. Leaching of nutrients. Bad quality of reused water. Spoiled C, nutrients, humic substances. Soil and landscape bad health. 22
The combination of a water supply phase to the soil and a phase of water spreading into the soil we call the systemic hydrological defect of biosphere . Current irrigation paradigm is based on imitation of natural rain, drip, surface or subsurface water fluxes to soil. This systemic disadvantage simultaneously reproduces other natural hydrological process features soil over-moistening, preferential water fluxes through the soil to vadose zone and saturation zone, uncontrolled mineral-water interfaces, biogeochemical process violations, weakened biogeochemical barriers for contaminants, and landscape waterlogging. At irrigation, including greenhouse production industry, the goal soil water potential (FC 0.033 MPa) corresponds to the high soil moisture. This soil water content is excessive for most plant species growth, as well as for the subsequent production quality and human health. This is a state of potential transpiration plant stomatal apparatus is fully opened. Soil solution is extremely diluted, plants are forced to pump out the excess water. Soil water-mineral interfaces are ruined, soil aggregates become dispersed. So the high soil moisture is to be maintained, otherwise a poor soil structure aggregates system will limit the plant growth which monotonously declines as the soil water potential decreases (blue curve). Results: excessive evaporation and transpiration, irreversible water loss via soil and vadose zone preferential water flows. HMs free transfer from diluted soil solution to the plant tissue, and bad environmental quality of production. Humic substances, soil and landscape degradation. 23
Do not drown a plant Hydraulic conductivity, cm/day r/ r0 Stomatal apparatus is fully open Transpiration excess Wilting Stomatal regulation of transpiration P thermodynamic water potential, bar Relative transpiration ( r/ r0) 24
BGT* Intra-soil pulse continuous-discrete paradigm of watering. Transcendental dividing a phase of water supply to the soil and a phase of water spreading throughout the soil. On the first supply stage t0-t5water is injected by syringe 1 into the soil humidification cylinder 2 of 1.5 2.5 cm diameter at a depth from 10 to 35 cm. On the second spreading stage in 5 10 min after injection the water redistributes via capillary, film and vapor transfer. An ambient soil carcass is dry and mechanically stable. This provides quick aggregation of hydrodynamically disturbed soil zones and effective stable multilevel mineral-water interfaces. Resulting matrix soil water potential is of 0.2 MPa. Soil solution concentration is optimal for plant nutrition. Stomatal apparatus of plants operates in regulation mode providing saving water, and CO2fertigation. HMs are passivated in soil. Higher plant pathogen resistance. The plants biological productivity is high (red curve). Water consumption is reduced for 5-20 times. Resource and energy economy 10- 30 times. Water is supplied precisely into individual soil volume without transition through the soil continuum providing the best conditions for humic substances, soil biota and soil health, and silviculture. Biotechnology, mechatronics, robotics. 25
Highest Biomass growth rate of xerophyte plants Hydraulic conductivity, cm/day r/ r0 Lesswater consumption rate Stomatal apparatus is fully open Transpiration excess Wilting Stomatal regulation of transpiration P thermodynamic water potential, bar Relative transpiration ( r/ r0) 26
Intra-soil pulse continuous-discrete watering No signs of soil dispersion at intra-soil pulse continuous- discrete watering. Spring barley seedlings are in optimal condition. Standard irrigation At standard irrigation the signs of soil dispersion are obvious cracks, crusts, subsidence, and deformation of soil carcass. The spring barley seedlings are weakened. 27
Water scarcity and soil degradation are closely linked to other environmental problems In result of standard concentrated waste utilization on land, in upper soil, in subsoil, into geological deposits, into the sea or elsewhere the hazardous substances and infections are spreading by air, surface, subsurface, ground water, and biologically. Concentrated waste metamorphism gives the new more perilous substances. Useable nutrient, soil structuring substances and humic substances are wastefully lost in vain. These substances are useful for agriculture and silviculture. Florida Phosphogypsum stack Rostov Region Bird droppings in the open storage. Poor veterinary and medical sanitary quality of environment. C loss. Other waste situation is the same. 28
Attempts to use the soil Subsoil manuring Substance is supplied through the channel inside the ripper to the bottom of the slit. No mixing with soil. Awful mistake of C sequestration via burying Biochar is placed to subsoil layer without mixing with soil. The aim is to exclude C biological availability and C involvement into the soil microbiological process, reduce the C return to atmosphere and biosphere. 29
Standard surface waste utilization causes concentrated contamination and infection of environment. The soil dead-end porosity rises, soil internal surface degrades, as well as the mineral-water interfaces and humic substances. Utilization of liquid waste using irrigation equipment (surface, sprinkler, drip) gives the same adverse result. 30
Standard incineration, aerobic composting strain air, soil, and water quality and health. Vienna. The Spittelau incineration plant. Dioxins, NOxetc. Design: Friedensreich Hundertwasser The Baltika project www.eco.sznii.ru/booklet.pdf The Baltic Sea is polluted, so: Mix manure with earth by bulldozers the best way to absorb organic pollutants . Waste recycling technologies in a framework of outdated industrial ideas are dangerous. 31
Waste does not exist The unique Earth s substances are used incorrectly and in result of Humankind's carelessness are withdrawn from ecosphere process. The task is to shorten the biogeochemical cycle feedback, to return the so called waste into biosphere and improve conditions for humic substances. This will provide plants and trees growth. The simplest model: Should the turnover (return) rate of the same waste amount (speaking properly substance) be 10 fold faster, the capacity of biosphere will be 10 times greater. Forests and swamps are assessed as the global C sinks. But this function is substituted by C emission on the climax stage. The fate of C in litterfall (Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory study) in the South facing deciduous forest was as follows: 14.3% was lost as leaching of dissolved organic C, 2.2% was lost as downward fine particulate matter flux from the bottom of the forest floor, 78.2% was mineralized (by mass balance), leaving only 5.4% of foliar litter after 13 years of decomposition. The current annual C loss is high even in the mountain not degrading mature forests a long before their climax stage. This loss in the steppe environment forest, of course, is much higher. The forest C turnover is to be controlled artificially to exclude uncontrolled degradation and C excess to atmosphere. 32
BGT* provides tree increased life span and higher wood gain. This makes forest recreational potential higher and long-term. C reversible biological sequestration is provided in aboveground and underground biomass. Ionized O2production and oxidation atmosphere potential are higher. Extended timber production is possible. More gas product can be obtained from mature tree biomass and timber waste. Nutrient turnover become richer. This is important both for the forest ecosystem and urban systems. The urban system life potential is degrading now in the absence of reliable intra-quarter recreational potential of trees, forest massives and forest lines. In BGT* focus, the current technological C and other fossil chemical elements biosphere excess is a positive circumstance. This is linked to the forest C turnover, and forest circulation. On the basis of BGT* methodology the soils will become the soil-biological chemical reactor with stable well developed organic mineral-water interfaces for environmentally safe biological matter additional amount producing. 33
BGT* Intra-soil applying of substance in the course of intra-soil milling. Transcendental excluding a phase of matter surface supply to the soil, and direct supply of matter to illuvial soil horizon for better soil organic-mineral-water interfaces providing and priority conditions for humic substances and trees. The soil milling device is the same, the disc 2 is provided with channel 5, ramp 6 with channel 7 and nozzles 8 for feeding substance in loose, granular or liquid form into processing soil layer. For improved delivery reliability and increased supplied substance flow rate, the use of a pulsed pneumatic transportation is provided. 1 frame, 2 drive, 3 disk, 4 rotor milling ripper, 5 pulp feeding channel, 6 distributing ramp, 7 pulp channel in a ramp, 8 - nozzle. Organic and mineral substances of any nature for recycling: industrial, agricultural, household, hazardous biological wastes (including slaughterhouse waste), amendments, pollutants, high carbon biochar, carbon free biochar (a a reverse gas flow organic waste gasification product), humic substances and other. 34
C containing waste recycling 2 reverse gas flow gasifier; 6 gas purifier (in carbon free biochar); 9 buffer of carbon free biochar; 28 buffer of flying ash; 29 buffer of syngas; 11-26 intra- soil recycling system of carbon free biochar; 20 rotor intra-soil milling ripper. 35
BGT* Intra-soil pulse continuous-discrete fertigation chemigation device Instead of water system eutrophication. Instead of wastewater excessive cleaning via reverse osmosis. Breaking the trophic chains of pathogen spread provides a high medical and veterinary sanitary safety of environment. Soil micro-biota is much more resistant to pollution (even to white phosphorus) compared to higher organisms, and transforms pollutants to nutrients or insoluble forms of chemical compounds. 1 - electrical supply unit 2 - chassis 3 - control unit 4 water and matter supply unit 5 - drive 6 - axis 7 - syringe element 8 - flexible coupling with central channel 9 - retractable sliding syringe Mechatronics, robotics institutional technical solution for silviculture 36
The BGT* methods reduce the loss of organic matter from soil to vadoze zone and atmosphere; reduce greenhouse emission from soil and forest, and improve agro- ecological environment. Apply of the BGT* methods to the dry steppe Chernozem and Kastanozem artificial forest systems will increase the artificial forests oxygen and biomass production, prolong forest lifespan, improve the silviculture land protective function, and mitigate climate change. BGT* robotic systems will be of low energy and material consumption, will improve forestry, agriculture, reduce the biosphere and climate uncertainty, insure the recreational appearance of forest, make the life attractive. Chernozem and Kastanozem long-term Russian steppe terrain silviculture system: intra-soil 20-50 cm milling; waste intra-soil dispersed recycling while intra-soil 20-50 cm machining, intra-soil pulse continuous-discrete plant watering; Higher artificial forest biological productivity, reversible carbon biological sequestration, soil fertility, human and soil health. 37
Concluding remarks on BGT* possibilities for silviculture: In BGT* case, the standard remote soil sensing system, as well as the models of soil water content and transfer, xerotization, yield, climate dynamics require a cardinal revision. On the contrary, the new experiments and models of surface, mineralogical phenomena, discrete soil matter transfer are possible. An opportunity appears to study the more developed soil inner surface structure, as well as the corresponding mineralogical composition conversion, and organic and mineral-water interfaces caused by the BGT* soil evolution vector. BGT* is a long-term research base to elucidate the new multilevel organic and mineral- water interfaces dynamics, pollutants conversion to insoluble forms a certain (sought-for) fate of contaminants. BGT* methodology helps to achieve the soil interfacial phenomena better understanding, ensures soil processes, humic substances predictable dynamics. The new water paradigm (water strategy) gives a higher level Synergy between Theory & Experiment in irrigation and other applications of water use and water regime. 38
We propose the BGT* methodology as a development basis for the new environmentally safe robotic high level chemical engineering for soil, water, and humic substances. BGT* new water strategy mitigates greenhouse effect reducing transpiration rate. BGT* is linked to the sea water desalination problem. BGT* is promising for silviculture important two level recreational system. There are many other possibilities for BGT* implementation as an alternative method to enhance the efficiency of policy makers and managers in Noosphere: mitigate the impact of water scarcity on food security and food safety, extend reproduction of soil, water, and environment health, high level stability of Biosphere and Climate. For ending the presentation again a few words about the technology & biosphere co-evolution: We try to promote the BGT* as a new niche for harmony which Aristotle has called us to. Final keynote is as follows: We offer the BGT* approach as a framework of the future International Partnership Russia scientific and technical project. It will be a contribution of leading countries to development of the world level nature-based technologies. 39
Everywhere in the world the soils are degraded as well as the soil mineral- water interfaces. For many years, the world water scarcity was obvious, the waste disposal problem was acute. There is a strong need to accept the BGT* paradigm. Biosphere has no alternative, and this fact has to become a BGT* basis of the future world business strategic development model, and silviculture relevance. The BGT* reduces the organic matter loss from soil into vadoze zone and atmosphere; reduce greenhouse emission from soil and forest, and improve the agro-ecological environment. Apply of the BGT* methods to the dry steppe Chernozem and Kastanozem artificial forest systems will increase the artificial forests oxygen and biomas production, prolong forest lifespan, improve the silviculture land protection function, and mitigate climate change. BGT* robotic systems will be of low energy and material consumption, will improve forestry, agriculture, reduce the biosphere and climate uncertainty, insure the recreational appearance of forest, make the life attractive. 40
Reason to accept our point of view Research, patents and applied results acknowledgement: Achievements of the National Economy of the USSR), 1975; Silver medal of VDNKh, 1976; Bronze medal of VDNKh, 1977 and 1986; Vernadsky Award, 2008; Golden medal of X Moscow International Saloon of Innovation and Investment, 2010; Golden medal of All-Russia Exhibition Center (Exhibition Golden Autumn ), 2010; Two Silver medal of All-Russia Exhibition Center (Exhibition Golden Autumn ), 2010; Bronze medal of All-Russia Exhibition Center (Exhibition Golden Autumn ), 2010; Diploma of IX Investment Economical Summit, Sochy, 2010; Diploma of High Technology Exhibition, Rostov-on-Don, 2010. Golden medal of VDNKh (Exhibition of Vernadsky Award, 2008 41
Academic Publishing House Researcher s.r.o. http://aphrsro.net/ http://ejournal19.com http://ejournal33.com http://ejournal51.com 42
Thank you for your kind attention Colleagues Valery P. Kalinitchenko(right) 43
