Habitat Restoration and Protection Initiatives in SW Washington: Costs and Benefits

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Restoration and protection efforts for various habitat scenarios, including non-working land restoration and working land habitat protection in Southwest Washington. The activities for prairie restoration on Scotch Broom infested land are detailed, along with costs associated with restoring prairie habitat in Southwest Washington State in the first year. The comparison of scenarios provides insights into the costs and benefits of supporting habitat restoration and protection initiatives.

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COSTS & BENEFITS FOR SUPPORTING HABITAT A COMPARISON OF VARIOUS HABITAT A COMPARISON OF VARIOUS HABITAT RESTORATION SCENARIOS AND RESTORATION SCENARIOS AND HABITAT PROTECTION ON WORKING HABITAT PROTECTION ON WORKING LANDS LANDS

Overview: Restoration on three types of non-working land in SW Washington Habitat protection using deferred grazing on working lands This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

Habitat Restoration on Non-working Land Scotch Broom infested ground Abandoned rangeland Abandoned cropland

Activities for Prairie Restoration on Scotch Broom Infested Land, 50 acres, treated as two 25-acre parcels, YEAR ONE Year 1 % of land Activity 100% Hours, timing Rate, materials, other Scouting Assessment 40 hours $35 per hour, including flagging, GIS work 1 100% Planning 80 hours $55 per hour 1 100% Public outreach & communication 40 hours $35 per hour 100% 1 Fencing Custom rate $3 per linear foot for 4-strand barb wire, approximately 1 mile (5,280 ft) 100% 1 Signage 1 large sign $2,000 100% 1 Mowing: 6' Bush Hog w/ JD 4000 tractor 5-8 days, $28 per hour labor JD 4000 series (100 to 155 hp) tractor, 6' bush hog, 6-10 acres per day 50% 1 Prescribed burning in fall $6000 per burn day; pre-burn fireline preparation included 50% 1 Weed control, burned land 8 hours @ $28 per hour Glyphosate treatment after green up 50% 1 Weed control, unburned land Spot spray 40 hours @ $28 per hour Triclopyr 4 @ 2%, 2 person with backpack sprayers, 1 person on ATV 50% 1 Seeding: Native fescue Truax drop seeder, 6' width Approximately $100 per acre for native fescue seed, 4-8 lb per acre 50% 1 Planting: Plugs Approx. 4000 plugs per 25-acre parcel @ $1 per plug including labor

Costs for Restoring Prairie Habitat on Scotch Broom Infested Land, Southwest Washington State, YEAR ONE, assuming 50% of land is burned each year Parcel Size (acres)50 Quantity Per Unit Price or Cost/Unit Value or Cost/Acre Value or Cost/Parcel Item Unit Variable Costs Hourly management costs Planning Scouting Community Outreach Monitoring $177.60 $8,880.00 Legend: Follow directions below to preserve equations in this spreadsheet. Purple: Data are from Summary page (purple tab). Orange Type: You may adjust data in red type. All other data will adjust automatically to these changes. Green: Data are from Input Costs page (green tab). Blue: Data are from the Machinery page (blue tab). hour hour hour hour $28.00 $88.00 $28.00 $33.60 $1,400.00 $4,400.00 $1,400.00 $1,680.00 40.00 80.00 40.00 48.00 $35.00 $55.00 $35.00 $35.00 Seeds Native fescue seed planted into burned ground $100.00 $5,000.00 acre $100.00 $2,500.00 1.00 $100.00 Plugs: Planted into burned units $80.00 $4,000.00 parcel $80.00 $4,000.00 4000 $1.00 Pesticides: Glyphosate Triclopyr 4 Non-Ionic Surfactant Grass herbicide Milestone $17.30 $432.50 oz oz oz oz oz $11.00 $6.00 $0.30 $0.00 $0.00 $275.00 $150.00 $7.50 $0.00 $0.00 64.00 15.36 0.12 0.00 0.00 $0.17 $0.39 $2.56 $0.82 Machinery: Fuel Lubricants Machinery Repairs Machinery Labor $98.07 $4,903.46 gal acre acre hour $19.95 $2.64 $6.03 $69.46 $0.00 $997.33 $131.75 $301.38 $3,473.00 $0.00 6.18 1 1 2.48 $3.23 $2.64 $6.03 $28.00 Custom & Consultants: Burn crew, per day $120.00 $6,000.00 25-ac parcel hour hour $120.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $6,000.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 1 $6,000.00 Operating Interest1 $29.65 $1,460.80 Total Variable Costs $592.97 $29,215.96

Scotch Broom Infested Land: Costs for Restoring Prairie Habitat by Initial Land Characteristics Summary of Returns by Costs by Land Type ($/acre/yr) Variable Costs per acre Total Cost per acre By Parcel type: Description: Unit Well over 50% Scotch Broom, little or no native plant community present Half of parcel is burned, rest is spot-sprayed & planted. Half of parcel is burned, rest is spot-sprayed & planted. All of the land is spot-sprayed. Half of parcel is burned, rest is spot-sprayed & planted. Half of parcel is burned, rest is spot-sprayed & planted. All of the land is spot-sprayed. Half of parcel is burned, rest is spot-sprayed & planted. Half of parcel is burned, rest is spot-sprayed & planted. All of the land is spot-sprayed. Scotch Broom Infested Land YEAR ONE YEAR TWO YEAR THREE YEAR FOUR YEAR FIVE YEAR SIX YEAR SEVEN YEAR EIGHT YEAR NINE AVERAGE COST NET PRESENT VALUE (CURRENT VALUE OF ALL COSTS) acre acre acre acre acre acre acre acre acre $593 $415 $99 $25 $492 $376 $815 $815 $376 $445 $3,085 $678 $490 $172 $565 $565 $449 $887 $887 $449 $571 $4,000

Seed: Native Fescue Seed Native Forbes Seed Plugs acre acre acre $100.00 $750.00 $200.00 Custom Operations: 4-strand barb wire fence construction feet $3.00 Pesticides: Clethodim (for grasses) Envoy (for grasses) Garlon 3A (for forbes) Glyphosate Triclopyr 4 Milestone oz oz oz oz oz oz $0.63 $0.82 $0.53 $0.17 $0.39 $3.75 Labor: Hourly machine labor* acre $28.00 Capital Recovery Rate on Land Annual value % 5% Land Cost: Assume 5% capital recovery per year acre $1,000.00

Costs for Restoring Prairie Habitat by Initial Land Characteristics: Abandoned Cropland, Costs per Acre and Costs per 50-Acre Parcel Summary of Returns by Costs by Land Type ($/acre/yr) Variable Costs per acre Total Cost per acre By Parcel type: Description: Unit Abandoned Cropland YEAR ONE YEAR TWO YEAR THREE YEAR FOUR YEAR FIVE YEAR SIX YEAR SEVEN YEAR EIGHT YEAR NINE YEAR TEN YEAR ELEVEN YEAR TWELVE YEAR THIRTEEN YEAR FOURTEEN AVERAGE COST NET PRESENT VALUE (CURRENT VALUE OF ALL COSTS) Little or no native plant community present Spray glyphosate on all acreage, plant native fescue. Spray weeds, plant forbs Spray weeds Burn, then plant plugs Plant plugs and native plant seeds Spray weeds Spray weeds Spray weeds Burn Plant plugs and native plant seeds Spray weeds Spray weeds Spray weeds Burn acre acre acre acre acre acre acre acre acre acre acre acre acre acre acre acre $318 $862 $195 $538 $199 $202 $194 $185 $637 $192 $191 $184 $187 $715 $370 $3,645 $394 $937 $264 $614 $268 $272 $262 $253 $713 $262 $260 $252 $256 $784 $442 $4,387

Activities for Prairie Restoration on Abandoned Cropland, 50 acres, YEAR ONE Year 1 % of land 100% Activity Hours, timing Rate, materials, other Scouting Assessment 40 hours $35 per hour, including flagging, GIS work 1 100% Planning 80 hours $55 per hour 1 100% Public outreach & communication 40 hours $35 per hour 100% 1 Fencing Custom rate $3 per linear foot for 4-strand barb wire, approximately 1 mile (5,280 ft) 100% 1 Signage 1 large sign 2000 estimate (can be changed in Input Prices tab) 100% 1 Spray glyphosate on all acreage 24 hours @ $28 per acre JD 4000 series (100 to 155 hp) tractor, 8' boom sprayer, 18 acres per day 100% 1 Seeding: Native fescue Invasive weed control in fall: Garlon for broom, Triclopyr 4 for other invasives 6' Truax drop seeder, 16 hours @ $28 per hour Approximately $100 per acre for native fescue seed, 4-8 lb per acre 1 5% 4WD-ATV + 8' Boom or Spot Sprayer w/ 31-gal tank Use boom sprayer (8' boom) if more than 25% needs spraying

Costs for Restoring Prairie Habitat on Abandoned Cropland, Southwest Washington State, YEAR 1 Quantity Per Unit Percent Treated Price or Cost/Unit Value or Cost/Acre Value or Cost/Parcel Item Unit Variable Costs Hourly management costs Planning Scouting Community Outreach Monitoring $177.60 $8,880.00 hour hour hour hour $28.00 $88.00 $28.00 $33.60 $1,400.00 $4,400.00 $1,400.00 $1,680.00 40.00 80.00 40.00 48.00 100% 100% 100% 100% $35.00 $55.00 $35.00 $35.00 Seeds Native fescue $100.00 $5,000.00 acre $100.00 $5,000.00 1.00 100% $100.00 Plugs: Native plant plugs $0.00 $0.00 acre $0.00 $0.00 1.00 0% $100.00 Pesticides: Glyphosate Triclopyr 4 Non-Ionic Surfactant Grass herbicide Milestone $11.32 $565.75 oz oz oz oz oz $11.00 $0.30 $0.02 $0.00 $0.00 $550.00 $15.00 $0.75 $0.00 $0.00 64.00 15.36 0.12 0.00 0.00 100% 5% 5% 0% 0% $0.17 $0.39 $2.56 $0.82 $3.75 Machinery: Fuel Lubricants Machinery Repairs Machinery Labor $29.07 $1,453.40 gal acre acre hour $7.33 $1.14 $2.50 $18.10 $366.52 $57.00 $125.13 $904.75 2.67 1 1 0.65 $2.75 $1.14 $2.50 $28.00 Custom & Consultants: $0.00 $0.00 hour hour $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 Operating Interest1 $15.90 $794.96 Total Variable Costs $317.98 $15,899.15

2020 Prairie Habitat Restoration Budgets: Abandoned Rangeland Costs for Restoring Prairie Habitat by Initial Land Characteristics Summary of Returns by Costs by Land Type ($/acre/yr) Variable Costs per acre Total Cost per acre By Parcel type: Abandoned Rangeland YEAR ONE YEAR TWO YEAR THREE YEAR FOUR YEAR FIVE YEAR SIX YEAR SEVEN YEAR EIGHT YEAR NINE YEAR TEN YEAR ELEVEN YEAR TWELVE AVERAGE COST NET PRESENT VALUE (CURRENT VALUE OF ALL COSTS) Description: Unit Half of parcel is burned, rest is spot-sprayed & planted. Half of parcel is burned, rest is spot-sprayed & planted. All of the land is spot-sprayed. All of the land is spot-sprayed. Half of parcel is burned, rest is spot-sprayed & planted. Half of parcel is burned, rest is spot-sprayed & planted. All of the land is spot-sprayed. All of the land is spot-sprayed. Half of parcel is burned, rest is spot-sprayed & planted. Half of parcel is burned, rest is spot-sprayed & planted. All of the land is spot-sprayed. All of the land is spot-sprayed. acre acre acre acre acre acre acre acre acre acre acre acre acre acre $504 $366 $72 $72 $281 $266 $72 $72 $284 $267 $72 $72 $221 $1,635 $574 $440 $141 $141 $352 $340 $141 $141 $357 $340 $141 $141 $292 $2,140

Activities for Prairie Restoration on Abandoned Rangeland, 50 acres, treated as two 25-acre parcels, YEAR ONE Year 1 % of land Activity 100% Hours, timing Rate, materials, other Scouting Assessment 40 hours $35 per hour, including flagging, GIS work 1 100% Planning 80 hours $55 per hour 1 100% Public outreach & communication 40 hours $35 per hour 100% 1 Fencing Custom rate $3 per linear foot for 4-strand barb wire, approximately 1 mile (5,280 ft) 100% 1 Signage 1 large sign $2,000 50% 1 Prescribed burning in fall Burn each parcel every 4 years $6000 per burn day; pre-burn fireline preparation included 50% 1 Weed control, burned land 8 hours @ $28 per hour Glyphosate treatment after green up 50% 1 Weed control, unburned land Spot spray 40 hours @ $28 per hour Triclopyr 4 @ 2%, 2 person with backpack sprayers, 1 person on ATV Truax drop seeder, 6' width, 16 hours @ $28 per hour Approximately $500 per acre for native plant seed mix 1 50% 50% Seeding: Native plant seed mix 1 Planting: Plugs Approx. 5000 plugs per 25-acre parcel @ $1 per plug including labor

Costs for Restoring Prairie Habitat on Abandoned Rangeland, Southwest Washington State, YEAR 1 Quantity Per Unit Percent Treated Price or Cost/Unit Value or Cost/Acre Value or Cost/Parcel Item Unit Variable Costs Hourly management costs Planning Scouting Community Outreach Monitoring $177.60 $8,880.00 hour hour hour hour $28.00 $88.00 $28.00 $33.60 $1,400.00 $4,400.00 $1,400.00 $1,680.00 40.00 80.00 40.00 48.00 $35.00 $55.00 $35.00 $35.00 Seeds Native fescue seed planted into burned ground $1,250.00 $62,500.00 acre $1,250.00 $62,500.00 25.00 50% $100.00 Plugs: Planted into burned units $2,500.00 $125,000.00 acre $2,500.00 $125,000.00 25.00 50% $200.00 Pesticides: Glyphosate Triclopyr 4 Non-Ionic Surfactant $8.65 $216.25 oz oz oz $5.50 $3.00 $0.15 $137.50 $75.00 $3.75 64.00 15.36 0.12 50% 50% 50% $0.17 $0.39 $2.56 Machinery: Fuel Lubricants Machinery Repairs Machinery Labor $56.70 $2,835.07 gal acre acre hour $5.03 $0.67 $1.50 $49.52 $0.00 $251.32 $33.25 $74.75 $2,475.75 $0.00 1.56 1 1 1.77 $3.23 $0.67 $1.50 $28.00 Custom & Consultants: Burn crew, per day $120.00 $6,000.00 25-ac parcel hour hour $120.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $6,000.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 1 $6,000.00 Operating Interest1 $205.65 $10,271.57 Total Variable Costs $4,112.95 $205,431.32

Fixed Costs: Structures: Signage Fencing $17.84 $892.00 parcel linear foot $2.00 $15.84 $0.00 $100.00 Amortized over 10 years. $792.00 Amortized over 25 years. $0.00 1 $2,000.00 $3.00 5280 acre acre acre Machinery depreciation Machinery interest Machinery insurance, taxes, housing, licenses $2.98 $1.78 $0.59 $149.00 These are annual fixed costs associated with machinery $89.00 operation. $29.50 Multiply chosen capital recovery cost per year by the value of your land (5% * $1,000 in this example) $2.98 $1.78 $0.59 acre Land Cost 1 $50.00 $2,500.00 $50.00 Adjust value of land and capital recovery amount in Input Cost tab. Total Fixed Costs $73.19 $3,659.50 Total Costs per Parcel (Variable plus Fixed) $4,186.14 $209,090.82

Net Present Value of Restoration Costs ($/acre) $4,000 $2,140 $4,387 Years of Treatment Initial land Characteristics Scotch Broom Infested Land Abandoned Rangeland Abandoned Cropland 9 12 14

Working Lands Comparison Cow-calf operation Grassfed beef operation This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

Pasture Rental on Working Lands Example: 100 head on 50 acres Cost: $20 per Animal Unit Month (AUM) Deferment: 3 month period, April June $60 per AUM over 3 months for 100 animals = $6000 $6000 over 50 acres equals $120 per acre NPV over 12 years = $1,064 per acre This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY

Compensation but not motivation! Where would the cattle go? Impact on field productivity for remainder of the year Fencing, watering facilities Transportation, labor Risk: length of contract This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY

Farm and ranch owners are already conducting noxious weed management on their lands Cow-calf operations are productive, contributing to the food supply and the tax base Local grassfed operations have a high value in terms of the local food system Benefits of Using Working Lands

Economic Analysis, Cattle Production Net Returns, $/head ($586) ($1,089) $50 Cow-calf operation Grassfed, locker beef finished operation Grassfed, USDA inspected beef finished operation

Owner labor, 730 hours at $25 = $18,250 Variable machinery costs = $5250 Capital recovery, buildings & improvements = $6537 Capital recovery, machinery & vehicles = $5530 Interest on retained livestock: $66,000 @ 5% = $3300 Fair market return, all factors of production

Discussion Investment in working lands could support our ag sector Investment in nonworking lands does not displace our ag sector Much more costly to restore nonworking lands Careful and complete cost:benefit analysis requires a great deal of input, analysis, and review This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA