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Contemporary Issue – The Nervous System and Drug Addiction
Lesson Goals
• To understand the major components of the nervous system and to differentiate between the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.
• To differentiate between sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons.
• To understand how a nerve impulse is conducted down a neuron.
• To understand the basic pathway of the nervous system from a sensory neuron to the central nervous system and then to a motor neuron.
• To learn about neurotransmitters (neurotransmitters) and understand their function in transmitting a nerve impulse between neurons.
• To identify the function of dopamine and understand how the use of various drugs affect the levels of dopamine in the brain.
• To understand the cost of drug addiction to the U.S. and society in general.
• To understand how the scientific view of drug addiction has changed, and how this change has influenced treatment of drug addiction.
Key Terms;
Central nervous system peripheral nervous system stimulus receptor integrators interneuron motor neuron effector response dendrite cell body axon Na+ K+ depolarization repolarization sodium/potassium pump polarity synapse acetylcholine dopamine serotonin postsynaptic membrane enzyme monoamine oxidase (MAO) monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) cocaine amphetamine nicotine
Delve into the intricate workings of the nervous system, synaptic communication, and the impact of drug addiction on neurons. Explore the types of neurons, nerve impulse stimulation, and the polarization process of neurons. Understand the mechanisms of depolarization, repolarization, and the essential role of the sodium pump in maintaining neuron function. Gain insights into the complexities of neurobiology and its connection to drug addiction.
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Presentation Transcript
Todays Lesson Nervous System and Drug Addiction
Overview of Lesson Nervous system Synapses and neurohormones Drug addiction
Neuron Based on: Raven et al., Biology, McGraw-Hill
Types of Neurons Based on: Mader, S., Inquiry Into Life, McGraw-Hill Sensory neurons - carry impulses to the interneurons of the brain Interneurons of the brain - interpret impulses Motor neurons - carry impulses to the muscles
Nerve Impulse Stimulation of neuron, opens channels so that sodium (Na+) goes in, depolarizing the membrane The adjacent section of membrane allows Na+ to go in, depolarizing it This wave of depolarization continues at a rapid rate down the neuron, resulting in a nerve impulse traveling to the brain in milliseconds
Neuron at Rest: Polarized Membrane Outside of neuron is positively charged due to positive sodium ions + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - Inside of Neuron Inside of neuron is negatively charged due to negative ions
Nerve Impulse + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - Neuron Polarized membrane of resting neuron + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - Neuron Sodium (Na) moves inside to depolarize + + + + + - - - - - - Neuron 0 0 0 0 Nerve impulse is wave of depolarization moving down neuron Nerve impulse
Depolarization and Repolarization Based on: Starr, C., Biology: Concepts and Connections, Brooks/Cole
Sodium Pump Operates when neuron is at rest or not transmitting nerve impulse Pump is a membrane protein The protein actively transports Na out of the axon to re-establish polarity of membrane
Overview of Lesson Nervous system Synapses and neurohormones Drug addiction
There are gaps or junctions between neurons called synapses Based on: Mader, S., Inquiry Into Life, McGraw-Hill
Synapses Neurotransmitter being released into synapse and attaching to receptors on dendrite Based on Harvard Medical School Family Health Guide
50 Known Neurotransmitters Examples include: Acetylcholine Dopamine Serotonin
Why do we need a neurotransmitter like dopamine?
Importance of Dopamine Human behavior is controlled by natural chemical reward systems in the body For example, we like to eat fatty foods because it make us feel good It is the release of dopamine that is the chemical reward system responsible for the good feeling Dopamine reinforces behaviors essential to our survival.
Synapses must be cleaned up After neurotransmitter stimulates the postsynaptic membrane, it is removed by an enzyme or transported out of synapse For example, acetylcholine is removed from synapses by an enzyme called acetylcholinesterase
Overview of Lesson Nervous system Synapses and neurohormones Drug addiction
Price of Drug Addiction in U.S. Cigarettes contribute to death rates from cancer and heart disease Alcohol is the leading cause of violence Needles are spreading AIDS Addiction to drugs, cigarettes and alcohol account for a third of all hospital admissions, and a majority of all crimes Drug use costing us excess of 240 billion dollars annually
According to scientists, what is the master molecule of addiction and where is it produced?
Dopamine is thought to be the master molecule of addiction It is made in the brain and affects primitive parts of the brain Based on Time, May 5, 1997
Dopamines Normal Action Based on Time, May 5, 1997 1. After being released into the synapse (the gap between nerve endings and receiver cells), dopamine binds to receptors on the next neuron 2. The dopamine is either quickly reabsorbed or broken down by the enzyme monoamine oxidase (MAO)
How Drug Affect Dopamine Levels Based on Time, May 5, 1997 Cocaine blocks the normal absorption of dopamine. As a result, dopamine accumulates in the synapse, where is stimulates the receiver cell. Amphetamines stimulate excess release of dopamine, overwhelming the processes of reuptake and enzyme breakdown. Nicotine stimulates the release of dopamine, while another substance in cigarette smoke blocks the action of MAO.
Physiology of Addiction Drug enhances amount of dopamine in the synapses Increased dopamine results in increased feelings of pleasure Nervous system responds by reducing the number of dopamine receptor sites Addict must take more drug to produce the same high So while addicts begin by taking drugs to feel high, they end up taking them in order not to feel low.
Withdrawal Physiological response to lack of drug effects, especially the drug s substitution for naturally produced neurotransmitter Withdrawal effects can be intense at first, especially if the drug addict quits abruptly Eventually the body s physiology returns to normal, and the person will stop craving the drug
Treatment for Heroin Addicts Heroin addicts are put on methadone to wean them off of heroin Methadone replaces the heroin without giving the rush If the addict tries to take heroin, the methadone blocks the euphoric effects of it Eventually the addict s neurotransmitter production returns to normal if they can avoid taking heroin
So how has the scientific view of the cause of drug addiction and treatment changed?
Changing View of Drug Addiction Drug addiction has been viewed as a failure of character and combated with criminal laws and imprisonment Now some scientists feel drug addiction may be a disorder of the brain no different from other forms of mental illness May be caused by deficiency in neurotransmitters May be genetically based
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