Hydrology and Engineering Applications in Water Study
Hydrology explores Earth's water, its properties, and cycles, while engineering uses this knowledge for water-related projects like supply, irrigation, and flood control. Understanding water vapor processes, solar and earth radiation, and their impact on weather and climate are also key aspects of hydrological and engineering studies.
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Presentation Transcript
Hydrology :Treats of the water of the earth, their occurrence, circulation and distribution, their chemical & physical properties and their reaction with their environment, including their relation to living things. Weather and Hydrology: In hydrologic problems metrology plays an important role which includes the determination of probable max. precipitation for spillway design and determination of probable max. winds over water surface for evaluating resulting waves in connection with the design of dams. Hydrological cycle: Various aspects of water related to the earth can be explained in terms of a cycle known as the hydrological cycle. :Treats of the water of the earth, their occurrence, circulation and distribution, their chemical & physical properties and their reaction with their environment, including their relation to living things. : In hydrologic problems metrology plays an important role which includes the determination of probable max. precipitation for spillway design and determination of probable max. winds over water surface for evaluating resulting waves in connection with the design of dams. : Various aspects of water related to the earth can be explained in terms of a cycle known as the hydrological cycle.
Engineering applications at the hydrologic cycle are found in the design and operation of projects dealing with water supply, irrigation and drainage, water power and flood control. In all of these projects hydrological investigations for the proper assessment of the following factors are done: 1 1- - The capacity of storage structures such as reservoirs. 2 2- - The magnitude of flood flows to enable safe disposal excess flow. 3 3- - The min. flow and quantity of flow available at various seasons. Solar and earth radiation: Solar radiation is the earth energy and it determines weather and climate. Radiation wave lengths are usually given in micrometers ( Solar radiation is in short waves and its max. energy is in the range of 0.8 Earth radiation is in long waves and is about A large part of the solar radiation reaching the outer limits of the atmosphere is scattered and absorbed in the atmosphere or reflected from clouds and the earth surface. Engineering applications at the hydrologic cycle are found in the design and operation of projects dealing with water supply, irrigation and drainage, water power and flood control. In all of these projects hydrological investigations for the proper assessment of the following factors are done: The capacity of storage structures such as reservoirs. The magnitude of flood flows to enable safe disposal excess flow. The min. flow and quantity of flow available at various seasons. Solar radiation is the earth s chief source of energy and it determines weather and climate. Radiation wave lengths are usually given in micrometers ( m Solar radiation is in short waves and its max. energy is in the range of 0.4 0.8 m Earth radiation is in long waves and is about 10 A large part of the solar radiation reaching the outer limits of the atmosphere is scattered and absorbed in the atmosphere or reflected from clouds and the earth surface. s chief source of m) = ( ) = (10 10- -6 6m) m) 0.4 m 10 m. m.
Properties of water vapor: Evaporation: or vaporization, is the process by which liquid water is converted in to vapor. Sublimation: is the direct transformation from ice to vapor and vice versa. Condensation: is the process by which vapor changes to the liquid then to the solid state. Vapor presser: is the partial presser exerted by water vapor.( the difference between the presser of the moist air and that of the dry air. =p Where: =vapor presser. P=total presser of the moist air. p`=final presser of the dry air. Saturated vapor presser: is the presser exerted by the vapor in a saturated space. Relative humidity: is the percentage ratio of the actual to the saturated vapor presser. *Evaporation removes heat from the liquid being evaporated while condensation adds heat. or vaporization, is the process by which liquid water is converted in to vapor. is the direct transformation from ice to vapor and vice versa. is the process by which vapor changes to the liquid then to the solid state. is the partial presser exerted by water vapor.( )and it would be the difference between the presser of the moist air and that of the dry air. =p- -p` Where: =vapor presser. P=total presser of the moist air. p`=final presser of the dry air. is the presser exerted by the vapor in a saturated space. is the percentage ratio of the actual to the saturated vapor presser. *Evaporation removes heat from the liquid being evaporated while condensation adds heat. )and it would be p`
