One Health: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Integrated Health

One Health

Name:

​

Institution:

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Understand 

One Health's history in science and

policy, and its precedent in, and reliance upon,

Indigenous knowledge and practices

•

Critically engage 

with One Health as an

interdisciplinary and intersectoral systems

thinking approach to achieving integrated

health outcomes

•

Recognise 

the importance applying a One

Health approach to identify and tackle current

food system challenges

•

Apply 

systems thinking

to a One Health food

system challenge

Image Source: 

Session Plan

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What is One Health?

One

One Health

 is an integrated, unifying

approach that aims to sustainably balance

and optimize the health of people, animals

and ecosystems.

It recognizes the health of humans,

domestic and wild animals, plants, and the

wider environment (including ecosystems)

are closely linked and inter-dependent.

OHHLEP, 2021

Source: OHHLEP (2021), p. 13

Table Comparing Three Different Approaches

to Health

Shifts from narrow, human-

centric and biomedical focus

To a wider definition to focus

on whole society

And to focus on anthropogenic changes

impacting ecosystem and planetary health

Established in 2021 after the quadripartite

agreement between the WHO, WAOH, FAO, and

UNEP

Aim: 

to give guidance and inputs to enhance cross-

sectoral collaboration within the quadripartite

agreement to mainstream a One Health approach​.

Four areas of initial focus:

•

One Health implementation

•

Inventory of current knowledge in preventing

emerging zoonoses

•

Surveillance, early detection and rapid data

sharing in prevention of emerging zoonoses

•

Factors causing spillover and subsequent spread

of diseases.

An essential and primary priority was to develop a

common definition of One Health

"Indigenous Peoples

across Canada are

unified in their belief

that the 

wellbeing of an

individual

 is directly

connected to the

wellbeing of the Land

."

Hillier

 et al

.

(

2021

)

The Indigenous Peoples

of the Kalahari (Southern

Africa) "are well-

known for the 

profound

connection with their

land

, intimate knowledge

of the natural world, and

delicate balance

they have maintained for

millennia with

the environment."

Survival International

 (2022)

In the Andean and

Amazonian Indigenous

cultures, "

Sumak kawsay

,

or ‘good life’ in

the Kichwa language, is

an Indigenous principle

promoting

 living in

harmony

 with nature in

order to achieve

wellbeing for all."

Pachamama

 (2022)

Latest Quadripartite’s Action Plan Now Recognizes This!

Source: FAO, UNEP WHO, and WOAH. (2022).

One Health’s Precedent in Indigenous Philosophies and Practice (2/2)

•

Colonial era and contemporary economic

regimes 

threaten 

Indigenous People's

sovereignty 

and 

right to self-determination

•

I

ndigenous Peoples maintain 80% of the

globe's 

biodiversity 

on 25% of its land

(Sobrevila, 2008) (Garnett, 2018)

•

Humans are viewed as 

stewards or guardians

of natural resources

, rather than owners

(Kuhnlein, 1996)

[OPTION TO INCLUDE AN EXAMPLE OF A LOCAL

INDIGENOUS COMMUNITY WORKING TOWARDS

INTEGRATED HEALTH IN YOUR REGION OR

COUNTRY]

Figure

2: 

Global map

of lands

managed

and/or

controlled by

Indigenous

Peoples

(

Garnett et al.,

2018

)

Figure 1.

 The Andean Ayllu concept

of Holistic Well-Being. 

Runa Ayllu

:

humans and domesticated plants,

animals, water, etc.;

Sallka Ayllu:

wild plants and

animals;

Auki Ayllu

: the sacred and the

ancestors;

Ayni

: reciprocity.

(

Swiderska et al., 2022

)

Alternative Integrated Health Paradigms

Ecohealth

Strives to improve human and animal

health through achieving healthier

ecosystems. It increasingly adopts One

Health and Conservation medicine under

its remit. 

In this model, socio-ecological

drivers of health are emphasised

.

Zinsstag

 (2013)

Planetary health

Human health is inextricably linked to the

health of our planet and natural

ecosystems, requiring environmental

stewardship to tackle degraded planetary

systems for human health.

Steffen et al.

 (2015)

For a comparison of the three holistic approaches to health,

see 

Lerner and Berg (2017)

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Two

Consider how One Health relates to your work

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List some of the key challenges across A-N-H that would benefit from a One Health

approach?

Source: OHHLEP (2022), p. 11

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Three

Key competencies and principles

Underlying principles necessary to implement a One Health approach

Paradigm shift

:

environmental

stewardship and

recognition of

anthropogenic

drivers

System-thinking:

holistic approach to

understanding the

problem

Multi-sectoral and

inter/trans-

disciplinary

responses:

integrating diverse

knowledge forms

Sociopolitical and

multi-cultural parity

:

gender-responsive

and human rights-

based approaches

Paradigm Shift

The paradigm shift within One Health requires people to

reconnect with indigenous ways of life and reduce the level

of extraction and destruction by recognising that

•

We are part of a complex, adaptive ecosystem

•

Our health is directly dependent on ecosystems'

health

•

Our presence is more about belonging than

conquering

•

Our role is stewardship rather than ownership

•

Work with the natural evolutionary and ecosystem

processes to enhance life on earth, rather than exploit and

degrade

•

See the

 Roadmap to a One Health Agenda 2030

Image Source: Unknown via pxfuel

Recognising the

relationship between a

system’s structure and

its behaviour and

outcomes. (Meadows

2009)

Developing an understanding of

the workings of a system to

better understand its purpose

and predict its behaviour (and if

necessary, how that can be

influenced for the better). (Stroh,

D. 2015, Arnold and Wade,

2015)

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.

(Chapman 2015)

Multi-Sectoral and Inter/Trans-disciplinary Responses

Stakeholder mapping

Hayes et al

.

 (2021).

Humboldt-Dachroedenet al

. (2020).

Interdisciplinarity

Rights-Based Approaches: 

Sociopolitical and multi-cultural parity

 Redvers, et al. (2022)

Garnier, et al. (2020)

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1

Four

Consider the challenges in implementing One Health in your field

Group Discussion: 

One Health Implementation Challenges

What do you think the main 

challenges

 of adopting a One Health approach are?

Each group will be assigned approach below. For this approach

, consider the potential challenges you

may face when trying to adopt the aspects of One Health that we outlined previously.

Group Discussion:

 Feedback

What do you think the main 

challenges

 of adopting a One Health approach are?

Consider the potential challenges you may face when trying to adopt the aspects of

One Health that we outlined previously.

Challenges to One Health Implementation

Starting

•

Funding and policymaker

commitment

•

Education and training

Execution

•

Surveillance: fragmented

and capacity

•

Collaboration: multi-actor,

multi-domain

Monitoring and evaluation

•

Evidence of added value

Multi-level collaborations

•

Institutional and academic

fragmentation

•

Geographical and cultural

fragmentation

Source: Dos

 S. Ribeiro et al., 

(

2019

)

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Five

Detailing the key areas for Food Systems

One Health Relevance to Food Systems

OHHLEP Key Areas for Action

CAPACITY BUILDING

EMERGING ZOONOTIC EPIDEMICS AND PANDEMICS

Highly Pathogen Avian Influenza

NEGLECTED ZOONOTIC DISEASES

​

Schistosomiasis, Trypanosomiasis

FOOD SAFETY HAZARDS

Campylobacter

ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE

​

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus

ENVIRONMENT AND HEALTH

Climate change, biodiversity loss, and land-

use change

Source: OHHLEP. (2021).

Emerging Zoonotic Epidemics

and Pandemics

One Health and Food Systems

Emerging Zoonotic Epidemics and Pandemics 

(1/4)

Image source: 

Rural21 (2020)

Emerging Zoonotic Epidemics and Pandemics 

(2/4)

Image source: UNEP & ILRI, (2020), p.15.

Emerging Zoonotic Epidemics and Pandemics: Avian Influenza 

(3/4)

Source: FAO (2021)

Emerging Zoonotic Epidemics and Pandemics: Avian Influenza 

(4/4)

Emerging Zoonotic Epidemics and Pandemics: Avian Influenza 

(4/4)

Emerging Zoonotic Epidemics and Pandemics: Avian Influenza 

(4/4)

Emerging Zoonotic Epidemics and Pandemics: Avian Influenza 

(4/4)

Emerging Zoonotic Epidemics and Pandemics: Avian Influenza 

(4/4)

Emerging Zoonotic Epidemics and Pandemics: Avian Influenza 

(4/4)

Emerging Zoonotic Epidemics and Pandemics: Avian Influenza 

(4/4)

Food Safety Hazards

One Health and Food Systems

Food Safety Hazards 

– Agriculture, Nutrition, and Health (1/2)

Food safety is an integral part of food security.

Hazards familiar to ANH researchers:

•

Biological:

 Foodborne pathogens (including zoonotic e.g.,

Salmonella, E. coli, Campylobacter, brucella, etc., and

antimicrobial resistant strains)

•

Chemical: 

Mycotoxins, residues of pesticides or drugs,

processing chemicals (addition/contamination) etc.

•

Physical:

 Extraneous/foreign materials e.g., glass, plastic,

metal etc.

Hazards may be introduced at various stages from farm to fork,

and risks vary between simple and industrialised food systems.

Food security exists when all

people, at all times, have

physical and economic access to

sufficient,

safe

 and nutritious

food that meets their dietary

needs and food preferences for

an active and healthy life.

FAO (1996)

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Where should interventions be implemented? Who should be responsible for them? Who bears the cost?

Antimicrobial Resistance

One Health and Food Systems

Antimicrobial Resistance - 

AMR (1/4)

AMR occurs when

 any microorganism

 (fungi, bacteria, virus, parasite) develops 

resistance 

to know

 anti-microbial 

(anti-biotics, anti-

fungal, antimalarials) treatments.​

​

AMR is proportional to the amount of antimicrobial used

 per person or livestock animal. Unregulated or

excessive use in humans and livestock, aquaculture, and agriculture accelerates the emergence and transmission of AMR genes by

exerting selective pressure on resistant strains.

Public Health

5 million deaths in 2019; predicted to increase to 10

million by 2050

AMR infections cause increased spread to community

Increased treatment cost and duration: AMR could

cost from

 $300 billion to more than $3.4 trillion

annually by 2050 worldwide.

Increased morbidity and mortality of infectious

disease

Source: O'Neill (2016)

AMR – 

In (animal-sourced) Food Systems (2/4)

Total antimicrobial consumption in animals 

in 228 countries

is 

estimated at 63,151 tons. Projected to rise by 67% by 2030, and

nearly 100% in Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (

Van

Boeckel, 2010

).

Animal food systems

•

Contributing factor to the 

availability of cheap

animal-sourced foods

•

Used for 

growth promotion

 and 

disease

prevention

; secondarily used for disease

treatment

•

Poor animal welfare conditions increase the

need for antimicrobials

•

A lack of access 

to pathogen- and animal-

specific antimicrobials contributes to poor

welfare

•

Alternatives to antimicrobials: vaccines,

improved biosecurity, animal welfare, and

nutrition

AMR – 

In the Environment (3/4)

Environment

•

Antimicrobial pollution 

from

pharmaceutical production, agricultural

run-off, livestock manure for fertilizer, and

human waste

•

Large volumes enter 

waterways 

and other

ecosystem

•

Exposes a wide range of microorganisms

to 

antimicrobial-resistant genetic

material

 increasing the likelihood of AMR

emergence

•

Horizontal gene transfer occurs

environmentally

Image Source: Walsh (2018)

AMR - 

Management

(4/4)

How do we ensure antibiotic access for humans and livestock whilst reducing

the drivers of AMR emergence?

Environment and Health

One Health and Food Systems

Environment and Health - 

Climate Change (1/2)

Two-fold:

 climate change

changes disease transmission

patterns and investments in

irrigation 

for livestock

 under food

systems transformations in low-

and lower-middle income

countries  increase the risk of

vector-borne diseases, such as

malaria.

The global food system is

responsible for up to 30% of

total green-house gas

emissions

-IPCC 2019

Source: 

Sadie J. Ryan

 et al. 2019

Environment and Health - 

Biodiversity Loss (2/2)

The links between Agriculture and

Biodiversity loss

69% biodiversity decline since 1970, primarily

driven by land-use change for agricultural

production.

WWF (2022)

Nitrogen-rich nutrient run-off from aquaculture and

terrestrial agriculture cause eutrophication and

lethal algal blooms contributing to biodiversity loss

NRDC (2021)

How does this relate to disease

emergence?

Increased likelihood of communicable disease at the

wildlife-livestock-human interface: abundance of

reservoirs host species in human-dominated

landscapes relative to biodiverse ecosystems.

Keesing and Ostfeld, (2021)

Increased likelihood of non-

communicable disease: homogenization of diets,

reduced crop yields, increased reliance on fewer

crop and animal species for food provisioning

Keesing and Ostfeld, (2021)

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Six

Applying systems thinking

Empty Slide for breakout group activity

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Think about the following questions that relate to the importance of trans-disciplinarity in

One Health

1.

How have your own backgrounds/cultures/disciplines influenced your diagram?

Recognise any biases?

2.

From a One Health perspective, who’s views have not been represented (adequately, or

at all) in your diagram?

3.

How would the diagram broadly change given their imagined inputs?

4.

How would these changes influence your understanding of the system?

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•

Understand 

One Health's history in science and

policy, and its precedent in, and reliance upon,

Indigenous knowledge and practices

•

Critically engage 

with One Health as an

interdisciplinary and intersectoral systems

thinking approach to achieving integrated

health outcomes

•

Recognise 

the importance applying a One

Health approach to identify and tackle current

food system challenges

•

Apply 

systems thinking

to a One Health food

system challenge

Image Source: 

ISGlobal (2021).

Recommended e-Learning Courses and Websites

e-learning courses

•

Princeton University (2020) - Bats, Ducks, and Pandemics: An Introduction to One Health Policy

•

Politecnico - One Health: Pandemic preparedness, prevention and response

Websites

•

https://onehealthinitiative.com/

•

https://www.cdc.gov/onehealth/index.html

•

https://www.onehealthcommission.org/en/why_one_health/about_the_commission/

•

https://ohi.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/programs-projects/predict-project

•

https://foodsystems.community/game-changing-propositions-solution-clusters/one-health/

•

https://www.who.int/groups/one-health-high-level-expert-panel/members

References

 (1/3)

•

OHHLEP. (2021). 

One Health High-Level Expert Panel Annual Report 2021

 (Technical Document). FAO, OIE, UNEP,

WHO. 

https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/one-health/ohhlep/ohhlep-annual-report-2021.pdf?sfvrsn=f2d61e40_10&download=true

•

OHHLEP. (2022). 

One Health Theory of Change

. FAO, UNEP, WHO, WOAH. 

https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/one-health/ohhlep/ohhlep--

one-health-theory-of-chance.pdf?sfvrsn=f0a46f49_6&download=true

•

Hillier, S. A., Taleb, A., Chaccour, E., Aenishaenslin, C. (2021). Examining the concept of One Health for indigenous communities: A systematic review. 

One

Health, 12

, 100248. 

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352771421000380

•

Pachamama Alliance. (n.d.). 

Pachamama Alliance.

 Sumak Kawsay: Teachings of Indigenous Peoples. 

https://pachamama.org/sumak-kawsay

 Accessed on:

Aug 11, 2023

•

Survival International. (n.d.). 

Tribes and Indigenous Peoples. 

The Bushmen. 

https://www.survivalinternational.org/tribes/bushmen

 Accessed on: Aug 11,

2023

•

Swiderska, K., et al. (2022). Indigenous Peoples' Food Systems and Biocultural Heritage: Addressing Indigenous Priorities Using Decolonial and

Interdisciplinary Research Approaches. 

Sustainability, 14

(18), 11311, 

https://doi.org/10.3390/su141811311

•

Garnett, S. T., Burgess, N. D., Fa, J. E., et al. (2018). A spatial overview of the global importance of Indigenous lands for conservation. 

Nature Sustainability,

1

(7), 

https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0100-6

•

Sobrevila, C. (2008). 

The Role of Indigenous Peoples in Biodiversity Conservation: The Natural but Often Forgotten Partners. 

(Technical Paper). The World

Bank. Washington. 

https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/995271468177530126/pdf/443000WP0BOX321onservation01PUBLIC1.pdf

•

Kuhnlein, H. V., Receveur, O. (1996). Dietary change and traditional food systems of indigenous peoples. 

Annu Rev Nutr, 16

, 417-

42, 

https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.nu.16.070196.002221

•

FAO, UNEP WHO, and WOAH. (2022). 

Global Plan of Action on One Health. Towards a more comprehensive One Health, approach to global health

threats at the human-animal-environment interface

. Rome. 

https://doi.org/10.4060/cc2289en

•

Lerner, H. & Berg, C. (2017). A Comparison of Three Holistic Approaches to Health: One Health, EcoHealth, and Planetary Health. 

Front Vet Sci, 4,

163. 

https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2017.00163

•

Steffen, W., et al. (2015). Sustainability. Planetary boundaries: guiding human development on a changing planet. 

Science, 347

, 1-

16. 

DOI: 10.1126/science.1259855

References

 (2/3)

•

Zinsstag, J. (2013). Convergence of EcoHealth and One Health. 

Ecohealth, 9

, 371-3. 

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10393-013-0812-z

•

Queenan, K., et al. (2017). Roadmap to a One Health agenda 2030. 

CABI Reviews, 2017.

https://doi.org/10.1079/PAVSNNR201712014

•

Hitziger, M., et al. (2021). System Thinking and Citizen Participation is Still Missing in One Health Initiatives - 

Lessons From Fifteen Evaluations.

Frontiers in Public Health, 9.

https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.653398

•

Stroh, D. (2015). 

Systems Thinking for Social Change: A Practical Guide to Solving Complex Problems, Avoiding Unintended Consequences, and Achieving

Lasting Results

 (Chelsea Green Publishing, 2015)

•

Arnold, R. D., Wade, J. P. (2015). A Definition of Systems Thinking: A Systems Approach. 

Procedia Computer Science, 44, 

2015, 669-

678. 

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2015.03.050

•

Chapman, J. (2015). 

Introducing Systems Thinking

 (Workshop Material). Systems Thinking Africa, 

http://www.systemsthinkingafrica.com/wp-

content/uploads/2018/10/Introducing-Systems-Thinking-by-Jake-Chapman.pdf

•

Meadows, D. H. (2009). 

Thinking in Systems – A Primer. 

(London: Earthscan, 2009), pp. 1-2.

•

Hayes, L. et al. (2021). Stakeholder mapping in animal health surveillance: A comparative assessment of networks in intensive dairy cattle and extensive

sheep production in Australia. 

Preventive Vet Med, 190

, 2021, 

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105326

•

Humboldt-Dachroeden, S. (2021). One Health practices across key agencies in Sweden – Uncovering barriers to cooperation, communication and

coordination. 

Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 51

(4), 

535-541. doi:

10.1177/14034948211024483

•

Redvers, N., et al. (2022). The determinants of planetary health: An Indigenous consensus perspective. 

Planetary Health, 6

(2), e156-

163, 

https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00354-5

•

Garnier, J., et al. (2020). Helping to heal nature and ourselves through human-rights-based and gender-responsive One Health. 

One Health Outlook,

2

(1):22, 

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33225225/

•

Dos, S. R. C., et al. (2019). Overcoming challenges for designing and implementing the One Health approach: A systematic review of the literature. 

One

Health, 7

, 100085. 

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31016220

•

Rural21. (2020). 

One Health. 

Countering the double-whammy of

zoonotic diseases.

https://www.rural21.com/english/search/detail/article/countering-the-double-whammy-of-zoonotic-diseases.html

 Accessed on:

Aug 11, 2023

References

 (3/3)

•

United Nations Environment Programme and International Livestock Research Institute (2020). 

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Final Slide