Gender Dynamics in Community Conservation
The Gender Dimensions
of
Community
Conservation
LAINE MUNIR (PHD, NEW YORK UNIVERSITY)
RESEARCH FELLOW
Center of Excellence in Biodiversity and Natural Resource
Management (CoEB)
February 8, 2020
CONTENTS
I. What do we mean by “gender”?
II. Main ideas about gender and the environment
III. Gender essentialism?
IV. What we know globally about gender and conservation
V. Women as subjects in conservation
VI. Women as agents in conservation
VII. Case study: PES in Rwanda
VIII. Case study: PES in Rwanda questions
1
I. What do we mean by “gender”?
•
The difference in the socially constructed labor roles between men and
women.
•
In Africa, colonization altered the customary gender division of labor. Men
were encouraged to produce cash crops for export whereas women were
forced to grow food crops for the family and local consumption. This led to
biodiversity loss in many African countries even hundreds of years go.
•
These gender divisions in labor still exist today and continue to contribute to
biodiversity loss.
How do we either:
A) change gender relationships to the environment, or
B) create conservation that accommodates gender-based relationships with the
environment?
2
II. Gender and the Environment
Three main ideas today:
1. “Men and women need equal rights”.
2. “Men and women need equal outcomes”.”
3. “Men and women need equal rights and equal outcomes that acknowledge
how their differences are constructed”.
Example: Payment for Ecological Services (PES) = compensation ($) to local
communities for conservation that displaces them
Which of these do you think is best?
3
III. Gender essentialism?
African Wildlife Foundation (AWF) says:
“
1.
African women are the natural custodians of the environment.
2.
They pay
the price when it comes to the social and economic effects of factors associated
with environment and conservation.
3.
Women are more directly affected by
the degradation of the environment.
4.
Much of the livelihood of African women
relies upon the stability of the environment around them and its decline
has impacted women disproportionally to men.”
Which of these statements do you agree with?
What are advantages and disadvantages to thinking about gender and
conservation in this way?
4
IV. Gender and Conservation
WHAT WE KNOW GLOBALLY THAT APPLIES TO AFRICA:
1. Men and women place different degrees of importance on different
categories of ES within conservation areas.
2. Women use land daily and men less often, e.g. once per week.
3. Women may need communal lands more:
•
less access to private land for resources*
•
less access to cash economy, paid employment, and markets
4. Men and women engage in environmental violations of conservation spaces
for different reasons.
5
V. Women as subjects in conservation
Ways that women are victims of environmental degradation and thus
impacted by (lack of) conservation:
•
Water
•
Wild foods
•
Fodder
•
Pollination disruption
•
Traditional medicine
•
Landslides
•
Fires
What are additional concerns about Rwandan women and conservation?
6
VI. Women as agents in conservation
Examples of female-led conservation:
•
Northern Kenya’s Sera Conservancy installed its first female Corporal
Ranger to lead a gender-mixed field team
•
Black Mamba majority-female anti-poaching group in South Africa,
•
Akashinga all-female anti-poaching group in Zimbabwe
•
Eco-activist and Nobel Peace Prize winner Wangari Maathai, who led the
fight against deforestation in Kenya, continues to inspire tree-planting
What are examples of women’s agency in Rwandan conservation?
7
VII. Case Study: PES in Rwanda
Rising theme: Gender-sensitive conservation and compensation (PES)
WHAT WE KNOW ABOUT COMPENSATION GLOBALLY THAT
APPLIES TO AFRICA
:
1. Various needs for trees and plants are gender-dependent.
2. When it comes to land and environmental resources, there is gender-based
inequality in:
•
community decision-making
•
fair distribution of cash
•
equality of rules enforcement
•
information flow channels
8
VIII. Case Study: PES in Rwanda
Questions
1)
How does gendered division of labor in Rwanda impact environmental
knowledge, and is that knowledge taken into account during assessment?
2)
Are gender-based differences in environmental needs accounted for during
the compensation process?
3)
Does compensation that comes in the form of cash appropriately benefit
women, in contrast to compensation in kind?
4)
Can women engage in vocational training as a form of compensation with
equity to men?
POLICY: How can women be more equitably integrated into PES?
9
THANK YOU
Laine Munir
LPS247@nyu.edu
0780-232-081
10
This research delves into the intricate relationship between gender and conservation efforts, emphasizing the impact of gender roles on biodiversity loss. It discusses gender essentialism, global gender perspectives in conservation, and presents case studies on Payment for Ecological Services (PES) in Rwanda. By examining the unequal impacts on men and women regarding environmental degradation, it prompts a critical discussion on creating conservation practices that address gender disparities.
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Presentation Transcript
The Gender Dimensions of Community Conservation LAINE MUNIR (PHD, NEW YORK UNIVERSITY) RESEARCH FELLOW Center of Excellence in Biodiversity and Natural Resource Management (CoEB) February 8, 2020
CONTENTS I. What do we mean by gender ? II. Main ideas about gender and the environment III. Gender essentialism? IV. What we know globally about gender and conservation V. Women as subjects in conservation VI. Women as agents in conservation VII. Case study: PES in Rwanda VIII. Case study: PES in Rwanda questions 1
I. What do we mean by gender? The difference in the socially constructed labor roles between men and women. In Africa, colonization altered the customary gender division of labor. Men were encouraged to produce cash crops for export whereas women were forced to grow food crops for the family and local consumption. This led to biodiversity loss in many African countries even hundreds of years go. These gender divisions in labor still exist today and continue to contribute to biodiversity loss. How do we either: A) change gender relationships to the environment, or B) create conservation that accommodates gender-based relationships with the environment? 2
II. Gender and the Environment Three main ideas today: 1. Men and women need equal rights . 2. Men and women need equal outcomes . 3. Men and women need equal rights and equal outcomes that acknowledge how their differences are constructed . Example: Payment for Ecological Services (PES) = compensation ($) to local communities for conservation that displaces them Which of these do you think is best? 3
III. Gender essentialism? African Wildlife Foundation (AWF) says: 1. African women are the natural custodians of the environment. 2. They pay the price when it comes to the social and economic effects of factors associated with environment and conservation. 3. Women are more directly affected by the degradation of the environment. 4. Much of the livelihood of African women relies upon the stability of the environment around them and its decline has impacted women disproportionally to men. Which of these statements do you agree with? What are advantages and disadvantages to thinking about gender and conservation in this way? 4
IV. Gender and Conservation WHAT WE KNOW GLOBALLY THAT APPLIES TO AFRICA: 1. Men and women place different degrees of importance on different categories of ES within conservation areas. 2. Women use land daily and men less often, e.g. once per week. 3. Women may need communal lands more: less access to private land for resources* less access to cash economy, paid employment, and markets 4. Men and women engage in environmental violations of conservation spaces for different reasons. 5
V. Women as subjects in conservation Ways that women are victims of environmental degradation and thus impacted by (lack of) conservation: Water Wild foods Fodder Pollination disruption Traditional medicine Landslides Fires What are additional concerns about Rwandan women and conservation? 6
VI. Women as agents in conservation Examples of female-led conservation: Northern Kenya s Sera Conservancy installed its first female Corporal Ranger to lead a gender-mixed field team Black Mamba majority-female anti-poaching group in South Africa, Akashinga all-female anti-poaching group in Zimbabwe Eco-activist and Nobel Peace Prize winner Wangari Maathai, who led the fight against deforestation in Kenya, continues to inspire tree-planting What are examples of women s agency in Rwandan conservation? 7
VII. Case Study: PES in Rwanda Rising theme: Gender-sensitive conservation and compensation (PES) WHAT WE KNOW ABOUT COMPENSATION GLOBALLY THAT APPLIES TO AFRICA: 1. Various needs for trees and plants are gender-dependent. 2. When it comes to land and environmental resources, there is gender-based inequality in: community decision-making fair distribution of cash equality of rules enforcement information flow channels 8
VIII. Case Study: PES in Rwanda Questions 1) How does gendered division of labor in Rwanda impact environmental knowledge, and is that knowledge taken into account during assessment? 2) Are gender-based differences in environmental needs accounted for during the compensation process? 3) Does compensation that comes in the form of cash appropriately benefit women, in contrast to compensation in kind? 4) Can women engage in vocational training as a form of compensation with equity to men? POLICY: How can women be more equitably integrated into PES? 9
THANK YOU Laine Munir LPS247@nyu.edu 0780-232-081 10
