Key Factors in Oil and Gas Industry

Explore essential concepts in the oil and gas sector such as oil volume at surface conditions, gas volume at standard conditions, porosity measurement, water saturation, and formation volume factor. Learn how to calculate stock tank oil volume, gas in place, and interpret crucial parameters for reservoir analysis.

• Oil and gas
• Reservoir analysis
• Porosity measurement
• Water saturation
• Formation volume

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Uploaded on Oct 02, 2024 | 1 Views

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1. Math in Oil and Gas California Department of Conservation | conservation.ca.gov

2. Oil Volume at Surface Conditions Stock Tank Oil Volume = 7758 (Area)(Height)(Porosity)(1-Water Saturation) (Formation Volume Factor) 7758 Area Height Porosity Water Saturation Formation Volume Factor Stock Tank Oil Volume Constant-Barrels per Acre Foot Acres Feet Percentage Percentage Reservoir Barrel/Stock Tank Barrel Barrels 2 California Department of Conservation | conservation.ca.gov

3. Gas Volume at Standard Conditions Gas in Place = 43,560 (Area)(Height)(Porosity)(1-Water Saturation) 43,560 Area Height Porosity Water Saturation Formation Volume Factor Gas Volume (Formation Volume Factor) Constant-Cubic Feet per Acre Foot Acres Feet Percentage Percentage Reservoir Cubic Foot/Surface Cubic Foot Cubic Feet 3 California Department of Conservation | conservation.ca.gov

4. Porosity Measure of the volume within a rock that is available to contain reservoir fluids It is a percentage (usually in the range of 5% to 30%) Total and Effective Porosity Certain rocks contain some pores which are not in communication with adjacent pores Sandstones the total and effective porosity are the same Some types of carbonates the total and effective porosity are different Measure Porosity by: Cores Well logs (Sonic, Density, Neutron) Pressure Transient Testing 4 California Department of Conservation | conservation.ca.gov

5. Water Saturation Water Saturation is the fraction of the total pore space occupied by water Determined by cores or by well logs 5 California Department of Conservation | conservation.ca.gov

6. Formation Volume Factor Pressure*Volume=n*R*Temperature Reservoir temperatures and pressures are almost always higher than standard conditions (60o F and 14.7 psi) Gas is released as pressures and temperature changes Formation Volume Factor adjusts for this gas release Stock Tank Barrels are barrels at standard conditions 6 California Department of Conservation | conservation.ca.gov

7. Decline Analysis Decline curve analysis is a means of predicting future oil or gas well production based on past production history. Production decline curve analysis is a traditional means of identifying well production problems and predicting well performance and life based on measured oil well production. 7 California Department of Conservation | conservation.ca.gov

8. Decline Curve Analysis ln(q)=ln(qi)-dt q=current production rate (barrels per day) qi=initial production rate (barrels per day) t=time (years) d=decline rate Sample Calculation Current production = 94 BOPD Initial production = 100 BOPD Time = 1 year 8 California Department of Conservation | conservation.ca.gov

9. Decline Curve Example ln(q)=ln(qi)-dt ln(q)=ln(qi)-dt ln(94)=ln(100)-d(1) 4.543=4.605-d(1) d=0.062=6.2% decline per year Sample Calculation Current production = 94 BOPD Initial production = 100 BOPD Time = 1 year 9 California Department of Conservation | conservation.ca.gov

10. Whats the production in 2 years ln(q)=ln(qi)-dt ln(q)=ln(qi)-dt ln(q)=ln(100)-(0.062)(2) ln(q)=4.605-0.124 q=88.4 BOPD Sample Calculation Decline=0.062 Initial production = 100 BOPD Time = 2 year 10 California Department of Conservation | conservation.ca.gov

11. Reservoir Simulation Models 11 California Department of Conservation | conservation.ca.gov

12. Financial Importance of Reserves Proved reserves are what banks will give loans The value of the company is based on the value of the proved reserves Financial Earnings of oil companies in a year are: Revenue-Operating Expenses-Depreciation(Based on units of production) Depreciation =Barrels Produced*Development Costs/Proved Reserves 12 California Department of Conservation | conservation.ca.gov