Hemingway: A Literary Portrait of the Lost Generation
A
nother expatriate in Paris
Another writer committed to his
times and bonded to his generation,
stricken by the 'unreasonable
wound' of war
‘LOST GENERATION’ – term by
Gertrude Stein
C
omparison with Fitzgerald – writer as
performing self
H
emingway
tested himself on
society’s
f
ringes
:
wrote of bullfighting in Spain,
war on the Italian front, the Spanish Civil
War, game hunting in Africa
– common
settings in his novels (vs his stories-
M
i
chigan woods)
‘
T
he
art of omission
’-
journalistic s
tyle
:
concrete
,
econom
ical,
tough, a controlled use of
words,
p
recision
:
‘
A
ll you have to do is write one
true sentence, write the truest sentence you know’
cleaving to the hard facts of life
,
pursuit of
concrete fact
,
describing
things for oneself,
things as they are, not mediated by convention
or abstraction.
journalistic training and Gertrude
Stein
Tight linguistic economy in his first book of short
stories - THREE STORIES AND TEN POEMS, IN
OUR TIME (1925)
introduced Nick Adams
good times of boyhood: not mother and home, but
out in the open with father, recreating a frontier
idyll.
his second collection of stories,
Men without women
(1927), the best times for Hemingway
-
had by
boys or men together, preferably in some wide
space of land or sea
:
“Once a man’s married, he’s absolutely bitched
.
”
Tight style complements a tragic stoicism
serving on the Italian front in the WW1 as an
ambulance driver
sustained serious wounds
life
was
war, nasty, brutal, arbitrary
:
fundamental loss and his conviction that modern
war and violence emptied the great heroic
abstractions
:
“
I was always embarrassed by the words sacred, glorious,
and sacrifice and the expression in vain. We had heard
them, on proclamations that were slapped up by
billposters over other proclamations, now for a long time,
and I had seen nothing sacred, and the things that were
glorious had no glory and the sacrifices were like the
stockyards at Chicago if nothing was done with the meat
except to bury it. … Abstract words such as glory,
honor, courage, or allow were obscene beside the concrete
names of villages, the numbers of roads, the names of
rivers, the numbers of regiments and the dates.”
(A
F
a
rewell to Arms)
' I did not care what it was all about. All I wanted to
know was how to live in it. Maybe if you found out how
to live in it you learned from that what it was all about.'
(from
The
S
un
A
lso
R
ises
)
a more fundamental way to live in it is to live
alone
trying to come to terms with stark facts of
life and of death
- sometimes the death of the
loved one
, at other times h
is own inevitable dying
only a survival in the primitive and pastoral life
a
tight world of male comradeship, of men without
women
A F
a
rewell to Arms
(1929):
l
ove affair with British
nurse Catherine Barkley is
his attempt to find a path
of escape through love
T
ragical ending
“
That was
what you did. You died.'
a stoic isolation and 'a
separate peace':
“It was like
saying good-by to a statue.
After a while I went out and
left the hospital and walked
back to the hotel in the rain.”
30s
-
more social and communal themes
:
To
H
ave and
H
ave
N
ot
(1937)
–
a
s
ocial satire
against corruption
For
W
hom the
B
ell
T
olls
(1940)
– his most
political novel,
set during the Spanish Civil
war
:
main hero Robert Jordan is a Frederic Henry
who had rediscovered the value of feeling,
affirming that
“the world is a fine place and worth
the fighting for and I hate very much to leave it.”
40
s - f
ame both as writer and correspondent -
soldier-writer
communal feeling gone,
left with was his own
legend and a sense of life’s fundamental
struggle
:
expressed in
The Old Man and the Sea
(1952)
which won him the Nobel Prize for Literature
an affirmative work:
“But man is not made for
defeat….. A man can be destroyed but not defeated.”
on July 2, 1961,
killed himself
the victim of
depression,
paranoia and
increasing
physical debility
His relation to women in general (from Leslie
Fiedler’s
Love in the American novel
)
C
f. to
Fitzgerald
– love as yearning
Hemingway addicted to describing the sex act
in
For whom the bell tolls
he has written the most
absurd love scene in the history of the
American novel:
It is early May, after a spring snow storm, Roberto and
Maria are together in Roberto’s sleeping bag, outside, in the
mountains of Spain.
“Then they were together so that the hand on the watch
moved, unseen now, they knew that nothing could ever
happen to the one that did not happen to the other, that no
other thing could happen more than this; this this was all
and always; this was what had been and now and whatever
was to come. This, that they were not to have, they were
having. They were having now and before and always and
now and now and now. Oh, now, now, now, the only now,
and above all now, and there is no other now but thou now
and now is the prophet. Now and forever now. Come now,
now, for there is no now but now. Yes, now.
....
Then he said,
...
‘Oh, Maria, I love thee and I thank thee for this.’”
there are however no women in his books!
only really comfortable in dealing with men
without women- relations of father to son, battle
companions, friends on a fishing trip, fellow
inmates in a hospital etc –
Rip Van Winkle
archetype, with men in flight from women
returns again and again to the fishing trip and
the journey to the war
- those two traditional
evasions of domesticity and civil life
an obligation to introduce women
the
rejection of sentimental happy ending
of marriage camouflages the rejection of
maturity and of fatherhood itself
childbirth presents itself as the essential
catastrophe
only the dead woman becomes neither a
bore nor a mother
– the
ending
of FA “
Poe
could not have done it better.
”
the cliché of Dark Lady and Fair survives, but
stood on his head
t
he Dark Lady
-
exotic servant-consort, girl-
child: mindless, soft, subservient
, Indians
t
he Fair Lady
-
a threat and a destroye
r
of men
,
a castrator,
Anglo-Saxon
n
either permitted to be virgins
t
he most satisfactory female character Brett
Ashley from
The sun also rises
-
mythicized,
presented as the bitch goddess with a boyish
bob
(“Hemingway
very much
fond of
women
who seem as much women as boys”)
t
oday his early books look the best, most
profound and self-discovering, most finished in
form and exact in style
h
is prose expressed the hard clarity and
underlying existential pain that for many
characterized the modern age.
Hemingway, an expatriate writer in Paris, epitomized the Lost Generation with his raw and poignant portrayal of post-war disillusionment and trauma. Through his powerful use of language and tight, economical style, he captured the harsh realities of life and the futility of war. Hemingway's works reflected his personal experiences, from the Italian front in WWI to the bullfighting arenas of Spain, showcasing a deep sense of stoicism and a profound critique of abstract notions of heroism and sacrifice.
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Presentation Transcript
Another expatriate in Paris Another writer committed to his times and bonded to his generation, stricken by the 'unreasonable wound' of war LOST GENERATION term by Gertrude Stein
Comparison with Fitzgerald writer as performing self Hemingway tested himself on society s fringes: wrote of bullfighting in Spain, war on the Italian front, the Spanish Civil War, game hunting in Africa common settings in his novels (vs his stories- Michigan woods)
The art of omission- journalistic style: concrete, economical, tough, a controlled use of words, precision: All you have to do is write one true sentence, write the truest sentence you know cleaving to the hard facts of life, pursuit of concrete fact, describing things for oneself, things as they are, not mediated by convention or abstraction. journalistic training and Gertrude Stein
Tight linguistic economy in his first book of short stories - THREE STORIES AND TEN POEMS, IN OUR TIME (1925) introduced Nick Adams good times of boyhood: not mother and home, but out in the open with father, recreating a frontier idyll. his second collection of stories, Men without women (1927), the best times for Hemingway - had by boys or men together, preferably in some wide space of land or sea: Once a man s married, he s absolutely bitched.
Tight style complements a tragic stoicism serving on the Italian front in the WW1 as an ambulance driver sustained serious wounds life was war, nasty, brutal, arbitrary:
fundamental loss and his conviction that modern war and violence emptied the great heroic abstractions: I was always embarrassed by the words sacred, glorious, and sacrifice and the expression in vain. We had heard them, on proclamations that were slapped up by billposters over other proclamations, now for a long time, and I had seen nothing sacred, and the things that were glorious had no glory and the sacrifices were like the stockyards at Chicago if nothing was done with the meat except to bury it. Abstract words such as glory, honor, courage, or allow were obscene beside the concrete names of villages, the numbers of roads, the names of rivers, the numbers of regiments and the dates. (A Farewell to Arms)
' I did not care what it was all about. All I wanted to know was how to live in it. Maybe if you found out how to live in it you learned from that what it was all about.' (from The Sun Also Rises) a more fundamental way to live in it is to live alone trying to come to terms with stark facts of life and of death - sometimes the death of the loved one, at other times his own inevitable dying only a survival in the primitive and pastoral life a tight world of male comradeship, of men without women
A Farewell to Arms (1929): love affair with British nurse Catherine Barkley is his attempt to find a path of escape through love Tragical ending That was what you did. You died.' a stoic isolation and 'a separate peace': It was like saying good-by to a statue. After a while I went out and left the hospital and walked back to the hotel in the rain.
30s - more social and communal themes: To Have and Have Not (1937) a social satire against corruption For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940) his most political novel, set during the Spanish Civil war: main hero Robert Jordan is a Frederic Henry who had rediscovered the value of feeling, affirming that the world is a fine place and worth the fighting for and I hate very much to leave it.
40s - fame both as writer and correspondent - soldier-writer communal feeling gone, left with was his own legend and a sense of life s fundamental struggle: expressed in The Old Man and the Sea (1952) which won him the Nobel Prize for Literature an affirmative work: But man is not made for defeat .. A man can be destroyed but not defeated.
on July 2, 1961, killed himself the victim of depression, paranoia and increasing physical debility
His relation to women in general (from Leslie Fiedler s Love in the American novel) Cf. to Fitzgerald love as yearning Hemingway addicted to describing the sex act in For whom the bell tolls he has written the most absurd love scene in the history of the American novel:
It is early May, after a spring snow storm, Roberto and Maria are together in Roberto s sleeping bag, outside, in the mountains of Spain. Then they were together so that the hand on the watch moved, unseen now, they knew that nothing could ever happen to the one that did not happen to the other, that no other thing could happen more than this; this this was all and always; this was what had been and now and whatever was to come. This, that they were not to have, they were having. They were having now and before and always and now and now and now. Oh, now, now, now, the only now, and above all now, and there is no other now but thou now and now is the prophet. Now and forever now. Come now, now, for there is no now but now. Yes, now. .... Then he said, ... Oh, Maria, I love thee and I thank thee for this.
there are however no women in his books! only really comfortable in dealing with men without women- relations of father to son, battle companions, friends on a fishing trip, fellow inmates in a hospital etc Rip Van Winkle archetype, with men in flight from women returns again and again to the fishing trip and the journey to the war - those two traditional evasions of domesticity and civil life an obligation to introduce women
the rejection of sentimental happy ending of marriage camouflages the rejection of maturity and of fatherhood itself childbirth presents itself as the essential catastrophe only the dead woman becomes neither a bore nor a mother the ending of FA Poe could not have done it better.
the clich of Dark Lady and Fair survives, but stood on his head the Dark Lady - exotic servant-consort, girl- child: mindless, soft, subservient, Indians the Fair Lady - a threat and a destroyer of men, a castrator, Anglo-Saxon neither permitted to be virgins the most satisfactory female character Brett Ashley from The sun also rises - mythicized, presented as the bitch goddess with a boyish bob ( Hemingway very much fond of women who seem as much women as boys )
today his early books look the best, most profound and self-discovering, most finished in form and exact in style his prose expressed the hard clarity and underlying existential pain that for many characterized the modern age.
