Enhancing Language Learning Across the Curriculum in B.Ed. 1st Year Course

 
B.Ed.-1
st
 year Course 4
Language Across
The Curriculum
 
By
Dr Monawwar Jahan
Principal, WTC. P.U.
 
Language Across the Curriculum
 
Language Across Curriculum is a modern
approach that language learning should be
occurred throughout the school hours either
in language classrooms as well as other
subject classrooms.
LAC acknowledges that language education
does not only take place in specific subjects,
but language learning also takes place in
each and every subject; in every learning
activity; and across the whole curriculum.
 
 
 
Language Across the Curriculum
 
Language learning and education also take place
in each and every subject in school, in each and
every academic/mental activity, across the whole
curriculum – whether we are conscious of it or
not.
For some topics, students should be encouraged
to consult books or talk to people  in different
languages, or gather material in English from the
Internet. Such a policy of languages across the
curriculum will foster a genuine multilingualism in
the school.
 
Language Across the Curriculum
 
LAC emphasizes that language development is
the responsibility of all teachers across the school
and in all subject areas.
 Language education is not confined to the
language classroom. A science, social science or
mathematics class is 
ipso facto
 a language class.
Learning the subject means learning the
terminology, understanding the concepts, and
being able to discuss and write about them
critically.
 
 
Role and importance of language in
the curriculum
 
In
 the context of 
curriculum
Language
 is 
important
 for comprehension and
for making use of knowledge.
 
In
 the process of exchange of ideas between
the teacher and the student, or among the
students, 
language
 is the chief medium.
 
Language
 plays very important role in the
process of transaction of curriculum.
 
Role and importance of language in
the curriculum
 
 Language is always believed to play a central role
in learning. No matter what the subject
area, students assimilate new concepts when
they listen, talk, read and write about what they
are learning.
 Speaking and writing reflects the thinking
process that is taking place.
Teacher will improve the students’ results in all
subjects, by explicitly teaching students how to
write in exams.
 
Language helps the learners
 
to improve their communication skill.
to learn the content more effectively.
to expand their ideas.
to discuss different issues.
to collect technical terms related to different
subjects.
to submit original assignments free of plagiarism.
getting admitted in foreign universities.
it facilitates effective self study and refer erring.
 it opens a vast career world before the students.
 
Language is center of education
 
To achieve excellence in 
education
 we must
recognize the 
centrality of language
.
 It is essential fact that 
language
 is what
makes humanity a unique species.
 All students should be required to master the
written and the spoken word.
Language
 is the connecting tissue which binds
us all together.
 
Role of language
 
It is obvious that 
languages
 plays an
important 
role
 in various aspects of our daily
lives.
Their 
role
 is not only limited to
communication, rather it extends into the vast
branches of knowledge and human sciences.
Languages
 are capable of developing human
knowledge and extending it for the benefit of
human kind.
 
Role of language
 
 Language is more than communication skills
 Language is also linked to the thinking process
Language is a tool for conceptualizing, for
thinking, for networking
• Language supports mental activity and cognitive
precision
• Language for academic purposes helps to express
thoughts more clearly (this is especially true for
writing)
• Language helps to structure discourse and
practice discourse functions.
 
There are two basic and intertwining
principles behind LAC
 
1.‘Language is central to learning
. Learning involves
language not just as a passive medium for instruction
but as the principal means of forming and handling
new concepts.’
2. 
Learning (also language learning) is most successful
in a meaningful context
.
 In the LAC classroom the emphasis moves away
from language as the subject to be studied and is
placed on 
content
 and 
process 
in short on
knowledge
, knowledge in a scientific or
mathematical or geographical or historical or musical
or artistic context.
The language used in search of this knowledge
becomes a ‘tool’.
 
According to Vygotsky
 
Vygotsky
 "viewed intelligence as the capacity to
benefit from instruction, with language having a
powerful developmental role" (Spencer, 1988, p. 170).
In this sense, language is a tool for learning and an aid
to understanding.
Writes 
Vygotsky
 (1978), "human learning pre supposes
a specific social nature and a process by which children
grow into the intellectual life of those around them" (p.
88).
As such, language acts as a vehicle for educational
development and is important for the apprehension
and acquisition of knowledge.
 
According to Vygotsky
 
Vygotsky (1978) 
maintained that the zone of proximal
development is an "essential feature of learning" (p.
90), in which one builds on one's knowledge through
interaction and co-operation with one's peers.
 In this sense, the authority or teacher in all learning
situations acts as a collaborator and coach, in which he
or she "provides 
scaffolding
 to lead the student to
increase understanding" (Hawisher, 1994, p. 44).
In this respect, the basis of education is people
interacting with other people (Daniels, 1996; Shale,
1988; Shale & Garrison, 1990).
 
Scaffolding
 
Vygotsky’s  scaffolding is
 part of the
education concept “
zone of proximal
development
” or 
ZPD
.
 The ZPD 
is
 the set of skills or knowledge a
student 
can't
 
do 
on his/her own but 
can
do
 with the help or guidance of someone else.
It's the skill level just above where the student
currently 
is
.
 
Role of teacher
 
Teachers should  know that in order to be successful in
their subject, students must have good skills in reading
and decoding exam questions, as well as the
knowledge of how to write answers in ways relevant to
the assessment in their subject.
Teacher have a structured, monitored and assessed
approach to explicitly teaching the language of their
subject.
Learning outcomes during planning and incorporation
into schemes of work, best reflects in language across
the curriculum  approach.
 
Four basic skills of language
 
Teacher should be careful for 4 basic skills of
language:
1. Listening
: comprehending oral input/intake
2. Speaking:
 constructing meaningful utterances
3. Reading
 : understanding written texts
4. Writing
 : producing written texts/coherent discourse
Strong 
language
 skills are an asset that will promote a
lifetime of effective communication.
 
LAC
 
as curricular enrichment program
 
Languages Across the Curriculum (LAC) is a
curricular enrichment program that provides
students with the opportunity to use their
skills in languages other than in non-language
courses.( for ex- Sc.,Soc.Sc etc).
LAC offers a different approach to language
learning
It is based on the developmental and
motivational aspects of language learning,
 
Aspects of language learning
 
The Motivational Aspect
The first and main learning phase is when the
child learns his or her mother language.
 The second time is normally in an academic
context when the child or young person has to
learn a foreign language at school.
Usually the question of motivation and
motivational problems is only found in the
context of the second experience, learning a
foreign language:
 
Aspects of language learning
 
The Motivational Aspect
At school the scene changes when the child becomes
the student and is expected to learn a foreign language
in classroom conditions. For a variety of reasons the
motivational drive found in learning the mother
language is missing.
Apart from an initial period of interest for the ‘new’
subject the student often fails to see the necessity for
learning the particular language.
LAC offers such an opportunity to motivate to learning
a foreign language is beneficial and meaningful.
 
Aspects of language learning
 
 
The Developmental Aspect
Trends and theories in language teaching have
developed rapidly in the last forty years. The
following brief overview plots the course of the
development of some of the major theories.
 Linguistic theory
The 
pre-1960s: 
up until the 
1960s
 prevalent
theories of learning influenced language learning
and emphasized the need for the mastery of a set
of linguistic structures.
 
 
 
 Linguistic theory
 
The 
1960s:
 theories of learning began to change and
accordingly affected the perception of language
learning. Language was now seen as something ‘out
there’ which could be conquered by developing a
pattern of very clear linguistic habits.
 Since the 
1970s:
 socio-linguistics began to 
influence
theories 
of language learning and language was seen
as something which individuals used for the purpose of
communication; ‘communicative competence’ and ‘the
communicative approach’ become the new ‘cult’
words.
 
Aspects of language learning
 
Language Across the Curriculum: 
based on
the developmental and motivational aspects
of language learning
LAC
 offers a different approach to language
learning.
 
Aspects of language learning
 
Communicative Aspect
Some of the most salient notions of the
communicative approach, which have direct
relevance for LAC, are as follows:
  Process rather than product
 Message rather than medium
  Learner potential rather than teacher input
  The information gap
 
Aspects of language learning
 
The Teaching Aspect
‘Normal’ teaching:
‘normal’ kind of language learning with a clear
schedule and a course book which follows a very
definite language progression.
 The emphasis is most definitely on language and
the acquisition of skills.
‘Normal’ foreign language teaching is prone to all
kinds of motivational pitfalls .
 
Aspects of language learning
 
The Teaching Aspect
Project teaching: often teachers leave aside the course
book in order to spend more time on a particular topic
of interest (e.g. environment, health, etc.).
 They develop their own materials so that their pupils
can study the topic in the target language.
In project teaching the emphasis is on both language
and content.
This approach certainly raises the level of motivation
and encourages students to use language in a
meaningful way.
 
Difference between normal teaching
Project teaching and LAC Approach
 
 
Normal teaching
’ concentrates on language
Project teaching 
concentrates on language
and content
 
LAC
 concentrates on content and process =
knowledge (language as a tool)
 
Milestone: Bullock Report
 
The Bullock Report: to underline this
development,
Chapter 12 of the Bullock Report 
A Language for
Life (1975)
 emphasized three essential elements:
 Language crosses the curriculum
Every teacher is therefore by definition a
language teacher.
Every school should have a (whole) language
policy.
 
Conclusion
 
In short, 
LAC
 is ‘ a whole-language approach
so that children can build up their knowledge
of language without specific practice of skills.
In this way, language arises with a purpose.
 LAC is an exciting new way of looking at
language learning.
Like in all areas of foreign language teaching
there should be an eclectic and well balanced
approach.
In order to do this teachers need the
necessary ‘hardware’, i.e. Progressive
curricula,  Appropriate teaching materials
.
 
 
  Thank You
 
Function of language
 
Generally, there are five main 
functions of
language
, which are
 Informational
 Aesthetic
 Expressive
 Phatic
Directive
 
Phatic
 
The 
phatic function of language
 is that which keeps
the channels of communication open. Despite it
appearing that content is minimal. It is
function
 "primarily serving to establish, to prolong,
or to discontinue communication" (Jakobson).
 It is a kind of sociological 
function
 as well as a
linguistic one.
 Phatic
 communication is popularly known as small
talk: the non-referential use of 
language
 to share
feelings or establish a mood of sociability rather than
to communicate information or ideas.
 
7 Functions of language
 
The first four 
functions
 help the child to
satisfy physical, emotional and social needs.
 
Halliday 
calls them 
instrumental, regulatory,
interactional, and personal functions.
The next three 
functions
 are 
heuristic,
imaginative, and representational,
 all helping
the child to come to terms with his or her
environment.
 
 
Elective
 meaning - deriving ideas, style, or
taste from a broad and diverse range of
sources.
denoting or belonging to a class of ancient
philosophers who did not belong to or found
any recognized school of thought but selected
doctrines from various schools of thought.
 a person who derives ideas, style, or taste
from a broad and diverse range of sources.
 
 
Cult – meaning -
In modern English, a 
cult
 is a
social group that is defined by its unusual
religious, spiritual, or philosophical beliefs, or
by its common interest in a particular
personality, object or goal.
Pitfall
-meaning- a hidden or unsuspected
danger or difficulty.
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Language Across the Curriculum (LAC) emphasizes that language learning should occur across all subjects, not just in language classrooms. It highlights the importance of incorporating language development into every learning activity, fostering multilingualism in schools. Language plays a crucial role in comprehension and knowledge utilization, serving as a medium for exchange of ideas. By integrating language skills into all subjects, teachers can enhance students' understanding and critical thinking abilities.


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  1. B.Ed.-1styear Course 4 Language Across The Curriculum By Dr Monawwar Jahan Principal, WTC. P.U.

  2. Language Across the Curriculum Language Across Curriculum is a modern approach that language learning should be occurred throughout the school hours either in language classrooms as well as other subject classrooms. LAC acknowledges that language education does not only take place in specific subjects, but language learning also takes place in each and every subject; in every learning activity; and across the whole curriculum.

  3. Language Across the Curriculum Language learning and education also take place in each and every subject in school, in each and every academic/mental activity, across the whole curriculum whether we are conscious of it or not. For some topics, students should be encouraged to consult books or talk to people in different languages, or gather material in English from the Internet. Such a policy of languages across the curriculum will foster a genuine multilingualism in the school.

  4. Language Across the Curriculum LAC emphasizes that language development is the responsibility of all teachers across the school and in all subject areas. Language education is not confined to the language classroom. A science, social science or mathematics class is ipso facto a language class. Learning the subject means learning the terminology, understanding the concepts, and being able to discuss and write about them critically.

  5. Role and importance of language in the curriculum In the context of curriculum Language is important for comprehension and for making use of knowledge. In the process of exchange of ideas between the teacher and the student, or among the students, language is the chief medium. Language plays very important role in the process of transaction of curriculum.

  6. Role and importance of language in the curriculum Language is always believed to play a central role in learning. No matter what the subject area, students assimilate new concepts when they listen, talk, read and write about what they are learning. Speaking and writing reflects the thinking process that is taking place. Teacher will improve the students results in all subjects, by explicitly teaching students how to write in exams.

  7. Language helps the learners to improve their communication skill. to learn the content more effectively. to expand their ideas. to discuss different issues. to collect technical terms related to different subjects. to submit original assignments free of plagiarism. getting admitted in foreign universities. it facilitates effective self study and refer erring. it opens a vast career world before the students.

  8. Language is center of education To achieve excellence in education we must recognize the centrality of language. It is essential fact that language is what makes humanity a unique species. All students should be required to master the written and the spoken word. Language is the connecting tissue which binds us all together.

  9. Role of language It is obvious that languages plays an important role in various aspects of our daily lives. Their role is not only limited to communication, rather it extends into the vast branches of knowledge and human sciences. Languages are capable of developing human knowledge and extending it for the benefit of human kind.

  10. Role of language Language is more than communication skills Language is also linked to the thinking process Language is a tool for conceptualizing, for thinking, for networking Language supports mental activity and cognitive precision Language for academic purposes helps to express thoughts more clearly (this is especially true for writing) Language helps to structure discourse and practice discourse functions.

  11. There are two basic and intertwining principles behind LAC 1. Language is central to learning. Learning involves language not just as a passive medium for instruction but as the principal means of forming and handling new concepts. 2. Learning (also language learning) is most successful in a meaningful context. In the LAC classroom the emphasis moves away from language as the subject to be studied and is placed on content and process in short on knowledge, knowledge in a scientific or mathematical or geographical or historical or musical or artistic context. The language used in search of this knowledge becomes a tool .

  12. According to Vygotsky Vygotsky "viewed intelligence as the capacity to benefit from instruction, with language having a powerful developmental role" (Spencer, 1988, p. 170). In this sense, language is a tool for learning and an aid to understanding. Writes Vygotsky (1978), "human learning pre supposes a specific social nature and a process by which children grow into the intellectual life of those around them" (p. 88). As such, language acts as a vehicle for educational development and is important for the apprehension and acquisition of knowledge.

  13. According to Vygotsky Vygotsky (1978) maintained that the zone of proximal development is an "essential feature of learning" (p. 90), in which one builds on one's knowledge through interaction and co-operation with one's peers. In this sense, the authority or teacher in all learning situations acts as a collaborator and coach, in which he or she "provides scaffolding to lead the student to increase understanding" (Hawisher, 1994, p. 44). In this respect, the basis of education is people interacting with other people (Daniels, 1996; Shale, 1988; Shale & Garrison, 1990).

  14. Scaffolding Vygotsky s scaffolding is part of the education concept zone of proximal development or ZPD. The ZPD is the set of skills or knowledge a student can't do on his/her own but can do with the help or guidance of someone else. It's the skill level just above where the student currently is.

  15. Role of teacher Teachers should know that in order to be successful in their subject, students must have good skills in reading and decoding exam questions, as well as the knowledge of how to write answers in ways relevant to the assessment in their subject. Teacher have a structured, monitored and assessed approach to explicitly teaching the language of their subject. Learning outcomes during planning and incorporation into schemes of work, best reflects in language across the curriculum approach.

  16. Four basic skills of language Teacher should be careful for 4 basic skills of language: 1. Listening: comprehending oral input/intake 2. Speaking: constructing meaningful utterances 3. Reading : understanding written texts 4. Writing : producing written texts/coherent discourse Strong language skills are an asset that will promote a lifetime of effective communication.

  17. LAC as curricular enrichment program Languages Across the Curriculum (LAC) is a curricular enrichment program that provides students with the opportunity to use their skills in languages other than in non-language courses.( for ex- Sc.,Soc.Sc etc). LAC offers a different approach to language learning It is based on the developmental and motivational aspects of language learning,

  18. Aspects of language learning The Motivational Aspect The first and main learning phase is when the child learns his or her mother language. The second time is normally in an academic context when the child or young person has to learn a foreign language at school. Usually the question of motivation and motivational problems is only found in the context of the second experience, learning a foreign language:

  19. Aspects of language learning The Motivational Aspect At school the scene changes when the child becomes the student and is expected to learn a foreign language in classroom conditions. For a variety of reasons the motivational drive found in learning the mother language is missing. Apart from an initial period of interest for the new subject the student often fails to see the necessity for learning the particular language. LAC offers such an opportunity to motivate to learning a foreign language is beneficial and meaningful.

  20. Aspects of language learning The Developmental Aspect Trends and theories in language teaching have developed rapidly in the last forty years. The following brief overview plots the course of the development of some of the major theories. Linguistic theory The pre-1960s: up until the 1960s prevalent theories of learning influenced language learning and emphasized the need for the mastery of a set of linguistic structures.

  21. Linguistic theory The 1960s: theories of learning began to change and accordingly affected the perception of language learning. Language was now seen as something out there which could be conquered by developing a pattern of very clear linguistic habits. Since the 1970s: socio-linguistics began to influence theories of language learning and language was seen as something which individuals used for the purpose of communication; communicative competence and the communicative approach become the new cult words.

  22. Aspects of language learning Language Across the Curriculum: based on the developmental and motivational aspects of language learning LAC offers a different approach to language learning.

  23. Aspects of language learning Communicative Aspect Some of the most salient notions of the communicative approach, which have direct relevance for LAC, are as follows: Process rather than product Message rather than medium Learner potential rather than teacher input The information gap

  24. Aspects of language learning The Teaching Aspect Normal teaching: normal kind of language learning with a clear schedule and a course book which follows a very definite language progression. The emphasis is most definitely on language and the acquisition of skills. Normal foreign language teaching is prone to all kinds of motivational pitfalls .

  25. Aspects of language learning The Teaching Aspect Project teaching: often teachers leave aside the course book in order to spend more time on a particular topic of interest (e.g. environment, health, etc.). They develop their own materials so that their pupils can study the topic in the target language. In project teaching the emphasis is on both language and content. This approach certainly raises the level of motivation and encourages students to use language in a meaningful way.

  26. Difference between normal teaching Project teaching and LAC Approach Normal teaching concentrates on language Project teaching concentrates on language and content LAC concentrates on content and process = knowledge (language as a tool)

  27. Milestone: Bullock Report The Bullock Report: to underline this development, Chapter 12 of the Bullock Report A Language for Life (1975) emphasized three essential elements: Language crosses the curriculum Every teacher is therefore by definition a language teacher. Every school should have a (whole) language policy.

  28. Conclusion In short, LAC is a whole-language approach so that children can build up their knowledge of language without specific practice of skills. In this way, language arises with a purpose. LAC is an exciting new way of looking at language learning. Like in all areas of foreign language teaching there should be an eclectic and well balanced approach. In order to do this teachers need the necessary hardware , i.e. Progressive curricula, Appropriate teaching materials.

  29. Thank You

  30. Function of language Generally, there are five main functions of language, which are Informational Aesthetic Expressive Phatic Directive

  31. Phatic The phatic function of language is that which keeps the channels of communication open. Despite it appearing that content is minimal. It is a function "primarily serving to establish, to prolong, or to discontinue communication" (Jakobson). It is a kind of sociological function as well as a linguistic one. Phatic communication is popularly known as small talk: the non-referential use of language to share feelings or establish a mood of sociability rather than to communicate information or ideas.

  32. 7 Functions of language The first four functions help the child to satisfy physical, emotional and social needs. Halliday calls them instrumental, regulatory, interactional, and personal functions. The next three functions are heuristic, imaginative, and representational, all helping the child to come to terms with his or her environment.

  33. Elective meaning - deriving ideas, style, or taste from a broad and diverse range of sources. denoting or belonging to a class of ancient philosophers who did not belong to or found any recognized school of thought but selected doctrines from various schools of thought. a person who derives ideas, style, or taste from a broad and diverse range of sources.

  34. Cult meaning -In modern English, a cult is a social group that is defined by its unusual religious, spiritual, or philosophical beliefs, or by its common interest in a particular personality, object or goal. Pitfall-meaning- a hidden or unsuspected danger or difficulty.

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