Osteology: An Overview of Bone Structures and Skeleton Composition
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Study of anatomical structures (bone,
cartilages) and the skeleton which
formed by these structure.
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Bones of thoracic limb include:
Scapula
Humerus
Radus and Ulna
Carpal bones
Metacarpal bones
Phalanges.
No. of sesamoid bones
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Os coxae
Femur and patella
Tibia and fibula
Tarsal bones
Metatarsal bones
Phalages
No. of sesamoid bones
Notes:
A numerical variation is present in
same species, like the tarsus of the
horse may consist of six or seven
also carpus may be seven or eight.
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Is applied to the framework of hard structures
which supports and protects the soft tissues or
organs of animals .Its consist of many bones
and cartilages which articulates each other to
give the form of body .
The skeleton is divided into the axial skeleton ,
appendicular skeleton and the visceral skeleton
.
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Long bones:
Long, hollow, cylindrical. Weight bearing, have shaft and
extremities, e.g. Femur, Humerus.
Short bones:
Short, partially smooth surfaced, mainly found in joints, help in
mobility, mainly spongy substances and thin layer of cortical bone.
E.g. Carpal bones.
Flat bones:
Flat, irregular bony plates, enclose cavities, have two plates of
compact bone and in-between spongy bone, e.g. scapula, skull ……etc.
Irregular bones:
Small, rough, irregular surface mainly in midline of
skeleton, have projections for muscular attachments. e.g. Vertebrae.
Pneumatic bones:
Long bones of birds having air cavities, e.g. Humerus of
bird.
Sesamoid bones:
Seasame (seed in Greek), small, develop within tendon and
help to reduce friction. e.g. Patella.
Visceral bones:
Found in visceral organs. e.g. Os penis in dog, os crdis in ox,
os opticus in fowl, os pheranum in camel.
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There are seven classes of bone
according to their shape and function .
1 –
Long bones
: expanded in one
direction consisting of the cylindrical
part called the shaft or body
(diaphysis ) which enclosed the
medullary cavity and marrow , and
two extremities (epiphyses ) or ends
,, these type of bone found present
in limbs e. g. femur ,humerus , ---etc.
7
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2
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Flat bones:
expanded
into two directions, it
furnished sufficient area
for attachment of muscles
like scapula or to protect
soft organ in skull
9
3 –
Short bone:
such as these of the
carpus and tarsus, somewhat similar
dimensions in the length and thickness ,
the chief function is diffusing concussion
and allow the movement of joint .
** Sesamoid bones :are also short bones
which are developed in capsules of
some joints or in tendons , they diminish
friction or change the direction of the
tendon .
10
4 –
Irregular bones
:
they are irregular shapes , such as
vertebrae and bones of base of
skull .
They are median in position .
11
5-Pneumatic bone
: These
bones have formed through
the subsequent resorption
of bone substance and are
lined with mucosa, ex
maxilla or ethmoid bone.,
some bone of bird.
12
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F
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Supporting & Protection: the bone serve as a
frame work to muscles attachment
(locomotion) also protect soft organs and
viscera e.x: lung, heart, brain, spinal cord
Hematopoitic: the bone contain marrow in the
cavity which responsible for blood cells and
platelet formation.
Storage of minerals( Ca , p )
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Osteology is the study of anatomical structures such as bones, cartilages, and the skeleton that support and protect the body. It includes the classification of bones based on shape and function, details on bones of the thoracic and pelvic limbs, and the divisions of the skeleton into axial, appendicular, and visceral parts. This comprehensive guide by Dr. Ammar Ismail provides insights into the skeletal system and its importance in maintaining bodily structure.
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Presentation Transcript
Anatomy Osteology By: Dr. Ammar Ismail 1
Osteology Study of anatomical structures (bone, cartilages) and the skeleton which formed by these structure. 2
Bones of thoracic limb include: Scapula Humerus Radus and Ulna Carpal bones Metacarpal bones Phalanges. No. of sesamoid bones 3
Bones of pelvic limb include: Os coxae Femur and patella Tibia and fibula Tarsal bones Metatarsal bones Phalages No. of sesamoid bones Notes: A numerical variation is present in same species, like the tarsus of the horse may consist of six or seven also carpus may be seven or eight. 4
Skeleton : Is applied to the framework of hard structures which supports and protects the soft tissues or organs of animals .Its consist of many bones and cartilages which articulates each other to give the form of body . The skeleton is divided into the axial skeleton , appendicular skeleton and the visceral skeleton . 1 - Axial skeleton: consisting of the skull , hyoid apparatus' ,vertebral column and thorax . 2 Appendicular skeleton: the bone of the limbs and the bones connecting the limbs to the axial skeleton ( limb girdles ) . 3 Visceral skeleton (splanchnic skeleton): consist of bones that develop in the viscera or soft structures such as the os penis in carnivores, ossa cardis in the ox and sheep, os phrenic in camel, . 5
Classification of bones Long bones: Long, hollow, cylindrical. Weight bearing, have shaft and extremities, e.g. Femur, Humerus. Short bones: Short, partially smooth surfaced, mainly found in joints, help in mobility, mainly spongy substances and thin layer of cortical bone. E.g. Carpal bones. Flat bones: Flat, irregular bony plates, enclose cavities, have two plates of compact bone and in-between spongy bone, e.g. scapula, skull etc. Irregular bones: Small, rough, irregular surface mainly in midline of skeleton, have projections for muscular attachments. e.g. Vertebrae. Pneumatic bones: Long bones of birds having air cavities, e.g. Humerus of bird. Sesamoid bones: Seasame (seed in Greek), small, develop within tendon and help to reduce friction. e.g. Patella. Visceral bones: Found in visceral organs. e.g. Os penis in dog, os crdis in ox, os opticus in fowl, os pheranum in camel. 6
Classes of the bones: There are seven classes of bone according to their shape and function . 1 Long bones : expanded in one direction consisting of the cylindrical part called the shaft or body (diaphysis ) which enclosed the medullary cavity and marrow , and two extremities (epiphyses ) or ends ,, these type of bone found present in limbs e. g. femur ,humerus , ---etc. 7
2 Flat bones: expanded into two directions, it furnished sufficient area for attachment of muscles like scapula or to protect soft organ in skull 9
3 Short bone: such as these of the carpus and tarsus, somewhat similar dimensions in the length and thickness , the chief function is diffusing concussion and allow the movement of joint . ** Sesamoid bones :are also short bones which are developed in capsules of some joints or in tendons , they diminish friction or change the direction of the tendon . 10
4 Irregular bones : they are irregular shapes , such as vertebrae and bones of base of skull . They are median in position . 11
5-Pneumatic bone: These bones have formed through the subsequent resorption of bone substance and are lined with maxilla or ethmoid bone., some bone of bird. mucosa, ex 12
6-Visceral bones: Found in visceral organs. e.g. Os penis in dog, os cordis in ox, os opticus in fowl, os pheranum in camel, os nostra in the nostril of pig. 13
Function of bone: Supporting & Protection: the bone serve as a frame work to (locomotion) also protect soft organs and viscera e.x: lung, heart, brain, spinal cord Hematopoitic: the bone contain marrow in the cavity which responsible for blood cells and platelet formation. Storage of minerals( Ca , p ) muscles attachment 14
