European Political Landscape in the Early 17th Century
Why did peace remain elusvie in 1635
and afterwards?
France
increase in revenue:
32.5 M livres (1610) – 57.5 M livres (1635) – 79 m
livres (1643)
increases in military spending:
16 M livres (1620s) – 33 M livres (1635) – 38 M livres
(after 1640)
overspending, borrowing
“Revenue was not only spent before it was collected,
but large parts of the fiscal system were transferred
into private hands, largely beyond government
control” (p. 558)
Saxony
debt
7 M fl. (1628) – 25.2 M fl. (1657)
Empire
1635: at most 8 M fl. to fund Imperial army
problems
no funds from northern territories held by Sweden
competition between taxes for Imperial army and
money raised to fund regional armies (Bavaria,
Saxony)
decline in size of armies
“it was now difficult to launch major operations in
more than one region at a time” (p. 619)
war with the Dutch
Olivares’ objectives:
achieve military superiority in Flanders
force Dutch “to accept an honourable peace” (p.
555)
2 February 1635: Spanish Council of State made the
war with the Dutch a priority
31 October 1634: Treaty of Ebersdorf: Imperial
assistance for war against the Dutch
conflict with France?
13 April 1634: Spanish
Council of State against war
12 May 1634: secret
agreement with Gaston
d’Orléans: troops and
money for an invasion of
France
26 March 1635: arrest of
Philipp Christoph von
Sötern, Archbishop Elector
or Trier
April 1635: capture of
Koblenz
attitudes to conflict
between Spain-Dutch
Republic, HRE-Sweden
“Both Protestant powers
remained counterweights
to perceived Spanish
dominance” (p. 555).
8 February 1635: offensive
alliance with the Dutch
Republic to invade
Spanish Netherlands
declaration of war on
Spain: 26 May 1635
Franco-Dutch invasion of
Spanish
Netherlands…repulsed
France co-opted Bernhard of
Weimar
southern front: Lorraine,
Alsace, Franche-Comté
fall of Mainz to Imperial
forces: January 1636
Spanish invasion of France
Corbie:
Spain: 15 August 1636
France: 14 November 1636
The invasion of France: “its real impact was to
oblige the French court to accept that it was
now engaged in a protracted struggle.
Habsburg cooperation remained ineffective,
with the Austrian and Spanish branches
pursuing different objectives” (p. 565).
France and Holy Roman Empire
Read
Sourcebook
,
document 103. Be prepared to
answer the questions below in class.
1.
What are the most important articles of the
Peace of Prague? Identify them by number.
Why do you think they are important?
2.
Do the provisions of the Peace of Prague
suggest that the conflict it aimed to end
was religious?
3.
Does it make sense to describe the Peace of
Prague as a “Peace without peace”? Why
or why not?
objectives
1.
unity of imperial estates
2.
military superiority
3.
expulsion of foreigners
Peace of Prague (30 May 1635)
“The Peace did not make Ferdinand an absolute
monarch, and his intention was to restore what he
regarded as the proper constitutional order” (p. 566).
“a monarchical solution” (p. 566)
“a degree of imperial authority unacceptable to
Sweden and France” (p. 566)
defeat of militant Catholics
dissolution of all alliances, including Catholic
League
a new Imperial army
separate corps for Bavaria, Saxony
transfer of Lusatia to Saxony
no recognition of Calvinism
1627: a “new normative year” after which
Protestant control of Catholic church property
was invalid
details left to biconfessional committee
agreement between Emperor and Saxony
invitation of other states
exclusion of many members of the Heilbronn
League
Palatine, Hessen-Kassel, Württemberg, Hohenlohe counts
“amnesty question”
“ultimately wrecked the Peace” (p. 571)
“Ferdinand made it much harder to resolve the
amnesty question by enlarging the numbers of
those with a vested interest in opposing a pardon.
Yet, by excluding so many, he undermined the
desired character of Prague as a general peace” (p.
572)
Imperial ban for Landgrave Wilhelm V of Hessen-
Kassel (October 1635)
Read
Sourcebook
,
documents 104, 106, 107, 108.
Be prepared to answer the questions below in
class.
1.
What were Sweden’s objectives in 1635?
2.
Why did it pursue these objectives?
3.
How would you characterize the
outlook of Sweden’s decision makers?
Powder Barrel Convention, 21 August 1635
disgruntled German officers and Oxenstierna
Stuhmsdorf Truce, 12 September 1635
extension of Truce of Altmark (Poland and Sweden)
Saxony’s relative failure to appeal to German
patriotism
Treaty of Wismar, 1636
French subsidies used for raising fresh troops
Sweden obliged not to make peace without France
unratified
Sweden: Johan Banér
Imperial Army:
Melchior Hatzfeldt
“one of the most
important battles of the
war” (p. 583)
Ferdinand III (1637-1657)
electoral congress in
Regensburg, 1636-1637
money from Spain
election of Ferdinand
co-operation from
Brandenburg
inadequate confessional co-
operation to deal with
Sweden
continued reluctance to
support Spain against the
Dutch
desire to solve amnesty
question thwarted (p. 612)
Wilhelm V of Hessen-
Kassel (d. 1 October
1637)
alliance with France (1636)
Imperial invasion (April
1637)
truce with Emperor under
Amalie Elizabeth (1638)
Treaty of Hamburg (15
March 1638)
renewal of Franco-Swedish
alliance
extension of French
subsidies
Sweden remained outside
of war between France and
Spain.
Karl Ludwig of the
Palatinate
failed attempt to take the
Rhenish Palatinate (1638)
defeated by Imperial army (p.
594)
Partisans (p. 601)
Konrad Widerhold (1598?-
1667)
humble origins
significance
Rhineland
French surrender of Ehrenbreitstein (June 1637)
Rhineland
Battles of Rheinfelden
28 February 1638: Imperialist victory
3 March 1638: French victory under Bernhard von
Weimar
Battle of Wittenweier (8 August 1638)
French victory under Bernhard von Weimar
Fall of Breisach (19 December 1638)
French victory under Bernhard von Weimar
control of Alsace
“The war had shifted deeper into the Empire” (p.
611)
The North
Swedish retreat, summer
1637 under Johan Banér
loss of poorly defended
fortresses
secure in Baltic bridgehead:
Stettin, 1638
Treaty of Hamburg, 15
March 1638
Mecklenburg recaptured
The North
Banér’s foray into
Saxony, Bohemia
(1639)
Guelphs, Hessen-
Kassel send troops
to Banér
Banér blockaded
Wolfenbüttel (1639)
imperial garrison
here as leverage for
bishopric of
Hildesheim
Read
Sourcebook
,
documents 109, 112. Be
prepared to answer the questions below in
class.
1.
What do the retrospectives of Cardinal
Richelieu and Maximilian of Bavaria tell
us of their interpretations of the Thirty
Years War? Pay attention to what they
say, how they say it, and what they do
not say.
Central Europe in 1618 was marked by conflicts and power struggles among various entities such as the Bishopric of Hildesheim and the Duchy of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. The inability to achieve peace in 1635 and beyond was fueled by factors such as France's increasing revenue and military spending, financial challenges in Saxony and the Empire, wars with the Dutch, objectives set by Olivares, conflicts with France, and shifting alliances in the region. The attitudes toward conflicts between Spain, the Dutch Republic, and the Holy Roman Empire remained complex due to ongoing power dynamics.
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Presentation Transcript
Central Europe, 1618 Bishopric of Hildesheim, Duchy of Brunswick- Wolfenb ttel
Why did peace remain elusvie in 1635 and afterwards?
France increase in revenue: 32.5 M livres (1610) 57.5 M livres (1635) 79 m livres (1643) increases in military spending: 16 M livres (1620s) 33 M livres (1635) 38 M livres (after 1640) overspending, borrowing Revenue was not only spent before it was collected, but large parts of the fiscal system were transferred into private hands, largely beyond government control (p. 558)
Saxony debt 7 M fl. (1628) 25.2 M fl. (1657) Empire 1635: at most 8 M fl. to fund Imperial army problems no funds from northern territories held by Sweden competition between taxes for Imperial army and money raised to fund regional armies (Bavaria, Saxony) decline in size of armies it was now difficult to launch major operations in more than one region at a time (p. 619)
war with the Dutch Olivares objectives: achieve military superiority in Flanders force Dutch to accept an honourable peace (p. 555) 2 February 1635: Spanish Council of State made the war with the Dutch a priority 31 October 1634: Treaty of Ebersdorf: Imperial assistance for war against the Dutch
conflict with France? 13 April 1634: Spanish Council of State against war 12 May 1634: secret agreement with Gaston d Orl ans: troops and money for an invasion of France 26 March 1635: arrest of Philipp Christoph von S tern, Archbishop Elector or Trier April 1635: capture of Koblenz
attitudes to conflict between Spain-Dutch Republic, HRE-Sweden Both Protestant powers remained counterweights to perceived Spanish dominance (p. 555). 8 February 1635: offensive alliance with the Dutch Republic to invade Spanish Netherlands declaration of war on Spain: 26 May 1635
Franco-Dutch invasion of Spanish Netherlands repulsed France co-opted Bernhard of Weimar southern front: Lorraine, Alsace, Franche-Comt fall of Mainz to Imperial forces: January 1636 Spanish invasion of France Corbie: Spain: 15 August 1636 France: 14 November 1636
Read Sourcebook, document 103. Be prepared to answer the questions below in class. 1. What are the most important articles of the Peace of Prague? Identify them by number. Why do you think they are important? 2. Do the provisions of the Peace of Prague suggest that the conflict it aimed to end was religious? 3. Does it make sense to describe the Peace of Prague as a Peace without peace ? Why or why not?
objectives unity of imperial estates military superiority expulsion of foreigners Peace of Prague (30 May 1635) The Peace did not make Ferdinand an absolute monarch, and his intention was to restore what he regarded as the proper constitutional order (p. 566). a monarchical solution (p. 566) a degree of imperial authority unacceptable to Sweden and France (p. 566) defeat of militant Catholics 1. 2. 3.
dissolution of all alliances, including Catholic League a new Imperial army separate corps for Bavaria, Saxony transfer of Lusatia to Saxony no recognition of Calvinism 1627: a new normative year after which Protestant control of Catholic church property was invalid details left to biconfessional committee agreement between Emperor and Saxony invitation of other states
exclusion of many members of the Heilbronn League Palatine, Hessen-Kassel, W rttemberg, Hohenlohe counts amnesty question ultimately wrecked the Peace (p. 571) Ferdinand made it much harder to resolve the amnesty question by enlarging the numbers of those with a vested interest in opposing a pardon. Yet, by excluding so many, he undermined the desired character of Prague as a general peace (p. 572) Imperial ban for Landgrave Wilhelm V of Hessen- Kassel (October 1635)
Read Sourcebook, documents 104, 106, 107, 108. Be prepared to answer the questions below in class. 1. What were Sweden s objectives in 1635? 2. Why did it pursue these objectives? 3. How would you characterize the outlook of Sweden s decision makers?
Powder Barrel Convention, 21 August 1635 disgruntled German officers and Oxenstierna Stuhmsdorf Truce, 12 September 1635 extension of Truce of Altmark (Poland and Sweden) Saxony s relative failure to appeal to German patriotism Treaty of Wismar, 1636 French subsidies used for raising fresh troops Sweden obliged not to make peace without France unratified
Sweden: Johan Banr Imperial Army: Melchior Hatzfeldt one of the most important battles of the war (p. 583)
Ferdinand III (1637-1657) electoral congress in Regensburg, 1636-1637 money from Spain election of Ferdinand co-operation from Brandenburg inadequate confessional co- operation to deal with Sweden continued reluctance to support Spain against the Dutch desire to solve amnesty question thwarted (p. 612)
Wilhelm V of Hessen- Kassel (d. 1 October 1637) alliance with France (1636) Imperial invasion (April 1637) truce with Emperor under Amalie Elizabeth (1638)
Treaty of Hamburg (15 March 1638) renewal of Franco-Swedish alliance extension of French subsidies Sweden remained outside of war between France and Spain. Karl Ludwig of the Palatinate failed attempt to take the Rhenish Palatinate (1638) defeated by Imperial army (p. 594)
Partisans (p. 601) Konrad Widerhold (1598?- 1667) humble origins significance
Rhineland French surrender of Ehrenbreitstein (June 1637)
Rhineland Battles of Rheinfelden 28 February 1638: Imperialist victory 3 March 1638: French victory under Bernhard von Weimar Battle of Wittenweier (8 August 1638) French victory under Bernhard von Weimar Fall of Breisach (19 December 1638) French victory under Bernhard von Weimar control of Alsace The war had shifted deeper into the Empire (p. 611)
The North Swedish retreat, summer 1637 under Johan Ban r loss of poorly defended fortresses secure in Baltic bridgehead: Stettin, 1638 Treaty of Hamburg, 15 March 1638 Mecklenburg recaptured
The North Ban r s foray into Saxony, Bohemia (1639) Guelphs, Hessen- Kassel send troops to Ban r Ban r blockaded Wolfenb ttel (1639) imperial garrison here as leverage for bishopric of Hildesheim
Year 1620 1631 1631 1632 1634 1636 Battle White Mountain Magdeburg Breitenfeld L tzen N rdlingen Wittstock
Read Sourcebook, documents 109, 112. Be prepared to answer the questions below in class. 1. What do the retrospectives of Cardinal Richelieu and Maximilian of Bavaria tell us of their interpretations of the Thirty Years War? Pay attention to what they say, how they say it, and what they do not say.
