Morphology: The Study of Words and Morphemes
MORPHOLOGY
(Study of words)
1.
In linguistics, morphology is the study of words,
how they are formed, and their relationship to
other words in the same language.
2. It analyzes the structure of words and parts
of words, such as stems, root words, prefixes,
and suffixes.
3. Morphology study enriches the
knowledge of vocabulary. It is useful to
understand the process of various word
formations.
Morpheme
1. Morphemes are minimum meaningful
elements. These are regular combination of
phonemes.
2. A morpheme is a minimal grammatical system
of a language. Morphemes are the distinct
grammatical units which form words.
3. A morpheme is a distinct linguistic form
which is not divisible or analyzable into its
constituents or smaller forms/units
Types of Morpheme:
Morphemes
Free Morphemes Bound Morphemes
Prefix Suffix
Derivational Infix
Inflectional
Class changing Class Maintaining
Derivational
Class changing Class Maintaining
Free Morpheme:
Free morphemes are
those morphemes that occurs alone as
independent words. For e. g. dog, film,
run, front etc. Free morphemes can be
used freely as words having their own
specific meaning. They always contain
and sustain their meaning wherever
they occur in a sentence.
Bound Morpheme
:
A morpheme that doesn’t have any
independent meaning and can be
formed with the help of free
morphemes is called a bound
morpheme. Bound morphemes are
those morphemes that cannot
occur as independent words.For
example; less, ness,
Roots
The root morpheme is the remained
meaningful word after the removal of
affixes. They are unlimited in a
language because language is open
ended. Number of new words is added
to the language. In a word ‘happiness’,
happy
is the root word
Affixes:
1
.
Prefixes
2. Infixes
3. Suffixes
Prefixes
Prefixes are kind of bound morphemes
included at the beginning of different
types of words. They are class
changing and class maintaining. For
example: in-, un-, sub- incomplete,
injustice, unable, uneducated, subway
etc. Prefixes are affixed before the
roots. They cannot occur
independently.
Infixes
Infixes are those bound
morphemes included within the
words. They are less commonly
found in English apart from one
mode of analysis of plurals like-
men, geese etc.
Suffixes
Suffixes are those bound
morphemes included at the end of
different types of words. Suffixes
are affixed after the roots or stems.
Suffixes frequently alter the word
class of the base.
1. Class-Maintaining Derivational
Morphemes (Prefix/suffix)
Class-maintaining derivational
morphemes
(Prefix/suffix)
are usually
produced a derived form of the same
class as the root. They don’t change
the class of the parts of speech. For
example; -ship -hood, relationship,
leadership, livelihood, manhood etc.
2. Class-Changing Derivational
Morphemes(Prefix/suffix)
Class-changing derivational
morphemes
(Prefix/suffix)
are usually
produced a derived form of the other
class from the root. They change the
class of the parts of sppech. For
example; -er, -ish, -al, teacher, boyish,
national etc.
1
) Inflectional Suffixes:
Nouns
Adjectives and Adverbs
Verbs
i) Plural: -s, -es
e.g. cats, toys, benches
i) Comparative: -er
e.g. bigger, greater, taller
i) Simple Present Tense-
When subject is 3
rd
person singular: -s, -es
e.g. plays, goes
i) Possessive: - ‘s
e.g. sister’s, father’s
i) Superlative: -est
e.g. smallest, fastest
i) Past Tense: -ed
e.g. played, worked
i) Present participle: -ing
e.g. writing, working
ii) Past participle: -en
e.g. written, given
Allomorphs
“Any phonetic shape or representation of
a phoneme is morph”.
-Hockett
An allomorph is a variant phonetic
form of a morpheme, or, a unit of meaning
that varies in sound and spelling without
changing the meaning. The term allomorph
describes the realization of phonological
variations for a specific.
Morphology is the linguistic study of how words are formed and their relationships within a language, analyzing the structure of words, morphemes, prefixes, suffixes, and more. It enriches vocabulary knowledge and aids in understanding word formations.
Download Presentation
Please find below an Image/Link to download the presentation.
The content on the website is provided AS IS for your information and personal use only. It may not be sold, licensed, or shared on other websites without obtaining consent from the author. Download presentation by click this link. If you encounter any issues during the download, it is possible that the publisher has removed the file from their server.
E N D
Presentation Transcript
MORPHOLOGY (Study of words)
1. In linguistics, morphology is the study of words, how they are formed, and their relationship to other words in the same language. 2. It analyzes the structure of words and parts of words, such as stems, root words, prefixes, and suffixes. 3. Morphology study enriches the knowledge of vocabulary. It is useful to understand the process of various word formations.
Morpheme 1. Morphemes are minimum meaningful elements. These are regular combination of phonemes. 2. A morpheme is a minimal grammatical system of a language. Morphemes are the distinct grammatical units which form words. 3. A morpheme is a distinct linguistic form which is not divisible or analyzable into its constituents or smaller forms/units
Types of Morpheme: Morphemes Free Morphemes Bound Morphemes Prefix Suffix Derivational Infix Inflectional Class changing Class Maintaining Derivational Class changing Class Maintaining
Free Morpheme: Free morphemes are those morphemes that occurs alone as independent words. For e. g. dog, film, run, front etc. Free morphemes can be used freely as words having their own specific meaning. They always contain and sustain their meaning wherever they occur in a sentence.
Bound Morpheme: A morpheme that doesn t have any independent meaning and can be formed with the help of free morphemes is called a bound morpheme. Bound morphemes are those morphemes that cannot occur as independent words.For example; less, ness,
Roots The root morpheme is the remained meaningful word after the removal of affixes. They are unlimited in a language because language is open ended. Number of new words is added to the language. In a word happiness , happy is the root word
Affixes: 1.Prefixes 2. Infixes 3. Suffixes
Prefixes Prefixes are kind of bound morphemes included at the beginning of different types of words. They are class changing and class maintaining. For example: in-, un-, sub- incomplete, injustice, unable, uneducated, subway etc. Prefixes are affixed before the roots. They cannot occur independently.
Infixes Infixes are those bound morphemes included within the words. They are less commonly found in English apart from one mode of analysis of plurals like- men, geese etc.
Suffixes Suffixes are those bound morphemes included at the end of different types of words. Suffixes are affixed after the roots or stems. Suffixes frequently alter the word class of the base.
1. Class-Maintaining Derivational Morphemes (Prefix/suffix) Class-maintaining derivational morphemes(Prefix/suffix) are usually produced a derived form of the same class as the root. They don t change the class of the parts of speech. For example; -ship -hood, relationship, leadership, livelihood, manhood etc.
2. Class-Changing Derivational Morphemes(Prefix/suffix) Class-changing derivational morphemes(Prefix/suffix)are usually produced a derived form of the other class from the root. They change the class of the parts of sppech. For example; -er, -ish, -al, teacher, boyish, national etc.
1) Inflectional Suffixes: Nouns Adjectives and Adverbs Verbs i) Plural: -s, -es e.g. cats, toys, benches i) Comparative: -er e.g. bigger, greater, taller i) Simple Present Tense- When subject is 3rdperson singular: -s, -es e.g. plays, goes i) Possessive: - s e.g. sister s, father s i) Superlative: -est e.g. smallest, fastest i) Past Tense: -ed e.g. played, worked i) Present participle: -ing e.g. writing, working ii) Past participle: -en e.g. written, given
Allomorphs Any phonetic shape or representation of a phoneme is morph . -Hockett An allomorph is a variant phonetic form of a morpheme, or, a unit of meaning that varies in sound and spelling without changing the meaning. The term allomorph describes the realization of phonological variations for a specific.
