Image Slides Collection for Presentation

Framework in LD

Climb The Mountain

Roles and Burdens

Aff needs to provide a justification of the resolution

Negative needs to provide a reason not to vote aff:

-

Don’t change/prefer the status quo

-

Won’t solve for what it says, so not desirable

-

Negative impacts outweigh the positive

-

Etc, other reasons or a combination of all of them

Judge determines which side has answered the other side’s arguments better

and will give a Reason for Decision, or RFD

Framework

Philosophical perspective taken by your case

Not necessarily incompatible with your opponent, but when it is, a

big opportunity for clash 

“Framing” is the process of choosing which impacts to prioritize 

Long term vs short term

Big stick vs high probability

Etc. 

Value and Criterion

Value - vague concept at the center of your perspective

Value Criterion - concrete method for achieving philosophical

(value related) premises 

Value - Justice

Value Criterion - Utilitarianism 

Values

Common Values

• Morality 

• Justice / Fairness 

• Freedom / Liberty /

Autonomy

 • Human Dignity 

• Governmental Legitimacy

• Societal Welfare

• Equality

• Life

• Quality of Life

 • Democracy

How does the criterion connect to the value?

How do the contentions connect to the criterion?

Personal Values

●

life 

- the supreme value perhaps

and often related to quality of life

●

quality of life

- qualities which

make life worth living

●

liberty

- freedom to do

whatever, whenever

●

justice

- receiving just desserts

●

happiness

 - the sense of

pleasure

●

autonomy

 - self-determination

●

safety

 - free from all manner of

threats

●

health

 - without physical

limitation

●

well-being

 - general sense life is

good

●

self-worth

 / dignity - one's life

has value to others

●

privacy

 - anonymity or the right

to keep some aspects of life non-

public

●

morality

 - discernment of right

behavior

Societal Values

•

fairness

 - everyone is treated

justly

•

community / belonging

 - being

accepted by the group

•

rule of law

 - willingness to

submit to legal authority

•

democracy/democratic ideals

 -

everyone has an equal voice

•

progress / social progress

 -

ability to achieve higher ideals

or standards

•

morality

 - group or corporate

right behavior

•

equality - 

all members have the

same opportunities

•

egalitarianism - 

see equality

above (more a philosophy of

equality)

•

social justice 

- the society

conforms to standards of just

desserts

•

social harmony 

- everyone gets

along

•

Societal welfare - 

community

care

•

upward mobility - 

ability to climb

the ladder of success

Governmental Values

●

government legitimacy 

- recognized authority

granted to the government

●

security

 - duty of the government to protect

citizens, lives, liberty and property

●

autonomy

 - freedom from outside interference

●

duty of government 

- values arising out of the

social contract; duty to protect citizens

●

morality

 - right behavior of nations and

governments

Criterions

Non-Philosophical Based Criterion

Your criterion will often be [verb + object], such as 

●

protecting life

●

minimizing suffering

●

rejecting violence

●

encouraging participation

●

creating equality 

Common Criterions

Categorical Imperative:

 (Golden Rule) Due unto other’s as you would want

them to do onto you. (Do this so that this will happen; Brush your teeth so that

you don’t get cavities) 

Utilitariansim

: 

the doctrine that actions are right if they are useful or for the

benefit of a majority.

Deontology:

 Deontological theories hold that some acts are always wrong,

even if the act leads to an admirable outcome. Actions in deontology are

always judged independently of their outcome. An act can be morally bad but

may unintentionally lead to a favorable outcome.

Common Criterions

Liberalism- 

Developed in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries as a doctrine which

emphasized the development of the individual free from the restraints of government. In

the twentieth century this view changed to one which looks to the government to step in

and correct wrongs and abuses.

Consequentialism - 

A philosophical perspective which argues that an act or rule is

acceptable or moral because of the outcomes incurred by that act or rule. The means or

intentions that originally motivated the act or rule do not matter, which at times makes

consequentialism a repugnant, cold-hearted method of calculating morality.

Objectivism- 

The ethical theory that there are objective criteria for determining the

rightness and wrongness of actions. Objective criteria in this sense are independent of any

given mind and thus have a reality based on more than just inward feeling.

Common Criterions

John Locke's Social Contract- 

Provides for individualism, popular sovereignty and

limited democratic government. This empowers people to create government and laws

by consent and to dissolve the government or agreement if it is harmful or fails to meet

the needs of the people and that individuals also have the power to respond to acts of

injustice, violations of individual liberties with violence.

Thomas Hobbes's Social Contract- 

Advocates an authoritarian contract. When the

contract is broken, an imbalance is created and must be repaired or else all of society is

set to fail.

Jean Jacques Rousseau's Social Contract 

-Advocates a government formed by the will

of the people, but then declares that people do not know what is best for them.

Examples with cards

Autonomy

Autonomy is a necessary part of a good life.

Nicole Hassoun, 

Associate Professor of Philosophy at Birmingham University, comments in

Arizona University’s 3rd International Conference on Philosophy:

[“Human Rights, Needs, and Autonomy” University of Arizona, ATINER 3rd International Conference on

Philosophy]

Consider, first, why autonomy (understood here as just requiring reasoning and planning ability) is

necessary for a minimally good life. Rewarding struggle, deep understanding, good relationships,

significant achievement, virtue and so forth are some of the things that make a life go minimally well.

Each of these things requires autonomy. People must be able to reason about, make, and carry out

simple plans on the basis of their commitments to create and maintain good relationships. People

must, for instance, be able to reason about, make, and carry out plans to talk with their friends and

families for their relationships to flourish. 

Thus, the value criterion is using self-governing.

Communitarianism

Communitarianism is required to protect both democracy, and individual

rights. 

Etzioni 93 

Amitai Etzioni, Professor of Government at George Washington University

1993 explains

Neither human existence nor individual liberty can be sustained for long outside the interdependent

and overlapping communities to which all of us belong. Nor can any community long survive unless its

members dedicate some of their attention, energy, and resources to shared projects. The exclusive

pursuit of private interest erodes the network of social environments on which we all depend and is

destructive to our shared experiment in democratic self-government. For these reasons, we hold that

the rights of individuals cannot long be preserved without a communitarian perspective. A key

concept I draw upon in the following characterization of a good society is the term community. I

define it as follows: Community is a combination of two elements: A) A web of affect laden

relationships among a group of individuals, relationships that often crisscross and reinforce one

another-rather than merely one-on-one or chainlike individual relationships; B) A measure of

commitment to a set of shared values, [and] norms, and meanings, and a shared history and identity-

in short, to a particular culture.

Thus, the value criterion is promoting communities. 

Pragmatism

A pragmatic approach to morality is necessary since the very goal of rational

thought is to solve problems of experience.

Roberto Frega 12. 

“Equal Accessibility to All: Habermas, Pragmatism, and the Place

of Religious Beliefs in a Post-Secular Society.” Constellations Volume 19, Number 2,

2012.

A pragmatic theory of rationality provides a description of the nature and function of human reason

whose theoretical bases lie in the naturalistic paradigm offered by classical pragmatists, especially J.

Dewey and C. S. Peirce. Such an account deploys a conception of thinking [is] as human [an] activity

embedded in experience (principle of continuity) and functionally oriented to the advancement of

experience itself. According to such an account, thinking is conceived as an activity whose main

function is the guide of conduct through the fixation of beliefs. As such it is considered as a form of

inquiry.

Thus, the value criterion is using practical reasoning over theoretical reasoning.

Now you try!