Enhancing Vehicle Safety and Efficiency with Self-Inflating Tire Systems
Self-inflating tire systems play a crucial role in maintaining proper tire pressure, reducing fuel wastage, preventing accidents, and extending tire lifespan. Statistics reveal the significant impact of underinflated tires on fuel efficiency, safety, and the environment, emphasizing the need for widespread implementation of self-inflating systems to save costs, reduce pollution, and enhance road safety.
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Self Inflating Tire System Self Inflating Tire System
In the USA 27% of passenger cars and 32% of light trucks have at least one tire under pressured by more than 25%. This results in 1.24 billion gallons of wasted fuel per year (costing 3.7 billion USD). In the EU 38% of cars in the EU drive on under-inflated tires. This results in 5.3 billon liters of wasted fuel worth of 7 billion EUR, and an extra 12.3 million tons of CO2 released into the atmosphere. 87% of all flat tires have a history of under-inflation. Every year, 4.5 million tires need to be replaced before their designed lifespan.
A statistics showed that tires which are under inflated by as little as 2 psi reduce fuel efficiency by 10 percent. Over a year of driving, that can amount to several hundred dollars in extra fuel purchases. One of the reasons for Road Accidentto occur is less or Insufficient Tire Pressure. In the United States, 660 persons die and 33,000 are injured every year due to this reason. Near about 10,000 injuries could be prevented per year if all vehicles were equipped with tire pressure monitoring systems. So, we can say that we require a system that is easy and inexpensive to produce and would bring enormous savings in fuel, pollution, and human lives when implemented on a large scale.
Different Tire Conditions The faded areas above indicate areas of excessive tread wear
Introduction Self-inflating tires allow a vehicle to adjust to the current terrain for ideal performance and safety in those conditions. Self-inflating tires are designed to constantly maintain tire pressure at the proper level. Self-inflating systems are designed more for slow leaks and for optimizing performance and safety. Self-inflation systems helps in re-inflation of tires to proper level
SELF-INFLATING SYSTEMS Tire Tire- -inflation System Basics inflation System Basics Goals Detect when the air pressure in a particular tire has dropped Notify the driver of the problem. Inflate that tire back to the proper level
Elements of an Self Inflating System Valve to isolate individual tires Sensors for sensing the tire pressures Air source, which is usually an existing onboard source Getting the air from the air source to the tires, which is usually through the axle Systems either use a sealed-hub axle with a hose from the hub to the tire valve or else they run tubes through the axle with the axle acting as a conduit. A pressure relief vent to vent air from the tire without risking damage to the hub or rear-axle seals.
Various self-inflating systems in the market 1.Semi Tire Inflation System (STIS) 2.The Central Tire Inflation System (CTIS) 3.Tire Maintenance System and AIRGO 4.Automatic Central Tire Inflation System
Central Tire Inflation System (CTIS) The idea behind the CTIS is to provide control over the air pressure in each tire as a way to improve performance on different surfaces. By giving the driver direct control over the air pressure in each tire, maneuverability is greatly improved. Another function of the CTIS is to maintain pressure in the tires if there is a slow leak or puncture. In this case, the system controls inflation automatically based on the selected pressure the driver has set.
Central Tire Inflation System (CTIS) Parts 1. A wheel valve 2. Electronic control unit 3. Pneumatic control unit 4. Operator control panel 5. Speed sensor 6. Pressure switch
A view of Central Tire Inflation System (CTIS) of a tractor
Wheel valve A wheel valve is located at each wheel end. Part of the wheel valve's job is to isolate the tire from the system when it's not in use in order to let the pressure off of the seal and extend its life. The wheel valve also enables on-demand inflation and deflation of the tires. Electronic Control Unit (ECU) An electronic control unit (ECU) mounted behind the passenger seat is the brain of the system. It processes driver commands, monitors all signals through out the system and tells the system to check tire pressures every 10 minutes.
Pneumatic Control Unit The ECU sends commands to the pneumatic control unit, which directly controls the wheel valves and air system. The pneumatic control unit also contains a sensor that transmits tire pressure readings to ECU. Operator Control Panel An operator control panel allows the driver to select tire-pressure modes to match current conditions. This dash-mounted panel displays current tire pressures, selected modes and system status. When the driver selects a tire-pressure setting, signals from the control panel travel to the electronic control unit and from there it goes to the pneumatic control unit and finally reaches the wheel valves.
Speed sensor The CTIS includes a speed sensor that sends vehicle speed information to the electronic control unit. If the vehicle continues moving at a higher speed for a set period of times, the system automatically inflates the tires to an appropriate pressure for that speed. Pressure Switch This type of system uses air from the same compressor that supplies air to the brakes. A pressure switch makes sure the brake system gets priority, preventing the CTIS from taking air from the supply tank until the brake system is fully charged.
How it Works? The electronic control unit tells the pneumatic control unit to check current pressure and either inflate or deflate the tire to the pressure selected by the driver. If the system determines that inflation is needed, it first checks to make sure that brake pressure reserves are where they should be If they are, it applies a slight pressure to the wheel valve to allow inflation. If the tires are over inflated, the system applies a slight vacuum to the wheel valve. When the pneumatic control unit reads that the appropriate pressure is reached, the valve closes.
TIRE MAINTENANCE SYSTEM (TMS) and AIRGO System
AIRGO System The overall system is made up of a wheel-end assembly and a control module Parts Air tank Pressure Protection Valve Shut-off valve Filter Control Box Air-supply line
Wheel-End Assembly The wheel-end assembly includes A flexible hose with check valves. The check valves only allow air to flow into each tire and ensure that while one tire is being inflated, the other tires doesn t lose air pressure. A stator (a non-rotating part) inside the axle spindle A flow-through tee that is attached to the hubcap. A deflector shield keeps contaminants such as dirt and water from entering the wheel end.
Control Module The system control module includes A shut-off valve to stop air from being sent to the system. A filter to remove moisture and contaminants. The petcock releases system pressure so maintenance can be performed. A pressure protection valve so that it won't pull air if the air supply is below 80 psi. A system pressure adjustment knob allows for adjustments to the overall system air pressure. A flow-sensing switch activates the indicator light to let the driver knows if a significant amount of air is being pumped into a tire, which would indicate a potential puncture.
Working of an AIRGO System When a tire loses pressure, due to a puncture or other seepage, a series of check valves automatically detects it. The System then immediately draws air from the vehicle s pneumatic system and directs it to each tire requiring air. The air pressure is delivered via the trailer s hollow axle housing. The air then goes through the hub assembly and into the tires. It is completely isolated from the brake system
Optimizing Tires to the Working Environment The Self inflating system allows the users to adjust tire pressure to suit prevailing conditions when traveling either on- or off-road. This allows for an optimized tire pressure setting depending on terrain type, and provides enhanced tire preservation, better tractive performance, reduced soil compaction, improved fuel consumption, and reduced overall operating cost. Additionally, the system reduces downtimes associated with tire malfunctions, such as minor punctures, leaks, or immobilization in muddy terrain.
Off-Road On-Road
The Future of Self-inflating Tires Michelin is working with several other companies to develop an active pressure- management system called TIPM (Tire Intelligent Pressure Management). This system has a compressor that automatically adjusts the pressure in each tire while the vehicle is in operation to compensate for leaks and slow-leak punctures. There are two systems in the early development stages that are oriented toward the consumer market The EnTire system The Cycloid Air Pump system(Auto Pump). The EnTire Self-Inflating Tire system uses a valve that pulls in air from the atmosphere. It then pumps the air into the under-inflated tire using a peristaltic- pump action. The goal is to constantly maintain a specific pressure. The Cycloid Air Pump system has a small, wheel-hub-mounted pump that is powered by the turning of the wheels. When the system's monitor detects a drop in pressure of 2 to 3 psi, it pumps air into the underinflated tire. Auto Pump has a warning system that is activated when there is a puncture.
Benefits Improved Mobility Increased traction Higher Vehicle speeds Continuous vehicle operation in the presence of minor tire leaks Longer tire life Reduced fuel consumption Protection against soil compaction Increased driving stability Enhanced productivity for field work Improved pulling performance Convenient push-button operation
Conclusion Increases safety, comfort and fuel efficiency Flexibility for drivers Better option to reduce road accidents Field programmable Maintains appropriate pressure at higher speeds Allows accurate selection of tire pressure for different terrains and load conditions Alerts driver of potential tire problems and system status
