Modern Political Ecologies and Resilience Landscapes
Modern Political ecologies:
landscapes of social and
ecological resilience
New development paradigms?
Political Ecology, remittances and
resilience
•
Remittance economy: 320 + Billion flowing through a
number of circuits Equivalent to an EU country economy
•
10% of global population
•
Debates have largely focused on development or
migration studies w minimal understanding of nat
resource dynamics: a realm of “known unknowns” In soc
sciences;
•
Nat resource science, though increasingly engaged soc
science often hampered by crop science world view;
•
Profound questions of impacts of remittances on
tenure/access regimes; forms of knowledge; governance
at various levels;territory and “enviro” or spatial justice.
Point of departure
•
Tropical environments have a social as well as
evolutionary history
•
All tropical landscapes are deeply linked to global
dynamics in terms of their perceptions, ideologies,
economies and histories: “Socially constructed” as well
as biotic entities.
•
Reflect social relations, ideologies and political
economies, and K flows that are both local and
increasingly global. Its not just “demography”
Locus of dynamic Change
1. Macro Level: Double exposures Global economies; global
environmental change
2. Remittance economies for resilience ecologies OR remittance
ecologies for resilience economies
3. Role of the rural has in many cases shifted: producer of
commodities (although this continues within a niche and supplement
dynamic), site of services ( social and environmental) Emergent
opportunities f( networks, markets, global info and flows of K, such
as remittances.
Small farmers as international and national citizens
4.Territory/place as site of embedded knowledge systems; meaning,
identity, refuge. Increasing importance of spatial politics
5 . Rapid change is possible in short time periods
Political ecologies
•
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Economic organization and its environmental/landscape effects and structures
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Governance (Government, informal/nonstate, governmentality
•
Tenurial regimes (and competitions among them)
•
Policy Matrices
•
Historical ecologies or anthropogenic landscapes
•
Local knowledge x hybrid knowledge forms and alternative /new elements
•
Power relations
•
Sustainability/resilience (Sust. Largely an equil idea versus resileince:-the dynamics
of systems to withstand and recuperate from scaled shocks to various parts of the
system—inherent idea of historically evolved production systems
•
Reading landscapes
•
Integuments of landscapes (class, gender, ethnicity as they mediate these other
processes
•
Ecological economics; remittances
Table
Migration and remittances in Central America
Country Net migration Remittances Remittances as Remittances
Per 1000 US Millions % Direct Foreign GDP %
Investment
El Salvador 3.8 2,206 823.7 15.44
Guatemala 1.7 1,689 370.8 7.26
Honduras 2.0 770 394.0 11.68
Mexico 2.6 10,502 42 . 1.65
Nicaragua 1.3 759 573.7 36.71
________________________________________________________________________
Percent Tree Cover
AVHRR 92-93
MODIS 00-01
0-10%
11-25%
26-40%
41-55%
56-70%
71-100%
TABLE 1 ______________________________________________________________________________
Table 1: Percent tree cover change 1992(AVHRR) to 2001 (MODIS)
_____________________________________________________________________________
percent woody cover 1992 2001
0-10percent 6.9 0.9
11-25percent 21.3 5.6
26-40percent 28.9 31.4
41-55percent 19.3 30.8
56-70percent 12.2 13.8
71-100percent 11.2 14.6
______________________________________________________________________________
Source: Hecht & Saatchi, 2007.
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A rose by any other name? Woodland succession, land abandonment, extension of agroforestry
systems, reforestation, valorization of NTFPs: many dynamics
1. Really Widespread (Puerto Rico, Mexico, Ecuador, Honduras, Amazon basin, Peru, Colombia;
greater Central America=33% of landscape; 35% of cleared Amazonian lands : mediated in many
cases by remittances, new forms of lievlihood and new knowledge regimes
2. Complex of factors that engender it: Globalization and its local institutionalities (plenty of amplitude
for local studies)
(War, declining commodity prices for waged goods; national and international migration, semi
proletarianization, changes in gender div of labor; rural labor dynamics, new mkts, agrarian
reform, mkt failures, ecol problems)
3. Poorly studied: bias against evaluation of anthropogenic landscapes but significant: dynamic
ecosystems, (they change very fast, and in tropics: Trees grow. Large diversity of woodland types
(successional pathways still vastly understudied) landscape diversity, livelihoods
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Planting (Agro industrial and Green markets
4. Woodland resurgence almost a marker of globalized economies
Industrialized wooded landscapes energy, fiber latex etc
Almost a marker,also, for globalized Peasant/native economies
Landscape Typologies and their Political Ecologies
•
Primordial landscape of tropical
forests: ends of the earth and
beginnings of time
•
“Traditional Landscapes”
Indigenous claims based on ethnicity
trad. Territory language
Essentialized relations with
nature; native knowledge
•
Critique of both Agroindus and
primordial but within new
productionist framework:
landscapes based on claims of
history, identity, traditional
territoriality indigenous knowledge
systems (native reserves, ejidos,
quilombos, traditional peoples
reserves
•
“socially” ahistorical landscape; biotic
entity. Set asides, Enclosures.
Conservation biology, national and
international conservation finance, Cap
and trade, PES, REDD
•
Interlocutors: TENGOs and local
franchises
•
Campaigns human rights, elaborated
niche markets, indigenous knowledge,
Varying degrees of essentialism
about relations w/nature. (Mostly
forested landscapes ; “forest
protectors”
Interlocutors: Native Social
movements sovereign tribes, ethnic
organizations, TENGOs
Claim based on identity and history,
rooted in trad territories and trad
practices.Niche markets, social
markets, increasingly
“environmentalized” discourse.
Rely on an increasingly “ ethnicized “
and environmentalized discourses
markets and K flows
Interlocutors: Ngos, sov movements
producer organizations
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linked to intl commodity mkts
globalized technologies and “normal
science, Neoliberal/neoclassical
economic evaluations organized along
idea of the firm and disiciplined by int’l
standards.Can take on varying forms
of firm organization (“fordism “:
vertically integrated;) Outsourcing
(contract farming)
Production landscapes , often
deforested
Interlocutor: corporate groups,
states,
Declining sector(?) undermined by
annual commodity sector, losing
political ground to
primordial/premodern
Hybrid systems of production:
increasingly emerging as complex
factor, (poorly understood) in forest
resurgence
Interlocutors: Historically peasant
movements, the state and its agents.
Recently NGOS. Int’l role in the past.
Raises a new regime of research
questions
•
Lots of “known un knowns”
•
“domestic investments” can have significant landscape
outcomes:Expanding the ambit of development analysis
•
Interaction of remittances w national/regional and
environmental funding sources (REDD, adaptation)
•
New forms and hybridizing forms of knowledge and mgt
•
Rethinking evaluation of systems: ecological econ:
enviro services and values,social investements
•
Remittances as resilience backdrop and strategies with
an enviro dimension: emerging enviro pressures
•
Social elements that shape socio natures in global
contexts and regional possibilities.
Figure 1. Ecosystem service value (ESV) of biodiversity conservation priorities, by land cover and service. “Most
proactive” comprises those regions (e.g., wilderness) favored by proactive global templates. “Most reactive” comprises
high-vulnerability regions favored by reactive templates. (a) Percentage of total ESV arising from each of 16 terrestria
land covers, and (b) percentage of total ESV from each of 17 ecosystem services
.
Dive into the intersection of social, ecological, and political dynamics shaping modern landscapes, with a focus on remittance economies, land use, governance, and sustainability. Analyze the impact of diverse socio-environmental organizations on local, regional, and global landscapes, recognizing the complexities of power dynamics and resilience strategies in the face of environmental challenges.
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Presentation Transcript
Modern Political ecologies: landscapes of social and ecological resilience New development paradigms?
Political Ecology, remittances and resilience Remittance economy: 320 + Billion flowing through a number of circuits Equivalent to an EU country economy 10% of global population Debates have largely focused on development or migration studies w minimal understanding of nat resource dynamics: a realm of known unknowns In soc sciences; Nat resource science, though increasingly engaged soc science often hampered by crop science world view; Profound questions of impacts of remittances on tenure/access regimes; forms of knowledge; governance at various levels;territory and enviro or spatial justice.
Point of departure Tropical environments have a social as well as evolutionary history All tropical landscapes are deeply linked to global dynamics in terms of their perceptions, ideologies, economies and histories: Socially constructed as well as biotic entities. Reflect social relations, ideologies and political economies, and K flows that are both local and increasingly global. Its not just demography
Locus of dynamic Change 1. Macro Level: Double exposures Global economies; global environmental change 2. Remittance economies for resilience ecologies OR remittance ecologies for resilience economies 3. Role of the rural has in many cases shifted: producer of commodities (although this continues within a niche and supplement dynamic), site of services ( social and environmental) Emergent opportunities f( networks, markets, global info and flows of K, such as remittances. Small farmers as international and national citizens 4.Territory/place as site of embedded knowledge systems; meaning, identity, refuge. Increasing importance of spatial politics 5 . Rapid change is possible in short time periods
Political ecologies Approach that analyses effect on landscape of varying forms socio-environmental organization: focuses on various levels: local, regional and global pressures: The idea of heterogeneous landscapes doing many thing at once both socio=economically and biotically Economic organization and its environmental/landscape effects and structures Governance (Government, informal/nonstate, governmentality Tenurial regimes (and competitions among them) Policy Matrices Historical ecologies or anthropogenic landscapes Local knowledge x hybrid knowledge forms and alternative /new elements Power relations Sustainability/resilience (Sust. Largely an equil idea versus resileince:-the dynamics of systems to withstand and recuperate from scaled shocks to various parts of the system inherent idea of historically evolved production systems Reading landscapes Integuments of landscapes (class, gender, ethnicity as they mediate these other processes Ecological economics; remittances
Table Migration and remittances in Central America Country Net migration Remittances Remittances as Remittances Per 1000 US Millions % Direct Foreign GDP % Investment El Salvador 3.8 2,206 823.7 15.44 Guatemala 1.7 1,689 370.8 7.26 Honduras 2.0 770 394.0 11.68 Mexico 2.6 10,502 42 . 1.65 Nicaragua 1.3 759 573.7 36.71 ________________________________________________________________________
Percent Tree Cover 0-10% 11-25% 26-40% 41-55% 56-70% 71-100% AVHRR 92-93 MODIS 00-01
TABLE 1 ______________________________________________________________________________ Table 1: Percent tree cover change 1992(AVHRR) to 2001 (MODIS) _____________________________________________________________________________ percent woody cover 1992 2001 0-10percent 6.9 0.9 11-25percent 21.3 5.6 26-40percent 28.9 31.4 41-55percent 19.3 30.8 56-70percent 12.2 13.8 71-100percent 11.2 14.6 ______________________________________________________________________________ Source: Hecht & Saatchi, 2007.
Forest Resurgence: A rose by any other name? Woodland succession, land abandonment, extension of agroforestry systems, reforestation, valorization of NTFPs: many dynamics 1. Really Widespread (Puerto Rico, Mexico, Ecuador, Honduras, Amazon basin, Peru, Colombia; greater Central America=33% of landscape; 35% of cleared Amazonian lands : mediated in many cases by remittances, new forms of lievlihood and new knowledge regimes 2. Complex of factors that engender it: Globalization and its local institutionalities (plenty of amplitude for local studies) (War, declining commodity prices for waged goods; national and international migration, semi proletarianization, changes in gender div of labor; rural labor dynamics, new mkts, agrarian reform, mkt failures, ecol problems) 3. Poorly studied: bias against evaluation of anthropogenic landscapes but significant: dynamic ecosystems, (they change very fast, and in tropics: Trees grow. Large diversity of woodland types (successional pathways still vastly understudied) landscape diversity, livelihoods Reduction of annual cropping systems in Peasant/small farmer economies Planting (Agro industrial and Green markets 4. Woodland resurgence almost a marker of globalized economies Industrialized wooded landscapes energy, fiber latex etc Almost a marker,also, for globalized Peasant/native economies
Landscape Typologies and their Political Ecologies Primordial landscape of tropical forests: ends of the earth and beginnings of time socially ahistorical landscape; biotic entity. Set asides, Enclosures. Conservation biology, national and international conservation finance, Cap and trade, PES, REDD Interlocutors: TENGOs and local franchises Campaigns human rights, elaborated niche markets, indigenous knowledge, Varying degrees of essentialism about relations w/nature. (Mostly forested landscapes ; forest protectors Interlocutors: Native Social movements sovereign tribes, ethnic organizations, TENGOs Claim based on identity and history, rooted in trad territories and trad practices.Niche markets, social markets, increasingly environmentalized discourse. Rely on an increasingly ethnicized and environmentalized discourses markets and K flows Interlocutors: Ngos, sov movements producer organizations Traditional Landscapes Indigenous claims based on ethnicity trad. Territory language Essentialized relations with nature; native knowledge Critique of both Agroindus and primordial but within new productionist framework: landscapes based on claims of history, identity, traditional territoriality indigenous knowledge systems (native reserves, ejidos, quilombos, traditional peoples reserves
Agroindustrial landscapes: Fiber, food energy linked to nastional and international mkt and often K: soy maize, cane treeplantations oil palm, some cattle linked to intl commodity mkts globalized technologies and normal science, Neoliberal/neoclassical economic evaluations organized along idea of the firm and disiciplined by int l standards.Can take on varying forms of firm organization ( fordism : vertically integrated;) Outsourcing (contract farming) Production landscapes , often deforested Interlocutor: corporate groups, states, Declining sector(?) undermined by annual commodity sector, losing political ground to primordial/premodern Hybrid systems of production: increasingly emerging as complex factor, (poorly understood) in forest resurgence Interlocutors: Historically peasant movements, the state and its agents. Recently NGOS. Int l role in the past. Peasant Landscapes Peasant villified as forest destroyer (ASB) Political arguments based on soc justice and redistribution. Ambit: nation state (and histroical rpodcers of modern nation states: revolutionary history.
Raises a new regime of research questions Lots of known un knowns domestic investments can have significant landscape outcomes:Expanding the ambit of development analysis Interaction of remittances w national/regional and environmental funding sources (REDD, adaptation) New forms and hybridizing forms of knowledge and mgt Rethinking evaluation of systems: ecological econ: enviro services and values,social investements Remittances as resilience backdrop and strategies with an enviro dimension: emerging enviro pressures Social elements that shape socio natures in global contexts and regional possibilities.
Figure 1. Ecosystem service value (ESV) of biodiversity conservation priorities, by land cover and service. Most proactive comprises those regions (e.g., wilderness) favored by proactive global templates. Most reactive comprises high-vulnerability regions favored by reactive templates. (a) Percentage of total ESV arising from each of 16 terrestria land covers, and (b) percentage of total ESV from each of 17 ecosystem services.
