Effective Techniques for Writing Research Paper Body Paragraphs
Research Paper Body Paragraph
Criteria and Examples
Paraphrasing, Incorporating Quotes,
Using In-text Citations, etc.
Body Paragraphs Must Include:
•
A topic sentence
•
Paraphrased information
•
In-text citations
•
A lead in for a quote, including the author or
publication name
•
Direct quote from a source
•
More paraphrased or original information
after the quote
Topic Sentence
•
This is the first sentence of your body
paragraph. Be sure to make it very clear what
your topic for the paragraph is in this
sentence.
•
Example:
•
Adolf Hitler: The great matchstick that lit the
fire of WWII.
Paraphrased Information
Original:
Adolf Hitler was the most infamous
political ruler of the twentieth
century. Hitler rose from obscurity to
become the leader of Germany in
the 1930s and 1940s, triggering
World War II because of his
expansionist foreign policy.
Moreover, as the philosophical and
political leader of the National
Socialist (Nazi) Party, Hitler
implemented government policies
based on anti-Semitism and racism.
These policies became more severe
over time and led to the mass
extermination of Jews, racial
minorities, and other groups.
Paraphrased:
Adolf Hitler: The great
matchstick that lit the
fire of WWII.
The Nazi
rose to power in Germany
in the 1930s. As his anti-
Jewish policies extended
to include genocide -- not
just within Germany -- but
in other sovereign nations
as well, other countries
began to fight back.
In-text Citations
•
Citations need to go after every
chunk of paraphrased text that
comes from the same source.
•
If you are paraphrasing from multiple
sources in the same paragraph, you
must add a new in-text citation for
each paraphrase from each source.
•
In order to get your in text citation,
look at your full MLA citation and pull
either the first word listed OR the
first word that differentiates your
article title from the others.
•
When citing a book, use the author’s
last name and the page number the
quotation or paraphrased
information was found on.
•
Examples:
Database articles:
“…even into Germany itself, meant Hitler
had lost the great war he himself began”
(World).
"Adolf Hitler."
World
of Criminal Justice
.
Gale, 2002.
Biography in Context
. Web. 3
Feb. 2015.
Books:
“Frederick and his followers had already
come through the five-barred gate…
there were fifteen men, with half a
dozen guns between them, and they
opened fire…”
(Orwell 101).
Orwell, George.
Animal Farm
. New York:
Harcourt, Brace, 1954. Print.
Lead Ins for Quotations
•
Use either the author or publication name to set up a
quote:
•
EXAMPLE:
•
World of Criminal Justice
notes
that Hitler’s biggest mistake
during WWII was his attempt to scheme behind the back of
fellow dictator Joseph Stalin.
“Hitler's great blunder came
in June of 1941, when he ordered the invasion of the
Soviet Union. The two countries had been allies to that
point and had divided Polish territory. Though the German
army drove deep into Russia, a harsh winter stopped it in
its tracks. Within a year, the army was in full retreat”
(World).
Direct Quote
•
Each body paragraph must have at least ONE
direct quotation from one of your sources.
Example:
“Hitler's great blunder came in June of 1941,
when he ordered the invasion of the Soviet
Union. The two countries had been allies to that
point and had divided Polish territory. Though the
German army drove deep into Russia, a harsh
winter stopped it in its tracks. Within a year, the
army was in full retreat”
(World).
Adolf Hitler: The great matchstick that lit the fire of WWII. The Nazi
rose to power in Germany in the 1930s.
As his anti-Jewish policies
extended to include genocide -- not just within Germany -- but in other
sovereign nations as well, other countries began to fight back
(World).
World of Criminal Justice
notes
that Hitler’s biggest mistake during WWII
was his attempt to scheme behind the back of fellow dictator Joseph Stalin.
“Hitler's great blunder came in June of 1941, when he ordered the
invasion of the Soviet Union. The two countries had been allies to that
point and had divided Polish territory. Though the German army drove
deep into Russia, a harsh winter stopped it in its tracks. Within a year, the
army was in full retreat”
(World).
After driving back the German army,
Soviet forces followed the Germans west, continuing the fight. The
combination of Russia’s attacks from the east and forces from the United
States and Britain penetrating further west, even into Germany itself, meant
Hitler had lost the great war he himself began
(World).
•
"Adolf Hitler."
World
of Criminal Justice
. Gale, 2002.
Biography in Context
.
Web. 3 Feb. 2015.
First Body Paragraph Example:
Background on your topic
Second Body Paragraph Example:
Allegorical Connection to
Animal Farm
•
George Orwell’s novel
Animal Farm
is an allegory for the Russian Revolution and
the events that transpire soon after, including the battles from WWII when
Hitler’s German armies invaded Russia.
The real life events of Hitler betraying
former ally, Stalin, also take place in the novel. In
Animal Farm
, Napoleon is taken
aback by the dramatic betrayal of his former ally, the human farmer Frederick, who
clearly represents Hitler.
“…Napoleon had really been in secret agreement with
Frederick… The very next morning the attack came… Frederick and his followers
had already come through the five-barred gate… there were fifteen men, with
half a dozen guns between them, and they opened fire…”
(Orwell 101).
The
correlation between the “Battle of the Windmill” in
Animal Farm
and the real life
Battle of Stalingrad is clearly laid out. Hitler signed a non-agression pact with Stalin
during World War II and soon after invaded Russia
(World)
. In Animal Farm,
Frederick made a business deal with Napoleon, tricking him by paying with forged
money. The next morning, the farm was attacked by Frederick and his men.
•
"Adolf Hitler."
World
of Criminal Justice
. Gale, 2002.
Biography in Context
. Web. 3
Feb. 2015.
•
Orwell, George.
Animal Farm
. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1954. Print.
•
Orwell did an excellent job portraying Hitler as Frederick.
“Hitler believed
Germans were to be the masters of the world, and he would do whatever it took
to make it so”
(People).
It’s clear in Orwell’s novel through Frederick’s dealings with
Animal Farm
that he considers all animals to be greatly inferior to humans. This is
shown several ways, including the way he swindles Napoleon out of money from
the timber sale, to the sneak attack Battle of the Windmill, to the abusive and evil
treatment Frederick was rumored to dole out to his own animals.
“…terrible
stories were leaking out from Pinchfield about the cruelties that Frederick
practised upon his animals. He had flogged an old horse to death, starved his
cows, he had killed a dog by throwing it into the furnace, he amused himself in
the evenings by making cocks fight with splinters of razor-blade tied to their
spurs”
(Orwell 96).
Rumors of Hitler’s atrocities on his own German Jews leaked
into Russia during Stalin’s reign, and despite that, the two dictators still signed the
non-agression pact. After Hitler broke the pact, Stalin cozied up to the allied
leaders of Britian and United States. Likewise, after being betrayed by Frederick in
Animal Farm
, Napoleon then partnered up with Pilkington.
•
“Adolf Hitler."
People of the Holocaust
. Gale, 1998.
Biography in Context
. Web. 3
Feb. 2015.
•
Orwell, George.
Animal Farm
. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1954. Print.
Third Body Paragraph Example:
How well did Orwell represent your topic?
Learn the essential components of a well-structured research paper body paragraph, including crafting a clear topic sentence, incorporating paraphrased information, using in-text citations correctly, and leading into quotes effectively. Examples and criteria provided for paraphrasing, citations, and integrating quotes seamlessly into your writing.
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Research Paper Body Paragraph Criteria and Examples Paraphrasing, Incorporating Quotes, Using In-text Citations, etc.
Body Paragraphs Must Include: A topic sentence Paraphrased information In-text citations A lead in for a quote, including the author or publication name Direct quote from a source More paraphrased or original information after the quote
Topic Sentence This is the first sentence of your body paragraph. Be sure to make it very clear what your topic for the paragraph is in this sentence. Example: Adolf Hitler: The great matchstick that lit the fire of WWII.
Paraphrased Information Original: Adolf Hitler was the most infamous political ruler of the twentieth century. Hitler rose from obscurity to become the leader of Germany in the 1930s and 1940s, triggering World War II because of his expansionist foreign policy. Moreover, as the philosophical and political leader of the National Socialist (Nazi) Party, Hitler implemented government policies based on anti-Semitism and racism. These policies became more severe over time and led to the mass extermination of Jews, racial minorities, and other groups. Paraphrased: Adolf Hitler: The great matchstick that lit the fire of WWII. The Nazi rose to power in Germany in the 1930s. As his anti- Jewish policies extended to include genocide -- not just within Germany -- but in other sovereign nations as well, other countries began to fight back.
In-text Citations Examples: Citations need to go after every chunk of paraphrased text that comes from the same source. Database articles: even into Germany itself, meant Hitler had lost the great war he himself began (World). If you are paraphrasing from multiple sources in the same paragraph, you must add a new in-text citation for each paraphrase from each source. "Adolf Hitler." World of Criminal Justice. Gale, 2002. Biography in Context. Web. 3 Feb. 2015. In order to get your in text citation, look at your full MLA citation and pull either the first word listed OR the first word that differentiates your article title from the others. Books: Frederick and his followers had already come through the five-barred gate there were fifteen men, with half a dozen guns between them, and they opened fire (Orwell 101). When citing a book, use the author s last name and the page number the quotation or paraphrased information was found on. Orwell, George. Animal Farm. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1954. Print.
Lead Ins for Quotations Use either the author or publication name to set up a quote: EXAMPLE: World of Criminal Justice notes that Hitler s biggest mistake during WWII was his attempt to scheme behind the back of fellow dictator Joseph Stalin. Hitler's great blunder came in June of 1941, when he ordered the invasion of the Soviet Union. The two countries had been allies to that point and had divided Polish territory. Though the German army drove deep into Russia, a harsh winter stopped it in its tracks. Within a year, the army was in full retreat (World).
Direct Quote Each body paragraph must have at least ONE direct quotation from one of your sources. Example: Hitler's great blunder came in June of 1941, when he ordered the invasion of the Soviet Union. The two countries had been allies to that point and had divided Polish territory. Though the German army drove deep into Russia, a harsh winter stopped it in its tracks. Within a year, the army was in full retreat (World).
First Body Paragraph Example: Background on your topic Adolf Hitler: The great matchstick that lit the fire of WWII. The Nazi rose to power in Germany in the 1930s. As his anti-Jewish policies extended to include genocide -- not just within Germany -- but in other sovereign nations as well, other countries began to fight back (World). World of Criminal Justice notes that Hitler s biggest mistake during WWII was his attempt to scheme behind the back of fellow dictator Joseph Stalin. Hitler's great blunder came in June of 1941, when he ordered the invasion of the Soviet Union. The two countries had been allies to that point and had divided Polish territory. Though the German army drove deep into Russia, a harsh winter stopped it in its tracks. Within a year, the army was in full retreat (World). After driving back the German army, Soviet forces followed the Germans west, continuing the fight. The combination of Russia s attacks from the east and forces from the United States and Britain penetrating further west, even into Germany itself, meant Hitler had lost the great war he himself began (World). "Adolf Hitler." World of Criminal Justice. Gale, 2002. Biography in Context. Web. 3 Feb. 2015.
Second Body Paragraph Example: Allegorical Connection to Animal Farm George Orwell s novel Animal Farm is an allegory for the Russian Revolution and the events that transpire soon after, including the battles from WWII when Hitler s German armies invaded Russia. The real life events of Hitler betraying former ally, Stalin, also take place in the novel. In Animal Farm, Napoleon is taken aback by the dramatic betrayal of his former ally, the human farmer Frederick, who clearly represents Hitler. Napoleon had really been in secret agreement with Frederick The very next morning the attack came Frederick and his followers had already come through the five-barred gate there were fifteen men, with half a dozen guns between them, and they opened fire (Orwell 101). The correlation between the Battle of the Windmill in Animal Farm and the real life Battle of Stalingrad is clearly laid out. Hitler signed a non-agression pact with Stalin during World War II and soon after invaded Russia (World). In Animal Farm, Frederick made a business deal with Napoleon, tricking him by paying with forged money. The next morning, the farm was attacked by Frederick and his men. "Adolf Hitler." World of Criminal Justice. Gale, 2002. Biography in Context. Web. 3 Feb. 2015. Orwell, George. Animal Farm. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1954. Print.
Third Body Paragraph Example: How well did Orwell represent your topic? Orwell did an excellent job portraying Hitler as Frederick. Hitler believed Germans were to be the masters of the world, and he would do whatever it took to make it so (People). It s clear in Orwell s novel through Frederick s dealings with Animal Farm that he considers all animals to be greatly inferior to humans. This is shown several ways, including the way he swindles Napoleon out of money from the timber sale, to the sneak attack Battle of the Windmill, to the abusive and evil treatment Frederick was rumored to dole out to his own animals. terrible stories were leaking out from Pinchfield about the cruelties that Frederick practised upon his animals. He had flogged an old horse to death, starved his cows, he had killed a dog by throwing it into the furnace, he amused himself in the evenings by making cocks fight with splinters of razor-blade tied to their spurs (Orwell 96). Rumors of Hitler s atrocities on his own German Jews leaked into Russia during Stalin s reign, and despite that, the two dictators still signed the non-agression pact. After Hitler broke the pact, Stalin cozied up to the allied leaders of Britian and United States. Likewise, after being betrayed by Frederick in Animal Farm, Napoleon then partnered up with Pilkington. Adolf Hitler." People of the Holocaust. Gale, 1998. Biography in Context. Web. 3 Feb. 2015. Orwell, George. Animal Farm. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1954. Print.
