Liniments: Uses, Formulations, and White Liniment Preparation
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Lec. Sura Zuhair Mahmood
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It is also called embrocation and heat rub, is a medicated
topical preparation for application to the skin. Some
liniments have viscosity similar to that of water; others are
lotion or balm; still others are in transdermal patches, soft
solid sticks, and sprays. Liniment usually is rubbed in to
the skin, which the active ingredients penetrate.
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Liniments are typically use to relieve pain and stiffness, such
as from muscular aches and arthritis. These are typically
formulated from alcohol, acetone, or similar quickly
evaporating solvents and contain counterirritant aromatic
chemical compounds, such as methyl salicilate, benzoin
resin, and menthol. They produce a feeling of warmth within
the muscle of the area they are applied to, typically acting as
rubefacients via a counterirritant effect.
The vehicle for liniment should be selected according to the
following:
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Solubility of the desired components in the various solvents. Liniment that are emulsions or that contain insoluble matter must be
shaken thoroughly before use to ensure an even distribution of the dispersed phase.
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White liniment (Emulsion type liniment)
Rx
Ammonium chloride 12.5 g
Dilute ammonia solution 45 ml
Oleic acid 83.3 ml
Turpentine oil 250 ml
Water 625 ml
Ft. emulsion
Procedure
1)
Mix
turpentine oil
and
oleic acid
in a bottle
2)
Add an equal volume of
warm water
(50
°
C) to a
dilute ammonia solution. Then add this dilute solution
(in small amount to the oily liquid), shake vigorously
after each addition
3)
Dissolve the ammonium chloride in the rest of the
water and add it to the bottle (in small amount) and
shake vigorously after each addition
N
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e
:
In white liniment,
turpentine oil
is emulsified with
NH
4
oleate
produced from oleic acid and dilute ammonium
solution, and this
emulsifying agent
(
ammonium oleate
) is
oil in water
emulsifying agent (monovalent soap) but the
preparation also contain
NH
4
Cl
which due to common ion
effect depress the ionization of the soap and decrease the
solubility in water, this together with high percent of
turpentine oil in the liniment cause phase inversion producing
water in oil emulsion
.
NH
4
Cl NH
4
+
+ Cl
-
Oleic acid + NH
4
+
NH
4
oleate
1- NH
4
Cl is used as a laxative but here as a system acidifier
2- Dilute ammonia solution is used as a system circulatory
stimulant but here is used as a source of alkali.
3- Oleic acid is used as a source of free fatty acid.
4- Turpentine oil is used as counterirritant.
Liniments, also known as embrocations or heat rubs, are topical preparations used for pain relief and stiffness. They contain ingredients like alcohol and counterirritant compounds such as menthol. The type of liniment and desired action dictate the solvents used. A specific example is the formulation of white liniment using ingredients like turpentine oil and oleic acid. The preparation involves emulsification to create a water-in-oil emulsion.
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Presentation Transcript
It is also called embrocation and heat rub, is a medicated topical preparation for application to the skin. Some liniments have viscosity similar to that of water; others are lotion or balm; still others are in transdermal patches, soft solid sticks, and sprays. Liniment usually is rubbed in to the skin, which the active ingredients penetrate.
Liniments are typically use to relieve pain and stiffness, such as from muscular aches and arthritis. These are typically formulated from alcohol, acetone, or similar quickly evaporating solvents and contain counterirritant aromatic chemical compounds, such as methyl salicilate, benzoin resin, and menthol. They produce a feeling of warmth within the muscle of the area they are applied to, typically acting as rubefacients via a counterirritant effect.
The type of action desired .e.g, LINIMENTS with alcoholic or hydro-alcoholic vehicles are useful in instances in which rubefacient, counterirritant, or penetrating action is desired. While oleaginous liniments are employed primarily when massage is desired. Solubility of the desired components in the various solvents. Liniment that are emulsions or that contain insoluble matter must be shaken thoroughly before use to ensure an even distribution of the dispersed phase. For oleaginous liniment the solvent may be fixed oil or volatile oil or it may be a combination of fixed and volatile oils.
White liniment (Emulsion type liniment) Rx Ammonium chloride 12.5 g Dilute ammonia solution 45 ml Oleic acid 83.3 ml Turpentine oil 250 ml Water 625 ml Ft. emulsion
Procedure 1)Mix turpentine oil and oleic acid in a bottle 2)Add an equal volume of warm water (50 C) to a dilute ammonia solution. Then add this dilute solution (in small amount to the oily liquid), shake vigorously after each addition 3)Dissolve the ammonium chloride in the rest of the water and add it to the bottle (in small amount) and shake vigorously after each addition
Note: In white liniment, turpentine oil is emulsified with NH4 oleate produced from oleic acid and dilute ammonium solution, and this emulsifying agent (ammonium oleate) is oil in water emulsifying agent (monovalent soap) but the preparation also contain NH4Cl which due to common ion effect depress the ionization of the soap and decrease the solubility in water, this together with high percent of turpentine oil in the liniment cause phase inversion producing water in oil emulsion.
NH4Cl NH4 Oleic acid + NH4 + + Cl- + NH4oleate 1- NH4Cl is used as a laxative but here as a system acidifier 2- Dilute ammonia solution is used as a system circulatory stimulant but here is used as a source of alkali. 3- Oleic acid is used as a source of free fatty acid. 4- Turpentine oil is used as counterirritant.
