Fibres: Types, Classification, and Identification
Fibres
Content
•
Introduction
•
Classification
•
Cotton
•
Hemp
•
Jute
Tissue composed of
Spindle
shaped or
elongated
thick
walled
cells with
pointed
ends,
cell
walls
of which
consist
of
cellulose
and
may
or
may
not
contain
lignin.
Fibres
are
developed
from
single
cell, the
fibre
initial,
which during its
development
grows
rapidly
in
the
axial
direction.
They
are
unicellular in
structure.
During
its
growth
period,
the
tips
of the
elongating
cells
may
push
one
another.
This
process
is
known as
“Gliding
growth.”
FIBRES
On the basis of tissue in which
they
occur
they are
diffrentiated
as:
Pericyclic
fibres
Phloem
fibres
Xylem
fibres
Pericyclic fibres
:
They
are
found
in the
pericyclic region
i.e.
near
xylem
and
phloem.
May
or
may
not
be
lignified.
Pholem
fibres:
They are
found
in the phloem
region
May
or
may
not
be
lignified.
Xylem
fibres:
They are
found
in the xylem region.
They are
dead and
always
lignified
elements.
Differentiation
of
fibres:
F
i
b
r
e
s
N
a
t
u
r
a
l
A
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
P
l
a
n
t
A
n
i
m
a
l
M
i
n
e
r
a
l
C
o
t
t
o
n
,
J
u
t
e
,
H
e
m
p
,
F
l
a
x
,
B
a
n
a
n
a
W
o
o
l
,
S
i
l
k
G
l
a
s
s
,
A
s
b
e
s
t
o
s
R
e
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
e
d
S
y
n
t
h
e
t
i
c
C
a
r
b
o
h
y
d
r
a
t
e
P
r
o
t
e
i
n
A
l
g
i
n
a
t
e
y
a
r
r
n
,
v
i
s
c
o
s
e
r
a
y
o
n
,
P
r
o
x
y
l
i
n
e
,
A
c
e
t
a
t
e
d
R
a
y
o
n
N
y
l
o
n
e
,
t
e
r
y
l
e
n
e
A
r
i
d
i
l
,
F
i
b
r
o
l
i
n
e
Classification
of
fibres:
1.
Microscopical
examination
2.
Physical test
like
ignition
test
3.
Various
chemical
test
are
done
like
MOLISCH’S
TEST
:
Sample
+
α-napthol
in
alcohol
and
conc.
Sulphuric
acid
Violet colour- Plant
and
regenerated
fibres
present
MILLION’S
TEST
:
Sample
+
Millon’s
reagent
+
Warm
Animal
fibres
present
Red
colour-
Identification
of
fibres
C
O
T
T
O
N
•
SYNONYM:-
Raw
cotton
or
absorbent
cotton,
surgical
cotton,
purified
cotton
•
BIO
L
OG
I
CAL
SOU
R
C
E
:
-
C
o
t
t
o
n
c
o
ns
i
s
t
epidermal
trichomes
or
hairs
of
the
of
the
see
d
s
of
cultivated
species of the
Gossypium
herbaceurre
, G.
herbaceum
,
G. barbadense
,
G.
hirsutum
•
FAMILY:-
Malvaceae
Purified
or
absorbent
cotton
consist
of
the
trichomes as
mentioned above,
but
freed
from
fatty
matter
,
and
adhering impurities.
It
is
also
bleached
and
sterilized
.
G
E
OGRAPHICA
L
SOU
R
C
E
:-
Africa, South
africa
etc.
U
S
A
,
Egypt,
I
nd
i
a,
C
O
T
T
O
N
Seeds
are covered
with the
hairs are
known
as
Bolls
.
They
are
collected, dried
and
taken
to
ginning
press
where
trichomes
are separated from
the
seeds.
Various
devices
are
used
to
separate
the
hairs.
The
short and long
hairs are
separated
from
each
other.
The
hairs
with short
length
are
know
as
Linters
and
used
for
the
manufacture
of
absorbent
cotton
while long
hairs
are
used
for
the
preparation
of
cloth
.
The
raw
cotton
obtained
by
this
way
is
full of impurities,
like
wax,
fat,
coloring
matter,
vegetable
debris
etc.
Cotton
Preparation
It
is
processed
to get
rid
of
most
of the
impurities.
It
is
taken
to
the
machine known
as
cotton
opener
and
followed
by
treatment
with
dilute
soda
solution
or soda
ash
solution
under
pressure
for
about
10-15
hours.
The
wax,
fatty
material
and
coloring
matter
are removed
by
this
treatment.
It
is
then
washed
with
water
and
treated
with
suitable
bleaching
agent.
It
is
again
washed
with
water,
dried
and
carded into
flat
sheets.
I
t
is
final
l
y
pa
c
k
ed
i
n
w
r
appe
r
s
and
s
t
e
ril
i
se
d
b
y
m
e
ans
of
Gamma
radiations.
Cotton
Preparation
Si
z
e
-
2
.
5
t
o
4.5
c
m
i
n
le
n
g
th
a
n
d
2
5
t
o
3
5
µ
in
diameter.
Sh
a
p
e-
C
y
l
in
d
r
i
c
al
when
y
o
u
n
g
,
bu
t
be
c
omes
flattened
and
twisted
as
it
matures
Colour-
white
(Due
to
bleaching), Slightly
off
white
if
sterilized
Odour-
Odourless
Taste-
Tasteless
Extra
features:
Appearance is soft, fine, filament
like
hairs
which
are
unicellular
Morphological
Description
The
trichomes
are
unicellular,
flattened
and
ribbon
like
with
slightly
thickened
and
rounded
apex.
They
are
tubular
and
hollow.
Microscopical
Characters
Chemical
Constituents
90%
of
cellulose,
7-8% of moisture,
0.4%
wax,
fat,
oil,
0.6%
protoplasm
and
other
cell
content
and
0.2%
ash.
Purif
i
e
d
c
o
t
t
o
n
o
r
a
b
sor
b
e
n
t
c
o
t
t
o
n
is
e
n
ti
r
e
l
y
cellulose with
6-7% of moisture and 0.2-0.3%
ash.
1.
Specific
test
for
cotton
:- Cotton fibres
+
N/50
iodine Solution+
dry
it
+
add
few
ml.
of
80%
sulfuric
acid
Trichomes
assume
purplish-blue
hemp
,
woo
l
,
silk
,
n
y
l
o
n
,
algi
n
a
t
e
or
blu
i
s
h
-
g
r
een
c
olo
u
r
(
Di
s
tinction
f
r
o
m
y
arn
j
u
t
e,
a
nd
acetate
rayon
)
2
.
Cu
o
x
am
t
e
s
t
:
-
R
a
w
c
o
tt
o
n
fib
r
es
+
A
mm
o
n
i
c
al
oxide
solution
(cuoxam-reagent)
r
a
w
c
o
tt
o
n
fib
r
es
with
f
or
m
a
tion
of
copper
dissolves
bal
l
oo
n
s,
while
absorbent
cotton
dissolves
completely
with
uniform
swelling.
CHEMICAL
TESTS
3
.
Co
tt
o
n
+
d
i
lu
t
e
s
o
diu
m
hy
d
r
o
xid
e
sol
u
ti
o
n
a
n
d
HCl
Insoluble
(
Distinction
from
silk
).
4.Cotton
+
Cold
80% of
sulfuric
acid
Soluble
. And
insoluble
in cold
60%
sulfuric
acid,
Conc.
HCl,
5%
KOH,
90% phenol, cresol,
acetone
CHEMICAL
TESTS
USES
Filtering medium
and
surgical
dressings.
Insulating
material
Absorbent
cotton
absorbs blood,
mucus,
pus
and
prevents
the
wounds
from
infections.
store
in cool
place.
The absorbent
cotton
should be
wrapped
in
wrappers
so as
to
prevent
the
dust
and
microbial
contamination.
STORAGE
H
e
m
p
Synonyms:
Cannabis Indica,
Indian
hemp,
Ganja,
Marihuana,
Charas.
Biological
source:
Hemp
fi
b
r
e
i
s
o
b
t
ained
f
r
o
m
the
b
a
s
t
of
t
he
plant
Cannabis
sativa
Family:
Cannabinaceae.
Cultivation
There
are
broadly
three
groups
of
Cannabis
varieties being
cultivated
today:
V
ari
e
ties
primar
i
ly
cult
i
v
a
t
ed
f
or
cha
r
a
c
t
er
i
z
ed
b
y
lo
n
g
st
ems
t
he
i
r
and
fi
b
r
e,
l
i
t
tle
branching, called
industrial
hemp.
Varieties
grown
for
seed
from
which
hemp
oil
is
extracted.
V
ar
i
e
t
i
es
g
r
o
wn
f
o
r
me
d
icinal
or
r
ec
r
e
a
t
i
onal
purposes.
Preparation
&
Morphology
Fibres are obtained
by
subjecting
the
stalks to
a
series
of
operations—including
retting
,
drying, and
crushing—and a
shaking
process
that
completes
separation from
the
woody
portion,
releasing
the long,
fairly
straight
fibre,
or
line.
The
fibre strands,
usually
over
1.8
metres
(5.8
feet)
long,
are
made
of individual cylindrical cells
with an
irregular
surface.
The
fibre diameter
ranges
from
16
to
50
microns.
The
fibre,
longer
and less
flexible,
is usually
yellowish,
greenish,
or
a
dark
brown
or
gray
and,
because
it
is
not
easily
bleached
to
sufficiently
light
shades,
is
rarely
dyed.
Chemical
Constituents
•
Long,
strong
and
durable,
hemp
fibres
are
about
70%
cellulose
and
contain
low levels
of
lignin
(around
8-10%).
•
Pectin-2.9%
•
Fat-Wax-0.9%
•
Mineral-1.8%
Uses
•
Hemp
has been used
for
centuries
to
make
rope,
canvas
and
paper
•
Cloth
•
Filter
Jute
•
Synonym
:-
Gunny.
•
BIOLOGICAL
SOURCE:
•
It
consists
of
phloem
fibres
from
the
stem
of
various
species of the
Corchorus
;
C.
capsularis
Linn, C.
olitorius
Linn,
and
other
species
like
C.
cunninghamii
, C.
junodi
etc.,
belonging
to
•
family
:-
Tiliaceae.
Geographical Source
:-
West
Bengal
and
Assam.
Description
:-
They
are tall,
usually annual
herbs.
Reaching
to
a
height
of
2–4 m
,
unbranched
and
if
branched
it
has only
a
few
side
branches.
The
leaves
are
alternate, simple, lanceolate,
5–15
cm
long and a
finely
serrated
or
lobed
margin.
The
flowers
are
small
(1.5–3 cm in
diameter)
and
yellow,
with
five
petals;
The fruit
encloses
many
seeds
in the
capsule
Jute
Jute:
Preparation
Retting
is the
process
for
the
preparation
of
bast
fibres.
This
process
is
done
by three
methods,
Microbial
(or
Water),
Steam
Mechanical
Process.
The microbial or
water
retting
process
is
the
oldest
and
the
popular method
employed
for
the
breaking
of
lignin
bond
present
between
parenchyma
and
sclerenchyma.
The breaking of
this
bond
facilitates
the
easy
procurement
of skin
from
its
core.
Then
the
material
is
washed
dried
to
release
pectin
bond
which
makes
the
hard
skin
to
fine thread
like
fibres.
The
jute fibres
are
graded according
to
its
colour,
strength
and
fibre
length.
The
fibres
are
of
white
to brown
and
1–4
m.
long
Jute
•
Microscopy
:-
A thin
transverse
section
of
the
strand
when
treated
with
phuloroglucinol
and
HCl,
stains
the
strands
deep
red, indicating
the
presence
of
lignin.
Chemical
Constituents
Cellulose →
50-53%
Hemi-cellulose
→
20%
Lignin
→
12-13%
Water
Soluble
matter
→
1.5%
Fat
and
Wax
→ 1 %
each
Jute:
Uses
It is
listed
as the
second most important
vegetable
fibre after
cotton.
Jute
is
used chiefly
to
make
cloth
for
wrapping
bales
of
raw
cotton,
in the
preparation
of
sacks
and
coarse
cloth.
They are
also
woven
into
curtains, chair
coverings,
carpets,
Hessian
cloth
very
fine
threads
of
jute can be made
into
imitation
silk and also in the making
of
paper.
It
is
even
used
in the
manufacture
of
tows,
padding
splints, filtering, and
straining
medium.
Jute
is
used
for
the
preparation
of
coarse
bags.
Bales of
raw
cotton
sa
c
k
s
Hessian
cloth
Padding
splints
Fibres are vital materials used in various industries. They are classified into natural, artificial, and synthetic categories based on their source. Differentiation of fibres occurs in pericyclic, phloem, and xylem regions. Identification involves microscopical examination, physical tests, and chemical tests like Molisch's test and Million's test. Cotton, a widely used natural fibre, comes from the seeds of cultivated cotton plants and is processed to create various products. Knowing about fibres helps in understanding their properties and applications.
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Presentation Transcript
Content Introduction Classification Cotton Hemp Jute
FIBRES Tissue composed of Spindle shaped or elongated thick walled cells with pointed ends, cell walls of which consist of cellulose and may or may not contain lignin. Fibres are developed from single cell, the fibre initial, which during its development grows rapidly axial direction. in the They are unicellular in structure. During its growth period, the tips of the elongating cells may push one another. This process is known as Gliding growth.
Differentiation of fibres: On the basis of tissue in which they occur they are diffrentiated as: Pericyclic fibres Phloem fibres Xylem fibres Pericyclic fibres: They are found in the pericyclic region i.e. near xylem and phloem. May or may not be lignified. Pholem fibres: They are found in the phloem region May or may not be lignified. Xylem fibres: They are found in the xylem region. They are dead and always lignified elements.
Classification of fibres: Fibres Natural Artificial Synthetic Plant Animal Mineral Regenerated Nylone, terylene Glass, Asbestos Cotton, Jute, Hemp, Flax, Banana Carbohydrate Alginate yarrn, viscose rayon, Proxyline, Acetated Rayon Wool, Silk Protein Aridil, Fibroline
Identification of fibres 1. Microscopical examination 2. Physical test like ignition test 3. Various chemical test are done like MOLISCH S TEST: Sample + -napthol in alcohol and conc. Sulphuric acid Violet colour- Plant and regenerated fibres present MILLION S TEST: Redcolour- Sample + Millon s reagent + Warm Animal fibres present
COTTON SYNONYM:- Raw cotton or absorbent cotton, surgical cotton, purified cotton BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Cotton consist of the epidermal trichomes or hairs of the seeds of cultivated species of the Gossypium herbaceurre , G. herbaceum, G. barbadense, G. hirsutum FAMILY:- Malvaceae
COTTON Purified or absorbent cotton consist of the trichomes as mentioned above, but freed from fatty matter, and adhering impurities. It is also bleached and sterilized. GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCE:- USA, Egypt, India, Africa, South africa etc.
Cotton Preparation Seeds are covered with the hairs are known as Bolls. They are collected, dried and taken to ginning press where trichomes are separated from the seeds. Various devices are used to separate the hairs. The short and long hairs are separated from each other. The hairs with short length are know as Linters and used for the manufacture of absorbent cotton while long hairs are used for the preparation of cloth. The raw cotton obtained by this way is full of impurities, likewax, fat, coloring matter,vegetable debris etc.
Cotton Preparation It is processed to get rid of most of the impurities. It is taken to the machine known as cotton opener and followed by treatment with dilute soda solution or soda ash solution under pressure for about 10-15 hours. The wax, fatty material and coloring matter are removed by this treatment. It is then washed with water and treated with suitable bleaching agent. It is again washed with water, dried and carded into flat sheets. It is finally packed Gamma radiations. in wrappers and sterilised by means of
Morphological Description Size- 2.5 to 4.5 cm in length and 25 to 35 in diameter. Shape- Cylindrical when flattened and twisted as it matures Colour- white (Due to bleaching), Slightly off white if sterilized Odour- Odourless Taste- Tasteless Extra features: Appearance is soft, fine, filament like hairs which are unicellular young, but becomes
MicroscopicalCharacters The trichomes are unicellular, flattened and ribbon like with slightly thickened and rounded apex. They are tubular and hollow.
Chemical Constituents 90% of cellulose, 7-8% of moisture, 0.4% wax, fat, oil, 0.6% protoplasm and other cell contentand 0.2% ash. Purified cotton or absorbent cotton is entirely cellulose with 6-7% of moisture and 0.2-0.3%ash.
CHEMICAL TESTS 1. Specific test for cotton:- Cotton fibres + N/50 iodine Solution+ dry it + add few ml. of 80% sulfuric acid Trichomes assume purplish-blue or bluish-green colour (Distinction from jute, and hemp, wool, silk, nylon, alginate acetate rayon) yarn 2. Cuoxam test:- Raw cotton fibres + Ammonical oxide solution raw cotton fibres with formation of dissolves balloons, while absorbent completely with uniform swelling. (cuoxam-reagent) copper cotton dissolves
CHEMICAL TESTS 3.Cotton + dilute sodium hydroxide solution and HCl Insoluble (Distinction from silk). 4.Cotton + Cold 80% of sulfuric acid Soluble. And insoluble in cold 60% sulfuric acid, Conc. HCl, 5% KOH, 90% phenol, cresol, acetone
USES Filtering medium and surgical dressings. Insulating material Absorbent cotton absorbs blood, mucus, pus and prevents the wounds from infections.
STORAGE store in cool place. The absorbent cotton should be wrapped in wrappers so as to prevent the dust and microbial contamination.
Hemp Synonyms: Cannabis Indica, Indian hemp, Ganja, Marihuana, Charas. Biological source: Hemp fibre is obtained from the bast of the plant Cannabis sativa Family: Cannabinaceae.
Cultivation There are broadly three groups of Cannabis varieties being cultivated today: Varieties primarily cultivated for characterized branching, called industrial hemp. their and fibre, little by long stems Varieties grown for seed from which hemp oil is extracted. Varieties grown for medicinal or recreational purposes.
Preparation & Morphology Fibres are obtained by subjecting the stalks to a series of operations including crushing and a shakingprocess that completes separation from the woody portion, releasing the long, fairly straight fibre, or line. The fibre strands, usually over 1.8 metres (5.8 feet) long, are made of individual cylindrical cells with an irregular surface. The fibre diameter ranges from 16 to 50microns. The fibre, longer and less flexible, is usually yellowish, greenish, or a dark brown or gray and, because it is not easily bleached to sufficiently light shades, is rarely dyed. retting, drying, and
Chemical Constituents Long, strong and durable, hemp fibres are about 70% cellulose and contain low levels of lignin (around 8-10%). Pectin-2.9% Fat-Wax-0.9% Mineral-1.8%
Uses Hemp has been used for centuries to make rope, canvas and paper Cloth Filter
Jute Synonym :- Gunny. BIOLOGICAL SOURCE: It consists of phloem fibres from the stem of various species of the Corchorus; C. capsularis Linn, C. olitorius Linn, and other species like C. cunninghamii, C. junodi etc., belonging to family :- Tiliaceae.
Jute Geographical Source :- West Bengal and Assam. Description :- They are tall, usually annual herbs. Reaching to a height of 2 4 m, unbranched andif branched it has only a few sidebranches. The leaves are alternate, simple, lanceolate, 5 15cm long and a finely serrated or lobedmargin. The flowers are small (1.5 3 cm in diameter) and yellow, with five petals; The fruit encloses many seeds in thecapsule
Jute: Preparation Retting is the process for the preparation of bast fibres. This process is done by three methods, Microbial (orWater), Steam Mechanical Process. The microbial or water retting process is the oldest and the popular method employed for the breaking of lignin bond present between parenchyma and sclerenchyma. The breaking of this bond facilitates the easy procurement of skin from its core. Then the material is washed dried to release pectin bond which makesthe hard skin to fine thread likefibres. The jute fibres are graded according to its colour, strength and fibre length. The fibres are of white to brown and 1 4 m. long
Jute Microscopy :- A thin transverse section of the strand when treated with phuloroglucinol and HCl, stains the strands deep red, indicating the presence of lignin.
Chemical Constituents Cellulose 50-53% Hemi-cellulose 20% Lignin 12-13% Water Soluble matter 1.5% Fat and Wax 1 % each
Jute: Uses It is listed as the second most important vegetable fibre after cotton. Jute is used chiefly to make cloth for wrapping bales of raw cotton, in the preparation of sacks and coarse cloth. They are also woven into curtains, chair coverings, carpets, Hessian cloth very fine threads of jute can be made into imitation silk and also in the making ofpaper. It is even used in the manufacture of tows, padding splints, filtering, and strainingmedium. Jute is used for the preparation of coarsebags.
sacks Bales of rawcotton Hessiancloth Padding splints
