Medical Ethics in Healthcare
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Healthcare Ethics
August 2022
Dr. Anna Haro
Westside HS
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Students will develop new knowledge of human ethics
and values.
Students will compare and contrast ethics and values.
Students will define the four medical ethical
principles.
Students will define an ethical dilemma.
Students will examine the conflict of various ethical
dilemmas.
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Los estudiantes desarrollarán nuevos conocimientos sobre la ética
y los valores humanos.
Los estudiantes compararán y contrastarán la ética y los valores.
Los estudiantes definirán los cuatro principios éticos médicos.
Los estudiantes definirán un dilema ético.
Los estudiantes examinarán el conflicto de varios dilemas éticos.
.
Ethics
Ethics is “
(functioning as singular)
the philosophical study
of the moral value of human conduct and of the rules and
principles that ought to govern it” (dictionary.com, 2021).
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Morals versus values?
Morals, defined by what is right from ___________, is
determined by society norms
(Markose et al., 2016)
.
In contrast,
values
vary from person to person and are
based on an individual’s opinions and experiences.
Discussion question: can a person’s own values conflict
with society’s view of ethics or moral right from wrong?
What is ethics?
Ethics and the ethical practice of medicine build
________________ in the doctor-patient relationship.
Ethic principles form the foundation for all decisions in
a patient’s treatment plan.
The four principles of medical ethics are
(remember
these)
:
1.
Non-maleficence
2.
Beneficence
3.
Autonomy
4.
Justice
(Markose et al., 2016)
Four Ethical Principles (Markose et al.,
2016)
From the Hippocratic Oath, we summarize the four
medical ethical principles:
1.
Non-maleficence: to do ____ __________;
2.
Beneficence
: to do the most good (or benefit);
3.
Autonomy: to allow the ________ the right to
decide;
and
4.
Justice
: to allow the benefits and burdens of
healthcare to fall on all of society equitably.
Morals versus values?
Discuss: Is it ethical for a healthcare provider to inject their
own personal values on a decision that will affect another
person’s healthcare outcomes?
In my professional opinion, and following the Hippocratic Oath
of the medical profession, a doctor/pharmacist or hc
professional should not ever inject their personal values into
medical decisions, as this would violate at least one of the four
principles of medical ethics.
Which ethical principle does this
violate?
What is the Hippocratic Oath?
The Hippocratic Oath from the 5
th
century B.C., is a
historical Greek text, which outlines the ethical principles
of
‘modern medicine.’
The Greek doctor, Hippocrates, is
the
“
first known physician who believed that diseases were
caused by some type of ________ _________ instead of being
instigated by the spirits or gods”
(Chrysopoulos, 2021).
The oath treats the medical profession as the Art in which
one cares for the life of another human being (NIH, 2012).
The ethical principles to which the new medical physician
swears upon the gods also dictate the
study of medicine
between the faculty and medical student.
What is the Hippocratic Oath?
“I swear by Apollo the physician, and Asclepius, and Hygieia and
Panacea and all the gods and goddesses as my witnesses, that,
according to my ability and judgement, I will keep this Oath and this
contract:
To hold him who taught me this art equally dear to me as my parents,
to be a partner in life with him, and to fulfill his needs when required;
to look upon his offspring as equals to my own siblings, and to teach
them this art, if they shall wish to learn it, without fee or contract;
and that by the set rules, lectures, and every other mode of
instruction, I will impart a knowledge of the art to my own sons, and
those of my teachers, and to students bound by this contract and
having sworn this Oath to the law of medicine, but to no others…
The Hippocratic Oath?
I will use those dietary regimens which will benefit my
patients according to my greatest ability and judgement,
and I will do no harm or injustice to them.
I will not give a lethal drug to anyone if I am asked, nor will
I advise such a plan; and similarly I will not give a woman a
pessary to cause an abortion.
In purity and according to divine law will I carry out my life
and my art.
I will not use the knife, even upon those suffering from
stones, but I will leave this to those who are trained in this
craft…
The Hippocratic Oath?
Into whatever homes I go, I will enter them for the benefit of
the sick, avoiding any voluntary act of impropriety or
corruption, including the seduction of women or men, whether
they are free men or slaves.
Whatever I see or hear in the lives of my patients, whether
in connection with my professional practice or not, which
ought not to be spoken of outside, I will keep secret, as
considering all such things to be private.
So long as I maintain this Oath faithfully and without
corruption, may it be granted to me to partake of life fully and
the practice of my art, gaining the respect of all men for all
time. However, should I transgress this Oath and violate it, may
the opposite be my fate” (NIH, 2012).
Ethical Dilemma
Discuss: Is it possible for two or more of the
medical ethical principles to conflict with each
other in making healthcare decisions?
When there is ethical conflict within a healthcare
decision, it is referred to as an
ethical dilemma
.
Hospitals, healthcare organizations, and healthcare
institutions across the globe all have an ethics
committee or division of ethics to help negotiate
decisions when an ethical dilemma occurs.
Discuss: What happens if an ethical dilemma is
unresolved?
Ethical Dilemma Scenarios –
what
principle is the conflict?
Cancer/chemotherapy treatment
The Tuskegee Syphilis Study
Withdrawal of life-support (or to_____-the- ______)
Physician-assisted suicide (PAS or medical aid in dying)
COVID and other vaccine mandates
Reproductive and abortion rights
Other ethical dilemmas
What are your questions about ethics?
Please ask, email, use Remind, or
TEAMS.
Soon, we will learn about the
HON-code
https://www.hon.ch/HONcode/
.
Even if you cannot find the HON-
code stamp, please use website
evaluation skills:
Ex. Authors, privacy,
confidentiality, attribution,
justification, and advertising
policy (HON-code, 2019).
Small Group – Ethical Dilemmas
1.
Research a medical ethical dilemma.
2.
Jot down notes and key features
about the dilemma
3.
What is it? When and why did it
happen? Is it ethical? If not, what
principle(s) does it violate?
4.
What decision would you make if you
were the doctor?
5.
What decision would you make if you
were the patient?
6.
Does your entire group agree, why or
why not?
7.
Create a poster, picture, collage,
PPT, video or other presentation to
share your findings.
8.
DOUBLE DAILY GRADE. Due at the
end of class (not homework).
References
Chrysopoulos, P. (2021, April 8).
Hippocrates: The
G
reek father of Modern
Medicine
. GreekReporter.com. Retrieved October 6, 2021, from
https://greekreporter.com/2021/04/09/hippocrates-the-greek-father-of
-modern-medicine/.
Dictionary.com. (2021).
Ethics definition & meaning
. Dictionary.com.
Retrieved October 6, 2021, from https://www.dictionary.com/browse/ethics.
HON-code. (2019).
Health on the net, promotes transparent and reliable health
information online through HONcode certification.
Health On the Net. Retrieved
October 6, 2021, from https://www.hon.ch/cgi-
bin/HONcode/principles.pl?English.
Markose, A., Krishnan, R., & Ramesh, M. (2016). Medical ethics.
J Pharm Bioallied Sci.
,
S1–S4. https://doi.org/10.4103/0975-7406.191934
National Institutes of Health. (2012, February 7).
Greek medicine - the hippocratic
oath
.
U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved October 6, 2021, from
https://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/greek/greek_oath.html.
Medical ethics are essential principles governing healthcare practices. Explore the four key ethical principles, the distinction between morals and values, and the significance of ethics in the doctor-patient relationship. Dive into ethical dilemmas and the impact of societal norms on individual values.
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Presentation Transcript
Healthcare Ethics August 2022 Dr. Anna Haro Westside HS
LEARNING Objectives TEKS: 130.231.(c)(1)(A, & B) and 130.223.(c)(2)(A, B) Students will develop new knowledge of human ethics and values. Students will compare and contrast ethics and values. Students will define the four medical ethical principles. Students will define an ethical dilemma. Students will examine the conflict of various ethical dilemmas.
Objetivos de aprendizaje TEKS: 130.223.(c)(1)(A, & B) . Los estudiantes desarrollar n nuevos conocimientos sobre la tica y los valores humanos. Los estudiantes comparar n y contrastar n la tica y los valores. Los estudiantes definir n los cuatro principios ticos m dicos. Los estudiantes definir n un dilema tico. Los estudiantes examinar n el conflicto de varios dilemas ticos.
Ethics Ethics is (functioning as singular) the philosophical study of the moral value of human conduct and of the rules and principles that ought to govern it (dictionary.com, 2021). Ethics are (functioning as plural) a social, religious, or civil code of behavior considered correct, especially that of a particular group, profession, or individual (dictionary.com, 2021).
Morals versus values? Morals, defined by what is right from ___________, is determined by society norms (Markose et al., 2016). In contrast, values vary from person to person and are based on an individual s opinions and experiences. Discussion question: can a person s own values conflict with society s view of ethics or moral right from wrong?
What is ethics? Ethics and the ethical practice of medicine build ________________ in the doctor-patient relationship. Ethic principles form the foundation for all decisions in a patient s treatment plan. The four principles of medical ethics are (remember these): 1. Non-maleficence 2. Beneficence 3. Autonomy 4. Justice (Markose et al., 2016)
Four Ethical Principles (Markose et al., 2016) From the Hippocratic Oath, we summarize the four medical ethical principles: 1. Non-maleficence: to do ____ __________; 2. Beneficence: to do the most good (or benefit); 3. Autonomy: to allow the ________ the right to decide; and 4. Justice: to allow the benefits and burdens of healthcare to fall on all of society equitably.
Morals versus values? Discuss: Is it ethical for a healthcare provider to inject their own personal values on a decision that will affect another person s healthcare outcomes? In my professional opinion, and following the Hippocratic Oath of the medical profession, a doctor/pharmacist or hc professional should not ever inject their personal values into medical decisions, as this would violate at least one of the four principles of medical ethics. Which ethical principle does this violate?
What is the Hippocratic Oath? The Hippocratic Oath from the 5th century B.C., is a historical Greek text, which outlines the ethical principles of modern medicine. The Greek doctor, Hippocrates, is the first known physician who believed that diseases were caused by some type of ________ _________ instead of being instigated by the spirits or gods (Chrysopoulos, 2021). The oath treats the medical profession as the Art in which one cares for the life of another human being (NIH, 2012). The ethical principles to which the new medical physician swears upon the gods also dictate the study of medicine between the faculty and medical student.
What is the Hippocratic Oath? I swear by Apollo the physician, and Asclepius, and Hygieia and Panacea and all the gods and goddesses as my witnesses, that, according to my ability and judgement, I will keep this Oath and this contract: To hold him who taught me this art equally dear to me as my parents, to be a partner in life with him, and to fulfill his needs when required; to look upon his offspring as equals to my own siblings, and to teach them this art, if they shall wish to learn it, without fee or contract; and that by the set rules, lectures, and every other mode of instruction, I will impart a knowledge of the art to my own sons, and those of my teachers, and to students bound by this contract and having sworn this Oath to the law of medicine, but to no others
The Hippocratic Oath? I will use those dietary regimens which will benefit my patients according to my greatest ability and judgement, and I will do no harm or injustice to them. I will not give a lethal drug to anyone if I am asked, nor will I advise such a plan; and similarly I will not give a woman a pessary to cause an abortion. In purity and according to divine law will I carry out my life and my art. I will not use the knife, even upon those suffering from stones, but I will leave this to those who are trained in this craft
The Hippocratic Oath? Into whatever homes I go, I will enter them for the benefit of the sick, avoiding any voluntary act of impropriety or corruption, including the seduction of women or men, whether they are free men or slaves. Whatever I see or hear in the lives of my patients, whether in connection with my professional practice or not, which ought not to be spoken of outside, I will keep secret, as considering all such things to be private. So long as I maintain this Oath faithfully and without corruption, may it be granted to me to partake of life fully and the practice of my art, gaining the respect of all men for all time. However, should I transgress this Oath and violate it, may the opposite be my fate (NIH, 2012).
Ethical Dilemma Discuss: Is it possible for two or more of the medical ethical principles to conflict with each other in making healthcare decisions? When there is ethical conflict within a healthcare decision, it is referred to as an ethical dilemma. Hospitals, healthcare organizations, and healthcare institutions across the globe all have an ethics committee or division of ethics to help negotiate decisions when an ethical dilemma occurs. Discuss: What happens if an ethical dilemma is unresolved?
Ethical Dilemma Scenarios what principle is the conflict? Cancer/chemotherapy treatment The Tuskegee Syphilis Study Withdrawal of life-support (or to_____-the- ______) Physician-assisted suicide (PAS or medical aid in dying) COVID and other vaccine mandates Reproductive and abortion rights Other ethical dilemmas
What are your questions about ethics? Please ask, email, use Remind, or TEAMS. Soon, we will learn about the HON-code https://www.hon.ch/HONcode/. Even if you cannot find the HON- code stamp, please use website evaluation skills: Ex. Authors, privacy, confidentiality, attribution, justification, and advertising policy (HON-code, 2019).
Small Group Ethical Dilemmas Research a medical ethical dilemma. Jot down notes and key features about the dilemma What is it? When and why did it happen? Is it ethical? If not, what principle(s) does it violate? What decision would you make if you were the doctor? What decision would you make if you were the patient? Does your entire group agree, why or why not? Create a poster, picture, collage, PPT, video or other presentation to share your findings. DOUBLE DAILY GRADE. Due at the end of class (not homework). 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
References Chrysopoulos, P. (2021, April 8). Hippocrates: The Greek father of Modern Medicine. GreekReporter.com. Retrieved October 6, 2021, from https://greekreporter.com/2021/04/09/hippocrates-the-greek-father-of -modern-medicine/. Dictionary.com. (2021). Ethics definition & meaning. Dictionary.com. Retrieved October 6, 2021, from https://www.dictionary.com/browse/ethics. HON-code. (2019). Health on the net, promotes transparent and reliable health information online through HONcode certification. Health On the Net. Retrieved October 6, 2021, from https://www.hon.ch/cgi- bin/HONcode/principles.pl?English. Markose, A., Krishnan, R., & Ramesh, M. (2016). Medical ethics. J Pharm Bioallied Sci., S1 S4. https://doi.org/10.4103/0975-7406.191934 National Institutes of Health. (2012, February 7). Greek medicine - the hippocratic oath. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved October 6, 2021, from https://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/greek/greek_oath.html.
