Learning Unit in Education: Key Topics Covered

Kidtu; K.Nfhtpe;juh[d; Ph.D. cjtp NguhrpupaH fy;tpapay; Jiw mofg;gh gy;fiyfofk; fhiuf;Flp Course 10 B.Ed II Year Unit -1

cs;slf;fpa fy;tpapd; nghUs; kw;Wk; ,ay;ig mwpjy; cs;slf;fpa gs;spfspd; mtrpaj;ij Gupe;Jnfhs;jy; ,ayhik kw;Wk; FiwghL Mfpatw;wpd; nghUs; kw;Wk; ,ay;ig Gupe;Jnfhs;jy; ,ayhikf;Fk;> Fiwghl;bw;Fk; cs;s NtWghLfis Ma;jy; Foe;ijfis ghjpf;Fk; gy;tif FiwghLfis Ma;jy; ;

cs;slf;fpa fy;tp vd;gJ xU fy;tp Vw;ghL MFk;. cs;slf;fpa khjphpapd; mbg;gilapy; cUthf;fg;gLk; ,j;jifa fy;tp KiwahdJ ,ayhikahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l Foe;ijfspd; jpwd; Nkk;ghl;bw;fhd jpl;lq;fis cs;slf;fpajhf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;. ,j;jifa fy;tp %yk; ,ayhikahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l Foe;ijfs; ruhrhp Foe;ijfSld; ,ize;J xd;whf fy;tp fw;f Vw;ghL nra;ag;gLfpwJ.

,e;jpah Nghd;w tsUk; ehLfspy; ,ayhikahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l Foe;ijfspd; r%f nghUshjhu Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F cjTk; tifapy; fy;tpapy; rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. ,ay;ghd epiyapy; cs;s kw;w Foe;ijfSf;F fpilf;fg;ngWfpd;w fy;tp tha;g;Gfis ,ayhikahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l Foe;ijfSf;Fk; toq;Fk; rl;lq;fSk;> jpl;lq;fSk; tFg;gLfpd;wd. rhjhuz fy;tpNahL kl;Lky;yhky; jpwd; kw;Wk; Mw;wy; Nkk;ghl;bw;fhd jpl;lq;fSk; tFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,;jw;fhd fy;tp #oiy cUthf;Fk; gs;spfs; cs;slf;fpa gs;spfshf mq;fPfhpf;fgLfpd;wd.

xNu gs;spapy; xNu tFg;gpy; xd;whf gapYtjhy; xd;wpize;J nray;gLk; kdepiy kw;Wk; kdg;ghq;F Vw;gLfpd;wJ. ruhrhp Foe;ijfsplkpUe;J ngwg;gLk; ,zf;fkhd mutizg;G Ra nfsutj;ijAk; RakhpahijiaAk; tsh;f;fpd;wJ. ,jdhy; r%f Vw;wj;jho;TfspypUe;J kPz;L ntw;wpfukhf gzpfis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F cjTfpwJ. kyh;fpwJ. ,jdhy; cs;slf;fpa r%fk;

gs;sp #oypy; Fiwepiwtpd;wp midtUk; fy;tp fw;f toptFf;fpwJ. ,jdhy; midtUf;Fk; fy;tp vDk; ,yf;F vl;lg;gLk; epiy Vw;gLfpwJ. 6 Kjy; 14 taJf;Fl;gl;l Foe;ijfSf;F fy;tpia fl;lhakhf;Ftjpy; ,j;jifa cs;slf;fpa fy;tp Kiw mbg;gil Mjhukhf tpsq;FfpwJ.

,ayhikahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l Foe;ijfs; tFg;giwfspy; gad;ngWk; tz;zk; epiwa jpl;lq;fis cs;slf;fpajhf ,j;jifa fy;tp Kiw ,Ug;gjhy; gy;tif Neh;kiw tpisTfs; Vw;gLfpd;wd. midtUf;Fk; fy;tp vDk; ,yf;if miltjw;Fk;> njhlh;gpay; kw;Wk; rKjha jpwd;fis Nkk;gLj;jp nfhs;tjw;Fk;> xg;ghh; FOTld; ,ize;J nray;glTk;> gy;tif fw;wy; tpisTfid miltjw;Fk; kw;Wk; cah; fy;tp jilapd;wp ngwTk;> ,j;jifa fy;tp Kiw gad;gLfpwJ.

cs;slf;fpa fy;tp Kiwapy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l Foe;ijfs; ruhrhp Foe;ifSld; ,ize;J gbf;fTk;> tpisahlTk;> fye;JiuahlTk; toptif nra;ag;gLfpwJ. r%fj;Jld; xj;JNghjYf;F toptFf;FfpwJ. cs;slf;fpa fy;tpapd; thapyhf ,ayhikapy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l Rje;jpukhf tho jq;fis jahh;gLj;jpnfhs;th;. Foe;ijfs; ;Rakhf

cs;slf;fpa gs;spfs; rpwg;G gs;spfspypUe;J khWgl;litahFk;. ruhrhp khzth; gapYk; ghjpf;fg;gl;NlhUf;F cjTk; tifapy; juNtz;Lk;. ruhrhp khzth;fSf;F toq;fg;gLk; kjpg;gPl;L Kiwapy; khw;wk; nra;J xg;gilTfs; jahhpj;jy;> nray; jpl;lq;fs; jahhpj;jy;> ,iz fiy jpl;l nray;fs; Mfpatw;wpy; khw;WKiwfis nray;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. midj;J gs;spfSk; ts ikak; ghjpf;fg;gl;Nlhh; vspjhf ifahSk; Jizf;fUtpfs; fl;lhak; ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;. gs;spfspy; ;fl;likg;G ,ayhikahy; trjpfs; nra;J nfhz;ljhfTk; tz;zk; Nghjpa fw;wy; ,ayhikahy;

; kUj;Jt ghpNrhjid kw;Wk; gapw;rp gw;wp; njhopy;Kiw gapw;Wdh;fSld; ,ize;J MrphpaUk; kw;Wk; ghjpf;fg;gl;l Foe;ijfspd; Njitia g+h;j;jp nra;Ak; jpwid ngwNtz;Lk;. gpd;dh; MrphpaNu kUj;Jt cjtpia Neubahf toq;Fk; jpwd; ngwNtz;Lk;. ,jw;fhd cf;jpfis

rpy Foe;ijfSf;F ,ay;ghd gzpfis Nkw;nfhs;tjpy; kw;Wk; r%fj;Jld; ,ize;J nray;gLjypy; rpf;fy; kw;Wk; rpukk; Vw;gLfpd;wJ. ,j;jifa jpwd; Fiwe;j epiyia ,ayhik vd tiuaWf;fpNwhk;. mjhtJ kdpjh;fs; ,ay;ghf nra;Ak; nray;fis rpy Foe;ijfshy; mt;thW Nkw;nfhs;s ,ayhJ. ,j;jifa epiyia ,ayhik vd;fpNwhk;.

xU Foe;ijapd; kd Mw;wy; ruhrhp epiyapypUe;J xU Fwpg;gpl;l tuk;gpw;F fPo; NtWgl;L fhzg;gLtjhy; ,ayhik Vw;gLfpwJ. rpy Foe;ijfSf;F cly; cWg;Gfspy; rPuw;;w epiy Vw;gLfpd;wJ. ,jdhy; ,ayhik Vw;gLfpwJ.

clypaf;fq;fspy; ,ay;G epiy gpwo;e;J fhzg;gLtij FiwghL vd;fpNwhk;. cly; cWg;G FiwghLfs; > clypaf;f FiwghLfs;> kdk; rhHe;j FiwghLfs; Mfpatw;why; ,ayhik Vw;gLfpwJ. ,th;fshy; xU nraiy tpiuthf nra;a KbahJ. ,jdhy; gpwhpd; cjtpia ehlNtz;ba #o;epiy Vw;gLfpd;wJ.

cyf Rfhjhu epWtdk; tiuaWj;Js;sgb (World Health Organization) clypay; kw;Wk; cstpay; uPjpahd mikg;gpNyh>nray;ghl;bNyh Vw;gLk; ,og;G my;yJ ,ay;epiy gpwo;e;J fhzg;gLjy; FiwghL (Impairment) vdg;gLk;. clyikg;gpy; kw;Wk; cWg;Gfspy; fhzg;gLk; gpur;rpidfSk; FiwghL MFk;. ,it gpwg;gpNyh my;yJ tpgj;J> njhw;WNeha; Nghd;wtw;whNyh Foe;ijfSf;F Vw;gLfpwJ.

,ayhik FiwghL t.vz; Disability Impairment 1. cly; kw;Wk; kdjpd; nray; jpwd; Fiwe;J fhzg;gLjiyf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ cly; kw;Wk; mwpTj;jpwd; ,og;G my;yJ ,ay;epiy gpwo;e;J fhzg;gLjiy Fwpf;fpwJ 2. fy;tpahy; jpwd; Nkk;gl ,aYk;. kUj;Jt cjtpAk; gapw;rpAk; mtrpakhfpwJ. 3. cly; kw;Wk; kdj;jpwd; Fd;wpa epiyia Fwpg;gjhFk; ruhrhp cly; kw;Wk; kdj;jpwdpypUe;jJ tpyfpa epiyia Fwpg;gjhFk;. 4. gpwh; cjtpAld; kl;LNk xU nraiy nra;aKbAk;. nraiy Nkw;nfhs;tjpy; fbd epiy fhzg;gLk; 5. cly; kw;Wk; mwpTj; jpwd; FiwghL nray; FiwghL

,ayhik FiwghL t.vz; Disability Impairment 6. Epue;juk; my;yJ khw;W top gad;gLj;jf; $baJ. cs;slf;fpa kw;Wk; rpwg;G gs;spfspy; gapw;rp mspf;fg;gLfpwJ Mrphpah; kw;Wk; kUj;Jt MNyhrfhpd; cjtp Njitg;gLfpd;wJ. ghh;j;jTlNd mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;. epue;jkhdjy;y 7. cs;slf;fpa gs;spfspy; gapw;rpmspf;fg;gLfpwJ Mrphpauhy; topfhl;l KbAk; 8. 9. xUthpd;nray;ghl;il nfhz;Nl mwpa ,aYk;

cly; kw;Wk; csk; rhh;e;j Fiwghlfshy; ,ayhik Vw;gLfpd;wJ. ,ayhikia rpfpr;ir %yKk;> gapw;rpfspd; %yKk; Nghf;fKbAk;. ,ayhikahy; jpwd; kw;Wk; Mw;wy; Fiwe;J fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,ayhikahy; ghjpf;fg;gLNthh; khw;Wjpwd; cilNahuhf ,Ug;gh;. khw;W jpwid Cf;fg;gLj;Jjy; %yk; r%fj;jpy; rpwe;J tpsq;f mth;fSf;F cjtyhk;. ,ayhik epue;jukhdNjh> epiyahdNjh my;y;.

,ay;epiy gpwo;e;J fhzg;gLNthh; vspjpy; ,ay;epiyf;F jpUk;gyhk;. ,ayhikahy; ghjpf;fg;gLNthUf;F topfhl;Ljy; mtrpakhFk;. gapw;rp ngw;w gapw;Wdh; %yk; jpwd; Nkk;ghL mila nra;a ,aYk;. czh;T njhFjpapy; (Affective Domain) Vw;gLk; ghjpg;Gfshy; ,ayhik Vw;gLfpwJ. Ghjpf;fg;gl;Nlhh; jtwhd kdg;ghd;ik my;yJ jho;T kdg;ghd;ik nfhz;Ls;sth;fshf ,Ug;gh;. mr;rk;> Nfhgk;>md;G> nghwhik> ftiyfs; NkNyhq;fp fhzg;gLk;. ,aw;if #oNohL xj;jpUj;jy;> Ntiy kw;Wk; nghOJNghf;F Mfpatw;wpy; <LgLjy; Mfpatw;wpw;F cl;gl;bUg;gh;. tho;it mjd; Nghf;fpy ;Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; gf;Ftk; nfhz;bUg;gh;.

,ayhik kw;Wk; FiwghLfs; ,aw;ifahfTk; my;yJ gpw fhuzq;fshYk; Vw;gLfpd;wd. ,tw;iw %d;W tiffshfg; gphpf;fyhk;. cly; rhh;e;j FiwghLfs; kd uPjpahd FiwghLfs r%fk; rhh;e;j FiwghLfs;

kdj;jpwd; Fiwghl;lhy; ghjpf;fg;gLNthhpd; Ez;zwpT Fiwe;J fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,jdhy; vOJjy;> nray;ghLfspy; FiwghL Vw;gLfpd;wJ. thrpj;jy; Mfpa fw;wy; xg;ghw;FOTld; ,ize;J nray;gl Kbtjpy;iy. rpy r%f fl;Lghl;bw;Fk; cl;gLk; epiy Vw;gLfpd;wJ. NeubahfNth my;yJ kiwKfkhfNth rpy jilfis re;jpf;f NehpLfpwJ. ,jdhy; r%f nray;ghLfspy; jq;fis <LgLj;jpf;nfhs;tjpy; rpukk; Vw;gLfpwJ. gy;NtW ehLfspy; gy;NtW r%f mikg;Gfspy; ,j;jifa jilfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

Nfl;ly; FiwghL ghh;it FiwghL Ngr;R FiwghL kdj;jpwd; FiwghL

cly; rhh;e;j FiwghLfs; rpyUf;F gpwg;gpNyNa Vw;gLfpd;wJ. fUtiwapNyNa Vw;gLk; FiwghLfs; Njhd;Wfpd;wd. kugZ FiwghLfs; jhapd; Neha; jhf;Fjyhy; ,j;jifa ,uj;jf; FiwghLfs; Nghd;wtw;whYk; gpwtp FiwghLfs; Njhd;Wfpd;wd. fh;g;g fhyj;jpy; jha;f;F kUe;jfis ghjpf;fpd;wd. gpwf;fpd;wdh;. Vw;gLk; Neha; njhw;Wfs;> jtwhd nfhs;Sjy; Nghd;wit ,jd; fhuzkhf FiwAs;s vLj;Jf; Foe;ijfis fUtpNy Foe;ijfshfg;

rpwe;j cly;eyj;Jld; gpwf;Fk; Foe;ijfs; $l rpy tif Neha; ghjpg;Gfs; Vw;gl;L ,ayhik my;yJ FiwghLila Foe;ijahf khwptpLfpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf> NghypNah ghjpg;Gfs;> %isf; fha;r;ryhy; Vw;gLk; gpd; tpisTfisf; $wyhk;. Foe;ijg; gUtj;jpy; jha;g; ghy; gw;whf;Fiw> Cl;lr;rj;J gw;whf;Fiw Mfpatw;why; GyZUg;Gfspy; FiwghL Vw;gLtjhy; ,ayhik Vw;gLfpd;wJ.

rj;jhd czit cl;nfhs;s ,ayhj Foe;ijfs; ghh;itf; NfhshW Nghd;w ,ayhikahy; ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wdh;. ,oj;jy;> cly; cWg;Gfspy; gOJ Vw;gly;> cly; cWg;Gfis ,af;f ,ayhik Nghd;wit Vw;gLfpd;wd. tpgj;Jfshy; cly;cWg;Gfis ,aw;if NguopTfs; Foe;ijfspd; tsh;r;rpiaAk; cly; jpwidiaAk; ghjpf;fpd;wd. [g;ghd;ehl;bd; fPNuhrpkh> ehfrhfpapy; Vw;gl;l mZFz;L tPr;rpdhy; FiwghLila Foe;ijfs; ,d;wsTk; gpwf;fpd;wd. Nghghy; tprthA tpgj;jpdhYk; Foe;ijfs; gpwtpf; NfhshWfshy; ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

rpy tif gof;ftof;fq;fs; FiwghLfis cUthf;Ffpd;wd. njhiyf;fhl;rpfis neLNeuk; ghh;f;Fk; Foe;ijfspd; ghh;itj;jpwd; ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. fhJ Filjy; gof;fj;jhy; nrtpj;jpwd; ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ. %is ghjpg;Gfshy; ghjpf;fg;gLk; Foe;ijfis if> fhy;fis ,af;Ftjpy; rpukg;gLfpd;wdh;. rpyUf;F %is euk;G ghjpg;Gfshy; euk;G kz;lyk; Nrjkile;J Ngr;Rj;jpwd; FiwghL. ghh;it FiwghL Nghd;wit cUthfpd;wd.

cly;hPjpahd ghjpg;Gfsg; NghyNt kd uPjpahd ghjpg;GfshYk; ,ayhik Vw;gLfpd;wd. Foe;ijfsplk; fhzg;gLk; kd uPjpahd NfhshWfs; gy tifg;gLk;. mtw;Ws; mth;fspd; fw;Fk; jpwidghjpg;gd FiwghLfs; vdg;gLk;. kd mOj;jk; kw;Wk; kdKwpT Mfpait fw;wiyg; ghjpf;Fk; csuPjpahd FiwghLfshFk;. jha; > je;ij . rNfhju rNfhjupfspd; gphpT my;yJ kuzk; Foe;ijfis kduPjpahfg; ghjpf;Fk;. Xg;ghh; FOTld; ,ize;J nray;gLtjpy; rpyUf;F gpur;rpidfs; Vw;gLfpd;wJ. ,jdhy; kd csr;ry; Vw;gLfpwJ. kd eyidg; ghjpf;Fk; fhuzpfs; gy cs;sd. Cjhuzkhf> mr;rk;> Vkhw;wk;> Nfhgk;> kdg;ghd;ik Nghd;wit mj;jifa fhuzpfSf;F mbg;gilahf mikfpd;wd. ,jd; fhuzkhf Foe;ijfspd;fw;wy; jpwid mit ntFthf ghjpf;fpd;wd.

r%fk; rhh;e;j FiwghLfs; Foe;ijfSf;F ,ayhikia cUthf;fptpLfpd;wJ. r%fg; ghjpg;Gfshy; Foe;ijfspd; fw;wy; jpwDf;Fg; ghjpg;G Vw;glNt nra;AfpwJ. Kf;fpa r%fg; gpur;rpid tWikahFk;. tWik Foe;ijfspd; fw;wy; jpwidg; ghjpf;f nra;fpwJ. tWikahy; ghjpf;fg;gLk; Foe;ijfs; gs;spf;Fr; nry;y ,ayhj epiyf;F js;sg;gLfpd;wdh;. ,ij cUthf;Ftjpy; FLk;gr;#oNy Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fpd;wJ. rpy Foe;ijfs; gs;spg; gbg;ig njhluhj epiyf;F js;sg;gLfpd;wdh;. Rpy r%ff; fl;Lg;ghLfs; Foe;ijfis ghjpf;fpd;wd. Fwpg;ghf ngz; Foe;ijfs; jq;fsJ gs;spg;gbg;ig njhluKbahj tifapy; r%ff; fl;LghLfs; rpf;fiy Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd. gy tif r%f NtWghLfs; fhuzkhf Foe;ijfspd; fw;wypy; ,ayhikia Vw;gLj;jfpd;wJ.

,ay;ghd epiyapy; cs;s kw;w Foe;ijfSf;F fpilf;fg;ngWfpd;w fy;tp tha;g;Gfis ,ayhikahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l Foe;ijfSf;Fk; toq;Fk; gs;sp cs;slf;fpa gs;sp MFk; xU Foe;ijapd; kd Mw;wy; ruhrhp epiyapypUe;J xU Fwpg;gpl;l tuk;gpw;F fPo; NtWgl;L fhzg;gLtjhy; ,ayhik Vw;gLfpwJ. clypaf;fq;fspy; ,ay;G epiy gpwo;e;J fhzg;gLtij FiwghL vd;fpNwhk;. Nfl;ly; FiwghL ghh;it FiwghL Ngr;R FiwghL kdj;jpwd; FiwghL Mfpait Foe;ijfis ghjpf;f$lpait.

Moore, Michele; Beazley, Sarah; Maelzer, June. (1997) Researching Disability Issues. Bristol, PA: Open University Press. Illustrates how to research disability issues using the social model and different methodologies. Pfeiffer, David. (1999) The Problem of Disability Definition, Again. Disability and Rehabilitation, 21(8 August): 392-95. A policy commentary tracing the changing definitions of disability and their differing impact. Robillard, Albert R. (1999) Meaning of a Disability: The Lived Experience of Paralysis. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. A discussion of disability based on the author's personal experience covering daily interaction, feelings, discrimination, and meaningful interaction.

Lenz, B. K., Deshler, D. D., & Kissam, B. R. (2004). Teaching content to all: Evidencebased inclusive practices in middle and secondary schools. Boston: Allyn & Bacon. Mitchiner, M., McCart, A., Kozleski, E., Sweeney, H., & Sailor, W. (2014). Emerging trends and future directions in effective inclusive elementary schools for students with extensive support needs. In J. McLeskey, N. Waldron, F. Spooner, & B. Algozzine (Eds.), Handbook of research and practices for effective inclusive schools (pp. 447-491). New York: Routledge. Mitchell, David T.; Snyder, Sharon L. (editors) (1997) The Body and Physical Difference: Discourses of Disability. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press. Disability as found in culture and the arts including the marginality of people with disabilities and their sense of identity. https://vikaspedia.in/education/parents-corner/guidelines-for-parents-of-children- with-disabilities/types-of-disabilities https://study.com/academy/lesson/difference-between-impairment-disability- developmental-delay-handicap.html