Language Structure Explained: Prefixes, Suffixes, and Word Class Changes
I : Affixation
•
PREFIX : ADDING A PREFIX TO THE
BASE
•
With / Without Change of Word-Class
•
In
+Complete
Un
+tie
•
A
+moral
Co
+pilot
•
Be
+friend
Arch
+enemy
•
Tri
+colour
Post
+war
•
Sub
+way
Super
+market
•
SUFFIX:
ADDING A PREFIX TO THE
BASE
With / Without Change in Word-Class
•
Govern+
ment
Faith+
ful
•
Wis(e)+
est
Prepar(e)+
ation
•
Writ(e)+
er
Hospital+
ise
•
Nation+
al
S
peech+
less
•
Artist+
ic
Happi+
ness
II: CONVERSION
A Word changes its Word Class with / Without
an Affixation
I: You should
husband
your resources carefully.
I: Her
husband
is in the army.
II: This rule is a
must
for everyone.
II: You
must
buy this book.
III: My children are a great
help
to her.
III: please
help
her in the project.
IV: We had a nice
walk
in the garden.
IV: Camels can
walk
on sand.
Cont…
V: The news was in the national
daily
.
V: It’s a
daily
newspaper.
VI: Wear a
mask
.
VI: They
mask
their feelings.
VII: She was
present
in the class.
VII: She gave her a
present
.
VIII:
Light
the lamp.
VIII: There is enough
light
in the room.
MORE words: Knife, Calm, House, Water, Call,
Empty, Brake, Cash, Comic, etc.
Cont.
Conversions from Phrases to Nouns:
1.
He was one of the
also-runs
.
2.
He is a
fly-by-night
businessman.
Conversions from Phrases to Adjectives:
1.
I feel very
under the weather
.
2.
These are
cast-off
clothes.
3.
She is a
make-up
artist.
4.
It’s a
done in a corner
matter.
5.
His is a
beat about the bush
speech.
Cont.
Conversions for Affixes to Nouns:
•
Feminism is one of the
isms
.
•
What are the
pros
of the issue.
Approximate Conversion:
•
A word undergoes a slight change in
Spelling
or
Pronunciation
or
Grammatic Function
.
•
Advice # Advise
Practice # Practise
•
Thief # Thieve (V)
Shift of Stress:
VERB
NOUN
(Stress on 2
nd
Syllable)
(Stress on 1
st
Syllable)
•
Con
duct
Conduct
•
Ad
dict
Addict
•
De
crease
Decrease
•
Export /Iks/
Export /eks/
•
Object
Object
•
Perfect
Perfect
•
Conflict
Conflict
•
Insult
Insult
•
Permit
Permit
•
Present
Present
•
Produce
Produce
•
Rebel
Rebel
•
Record
Record
COMPOUND WORDS
A unit that consists of two or more bases.
•
Sunrise
Taxpayer
Blood-Test
Notebook
Book review
song-writer Swimming pool
Daydreaming
Homework
Walking stick
•
Windmill
Motorcycle
Paperback
•
Hunchback
Backpack
Potbelly
•
Loudmouth
Breathtaking
Soul Searching
•
Fruit Canning
Homesick
Merry-go-round
•
British-American
Bitter-Sweet
Deaf-Mute
•
Colourblind
Brickred
Hairband
•
Medium pace right hand bowler
REDUPLICATION
Some Compounds have Two or More Elements which
are either Identical or only Slightly Different
Difference between Two Elements may be in the
Initial
Consonants
or
Medial Vowels
W
alkie –
T
alkie
Cr
i
ss-Cr
o
ss
Tick-Tock
See-Saw
Tip-Top
Zig-Zag
Chit-Chat
Yo-Yo
Bow-Wow
Ping-Pong,
Ding-Dong,
Shilly-Shally
,
Helter-Skelter
,
Tittle-Tattle
,
Wishy-Washy,
Tut-Tut
,
Willy-Nilly
,
Mumbo-Jumbo
,
Higgledy-Piggledy
,
Hi-fi
,
Hibbie-Jeebie
,
Hocus-Pocus
,
Argy-bargy,
Nitty-gritty
,
Knick-
Knack
,
Chop-Chop
,
So-so
No-no
Cont.
Cont.
Namby-bamby
,
Roly-poly,
Harum-Scarum
,
Hoity-toity
,
Hurly-Burly
,
Itty-bitty
,
Namby-pamby
,
bye-bye
,
Hush-hush
,
Ha-ha
,
Blah-blah
,
Flip-flip
,
Ga-ga
CLIPPING
•
Parts of the Long Word are cut off. Hence One
Part of the word stands for the Whole Word.
i) Clipping can occur
at the Beginning
:
•
Phone # Telephone
Net # Internet
•
Plane # Aeroplane
Paper # Newspaper
•
Pin # Hairpin/Safetypin
•
Stand # BusStand
Book # Textbook
•
Brush # Toothbrush/ Hairbrush
•
Watch # Wristwatch
Fan # Ceiling Fan
•
Bell # Doorbell
Cycle # Bicycle
•
Cooker # Pressure cooker
•
Bike # Motorbike
ii) Clipping can occur
at the End
:
(
Commonly Used)
•
Photo # Photograph
Intro# Introduction
•
Disco# Discotheque
Veg # Vegetarian
•
Mon # Monday
Cell # Cellphone
•
Ortho # Orthopaedic
Bro # Brother
•
Gynaec # Gynaecologist
Sis # Sister
•
Gym # Gymnasium
Prez # President
•
Exam # Examination
Brits # British
•
Pak # Pakistan
Fr # Francs
•
Bio # Biology
Kilo # Kilogram
Cont.
•
Lab # Laboratory
Lib # Library
•
Dorm # Dormitory
Taxi # Taxicab
•
Ad # Advertisement
Prof # Professor
•
Mike # Microphone
Specs # Spectacles
•
Eco # Ecology / Economics
Ok # Okay
•
Doc # Doctor / Document
Id # Identity
•
Sign # Signature
Fridge # Refrigerator
•
Comp # Computer
Calci # Calculator
•
Fax # Facsimile
Zoo # Zoological Park
•
Gas # Gasoline
Micro # Microwave Oven
•
Remote # Remote control
ii) Clipping can occur
in the Middle
: ( Rare)
•
Flu # Influenza
BLENDING
•
Two Parts of Two Different words are blended to
make a New Word.
•
Brunch
# Breakfast+Lunch
•
Smog
# Smoke + Fog
•
Motel
# Motor + Hotel
•
Moped
# Motor Cycle + Pedals
•
Transistor
# Transfer + Resistor
•
Autobus
# Automobile + Omnibus
•
Tomchi
# Tomato + Chille
•
Pomato
# Potato + Tomato
Cont.
•
Infotainment
# Information+ Entertainment
•
di-fi
# Digital + Fidelity
•
Co-ed
# Co+education
•
Chortle
# Chukle+Snort
•
Finmin
# Finance + Minister
•
Womenomics
# Women + Econimics
•
Edutainment
# Education + Entertainment
•
Interpole
# International + Police
•
Medicar
# Medical + Care
•
Heliport
# Helicopter + Airport
•
Hi- Tech
# High + Technology
•
Ginormous
# Gigantic + Enormous
•
Feminar
# Feminine + Seminar
•
Workoholic
# Work + Alcoholic
Cont.
•
Staycation
# Stay + Vacation
•
Globish
# Global + English
•
Wi-Fi
# Wireless + Fidelity
•
Frenemy
# Friend + Enemy
•
Faction
# Fact + Fiction
•
Emoticon
# Emotion + Icon
•
Docudrama
# Documentary + Drama
•
Biopic
# Biography + Picture
•
Spork
# Spoon + Fork
•
Webinar
# Web + Seminar
•
Blog
# Web + Log
•
Glamping
# Glamorous + Camping
•
Internet
# International + Network
•
Hinglish
# Hindi + English
Cont.
•
Alphanumeric # Alphabetic + Numeric
•
Brexit
# Britain + Exit
•
# Electronic + mail
•
Forex
# Foreign + Exchange
•
Oxbridge
# Oxford + Cambridge
•
Sitcom
# Situation + Comedy
•
Bollywood
# Bombay+ Hollywood
•
Saifina
# Saif + Karina
•
Chillax
# Chill + Relax
•
Cineplex
# Cinema + Complex
•
Chunnel
# Channel + Tunnel
•
Dumbfound
# Dumb + Confound
•
Malware
# Malicious + Software
•
Netizen
# Internet + Citizen
Acronymy / Acronyms
•
Acronyms are formed from the Initial Letters of
Words.
•
Many Acronyms are Pronounced as words.
•
Acronyms pronounced as Sequences of Letters can be
called “ ALPHABETISMS
”
COD
# Cash On Delivery
NOC
# No Objection Certificate
RADAR
# Radio Detecting And Ranging
LCD
# Liquid Compact Disc
BPO
# Business Process Outsourcing
OT
# Operation Theatre
LA
# Los Angeles
CRY
# Child Rights and You
Cont.
•
BJP
# Bhartiya Janata Party
•
IMF
# International Monetary Fund
•
SAARC # South Asian Association of Regional
Cooperation
•
WHO
# World Health Organisation
•
RAW
# Research and Analysis Wing
•
NASA # National Aeronautics & Space Organisation
•
CIDCO # City & Industrial Development Corporation
•
NABARD # National Bank for Rural & Agriculture
Development
Exercise: Identify the Word Formation Processes
of the underlined words:
•
They are
made for each other
couple.
•
Write
PTO
at the bottom of the page.
•
We are proud to be
Indians.
•
She switched on the
set top box
.
•
She will get
max
70 points.
•
She is
shopaholic
.
•
They are drawing
zig-zag
lines.
•
Please
empty
this box.
•
I have a
PAN
card.
•
He talks
glocal
English
Thank you !
Explore the concept of affixation with examples of adding prefixes and suffixes to base words, resulting in changes to word classes. Conversion examples illustrate how words can change classes without affixes. The content covers shifts in stress, compound words, and conversions from phrases to nouns and adjectives. Gain insights into language structure nuances through practical examples.
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Presentation Transcript
I : Affixation PREFIX : ADDING A PREFIX TO THE BASE With / Without Change of Word-Class In+Complete A+moral Be+friend Tri+colour Sub+way Un+tie Co+pilot Arch+enemy Post+war Super+market
SUFFIX: ADDING A PREFIX TO THE BASE With / Without Change in Word-Class Govern+ment Wis(e)+est Writ(e)+er Nation+al Artist+ic Faith+ful Prepar(e)+ation Hospital+ise Speech+less Happi+ness
II: CONVERSION A Word changes its Word Class with / Without an Affixation I: You should husband your resources carefully. I: Her husband is in the army. II: This rule is a must for everyone. II: You must buy this book. III: My children are a great help to her. III: please help her in the project. IV: We had a nice walk in the garden. IV: Camels can walk on sand.
Cont V: The news was in the national daily. V: It s a daily newspaper. VI: Wear a mask. VI: They mask their feelings. VII: She was present in the class. VII: She gave her a present. VIII: Light the lamp. VIII: There is enough light in the room. MORE words: Knife, Calm, House, Water, Call, Empty, Brake, Cash, Comic, etc.
Cont. Conversions from Phrases to Nouns: 1. He was one of the also-runs. 2. He is a fly-by-night businessman. Conversions from Phrases to Adjectives: 1. I feel very under the weather. 2. These are cast-off clothes. 3. She is a make-up artist. 4. It s a done in a corner matter. 5. His is a beat about the bush speech.
Cont. Conversions for Affixes to Nouns: Feminism is one of the isms. What are the pros of the issue. Approximate Conversion: A word undergoes a slight change in Spelling or Pronunciation or Grammatic Function. Advice # Advise Thief # Thieve (V) Practice # Practise
Shift of Stress: VERB (Stress on 2nd Syllable) Con duct Ad dict De crease Export /Iks/ Object Perfect Conflict Insult Permit Present Produce Rebel Record (Stress on 1st Syllable) Conduct Addict Decrease Export /eks/ Object Perfect Conflict Insult Permit Present Produce Rebel Record NOUN
COMPOUND WORDS A unit that consists of two or more bases. Sunrise Taxpayer Blood-Test Book review song-writer Swimming pool Daydreaming Homework Windmill Motorcycle Hunchback Backpack Loudmouth Breathtaking Soul Searching Fruit Canning Homesick British-American Bitter-Sweet Deaf-Mute Colourblind Brickred Medium pace right hand bowler Notebook Walking stick Paperback Potbelly Merry-go-round Hairband
REDUPLICATION Some Compounds have Two or More Elements which are either Identical or only Slightly Different Difference between Two Elements may be in the Initial Consonants or Medial Vowels Walkie Talkie Criss-Cross
Cont. Tick-Tock Zig-Zag Bow-Wow Shilly-Shally, Helter-Skelter, Tittle-Tattle, Wishy-Washy, Tut-Tut, Willy-Nilly, Mumbo-Jumbo, Higgledy-Piggledy, Hi-fi, Hibbie-Jeebie, Hocus-Pocus, Argy-bargy, Nitty-gritty, Knick- Knack, Chop-Chop, So-so See-Saw Chit-Chat Ping-Pong, Tip-Top Yo-Yo Ding-Dong, No-no
Cont. Namby-bamby, Harum-Scarum, Hurly-Burly, Namby-pamby, Hush-hush, Blah-blah, Ga-ga Flip-flip, Roly-poly, Hoity-toity, Itty-bitty, bye-bye, Ha-ha,
CLIPPING Parts of the Long Word are cut off. Hence One Part of the word stands for the Whole Word.
i) Clipping can occur at the Beginning: Phone # Telephone Plane # Aeroplane Pin # Hairpin/Safetypin Stand # BusStand Brush # Toothbrush/ Hairbrush Watch # Wristwatch Fan # Ceiling Fan Bell # Doorbell Cooker # Pressure cooker Bike # Motorbike Net # Internet Paper # Newspaper Book # Textbook Cycle # Bicycle
ii) Clipping can occur at the End: (Commonly Used) Photo # Photograph Disco# Discotheque Mon # Monday Ortho # Orthopaedic Gynaec # Gynaecologist Sis # Sister Gym # Gymnasium Exam # Examination Pak # Pakistan Bio # Biology Veg # Vegetarian Cell # Cellphone Bro # Brother Intro# Introduction Brits # British Fr # Francs Kilo # Kilogram Prez # President
Cont. Lab # Laboratory Dorm # Dormitory Ad # Advertisement Mike # Microphone Eco # Ecology / Economics Ok # Okay Doc # Doctor / Document Id # Identity Sign # Signature Comp # Computer Fax # Facsimile Gas # Gasoline Remote # Remote control Lib # Library Taxi # Taxicab Prof # Professor Specs # Spectacles Fridge # Refrigerator Calci # Calculator Zoo # Zoological Park Micro # Microwave Oven
ii) Clipping can occur in the Middle: ( Rare) Flu # Influenza
BLENDING Two Parts of Two Different words are blended to make a New Word. Brunch Smog Motel Moped Transistor # Transfer + Resistor Autobus # Automobile + Omnibus Tomchi # Tomato + Chille Pomato # Potato + Tomato # Breakfast+Lunch # Smoke + Fog # Motor + Hotel # Motor Cycle + Pedals
Cont. Infotainment di-fi Co-ed Chortle Finmin Womenomics Edutainment Interpole Medicar Heliport Hi- Tech Ginormous # Gigantic + Enormous Feminar Workoholic # Work + Alcoholic # Information+ Entertainment # Digital + Fidelity # Co+education # Chukle+Snort # Finance + Minister # Women + Econimics # Education + Entertainment # International + Police # Medical + Care # Helicopter + Airport # High + Technology # Feminine + Seminar
Cont. Staycation Globish Wi-Fi Frenemy Faction Emoticon Docudrama Biopic Spork Webinar Blog Glamping Internet Hinglish # Global + English # Wireless + Fidelity # Friend + Enemy # Fact + Fiction # Emotion + Icon # Documentary + Drama # Biography + Picture # Spoon + Fork # Web + Seminar # Web + Log # Glamorous + Camping # International + Network # Hindi + English # Stay + Vacation
Cont. Alphanumeric # Alphabetic + Numeric Brexit # Britain + Exit Email # Electronic + mail Forex # Foreign + Exchange Oxbridge # Oxford + Cambridge Sitcom # Situation + Comedy Bollywood # Bombay+ Hollywood Saifina # Saif + Karina Chillax # Chill + Relax Cineplex # Cinema + Complex Chunnel # Channel + Tunnel Dumbfound # Dumb + Confound Malware # Malicious + Software Netizen # Internet + Citizen
Acronymy / Acronyms Acronyms are formed from the Initial Letters of Words. Many Acronyms are Pronounced as words. Acronyms pronounced as Sequences of Letters can be called ALPHABETISMS COD NOC RADAR LCD BPO OT LA CRY # Cash On Delivery # No Objection Certificate # Radio Detecting And Ranging # Liquid Compact Disc # Business Process Outsourcing # Operation Theatre # Los Angeles # Child Rights and You
Cont. BJP IMF SAARC # South Asian Association of Regional Cooperation WHO # World Health Organisation RAW # Research and Analysis Wing NASA # National Aeronautics & Space Organisation CIDCO # City & Industrial Development Corporation NABARD # National Bank for Rural & Agriculture Development # Bhartiya Janata Party # International Monetary Fund
Exercise: Identify the Word Formation Processes of the underlined words: They are made for each other couple. Write PTO at the bottom of the page. We are proud to be Indians. She switched on the set top box. She will get max 70 points. She is shopaholic. They are drawing zig-zag lines. Please empty this box. I have a PAN card. He talks glocal English
