Education Reforms in India: Wood's Despatch and the Impact of Macaulay's Minute
The background leading to Wood's Despatch in 1854 in India, following the Charter Act of 1813 and 1833, marked significant changes in the educational landscape. The shift towards English education, influenced by Macaulay's Minute, had both positive and negative impacts on the Indian education system. Problems emerged post the adoption of English as the medium of instruction, leading to issues in accessibility and quality of education for the masses. The need for a comprehensive review and reconstruction of education policies became evident, introducing a new era for educational reforms in India.
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WOODS DESPATCH PREPARED BY SUMANA METYA
BACKGROUND (HAPPENINGS BEFORE THE DESPATCH) CHARTER ACT OF 1813 > THE BRITISH PLAYED MORE ACTIVE ROLE IN SPREADING EDUCATION IN INDIA. >ONE LAKH RUPEES = UTILIZED TO EXPAND ORIENTAL EDUCATION MACULAY S MINUTE (1835) POPULAR DEMAND FOR ENGLISH EDUCATION + MACULAY S MINUTE (1835) : >ADOPTION OF DEFINITE EDUCATIONAL POLICY : TO IMPART KNOWLEDGE OF WESTERN SCIENCE,PHILOSOPHY AND LITERATURE THROUGH THE MEDIUM OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE >INSTITUTIONS OF ORIENTAL LEARNING WERE NOT CLOSED BUT NOT MUCH DEMAND FOR ORIENTAL EDUCATION.
PROBLEMS AFTER MACAULAYS MINUTE STRESS ON SECONDARY AND HIGHER EDUCATION : > EDUCATION WAS CONFINED TO MIDDLE AND UPPER CLASS > FAILED TO PROVIDE EDUCATION TO COMMON PEOPLE > DESTRUCTION OF INDIGENOUS SCHOOLS OF MASS EDUCATION ADOPTION OF THE DOWNWARD FILTRATION THEORY : > EDUCATION DID NOT FILTER DOWN TO THE MASSES > INCREASED THE ILLITERACY RATE TO NINETY PERCENT OF THE TOTAL POPULATION
PROBLEMS AFTER MACAULAYS MINUTE ADOPTION OF ENGLISH IN STEAD OF THE MOTHER TONGUE AS MEDIUM : > EDUCATION BECAME MORE DIFFICULT FOR THE AVERAGE STUDENTS > DUE TO FAILURE IN EXAMS MANY STUDENTS LEFT SCHOOL BEFORE THE COMPLETION OF THEIR EDUCATION ( DROP OUT INCREASED) CONTROVERSIES BETWEEN 1813 AND 1853 (OVER OFFICIAL POLICY ON EDUCATION) : > NECESSITY OF A THOROUGH AND COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF THE PAST AND ADOPTION OF A NEW POLICY FOR THE RECONSTRUCTION OF EDUCATION IN INDIA : EXECUTED BY WOOD S DESPATCH
BACKGROUND ( CONT) THE CHARTER ACT OF EEIC HAD TO BE RENEWED AFTER EVERY 20 YEARS. THE CHARTER ACT OF 1813 : ONE LAKH RUPEES THE CHARTER ACT OF 1833 : ONE MILLION RUPEES TIME FOR RENEWAL : THE CHARTER ACT OF 1853 : A SELECTION COMMITTEE OF THE BRITISH PARLIAMENT ( HOUSE OF COMMONS) WAS SET UP > TO HOLD A THOROUGH ENQUIRY INTO THE DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATION IN INDIA AND FUTURE REFORMS
SELECTION COMMITTEE OF THE BRITISH PARLIAMENT THE COMMITTEE SAID : THE QUESTION OF THE INDIAN EDUCATION SHOULD NOT BE IGNORED : ITS DEVELOPMENT WILL NOT HARM THE BRITISH EMPIRE THE SUGGESTIONS OF THE COMMITTEE WERE FAVOURABLY CONSIDERED BY THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS. SIR CHARLES WOOD WAS THE THEN PRESIDENT OF THE BOARD OF CONTROL OF THE COMPANY > THE DECLARATION WAS KNOWN AS WOOD S DESPATCH . ON 19 TH JULY,1854 : THE COURT OF DIRECTORS SENT DOWN THIS EDUCATIONAL DESPATCH TO LORD DALHOUSIE, THE THEN GOVERNOR-GENERAL OF INDIA, ON THE BASIS OF ENQUIRY IT IS SAID THAT THE DESPATCH WAS WRITTEN BY THE FAMOUS THINKER AND ECONOMIST JOHN STUART MILL
THE MOST IMPORTANT EDUCATIONAL DESPATCH RECOMMENDATIONS OF WOOD S DESPATCH
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF EDUCATIONAL POLICY TO IMPART WESTERN KNOWLEDGE AND INFORMATION ABOUT THE WESTERN CULTURE TO THE INDIANS THIS KNOWLEDGE WILL CONFER UPON THE INDIANS THE MORAL AND MATERIAL BLESSINGS TO EDUACTE THE NATIVES OF INDIA SO THAT A CLASS OF TRUSTED PUBLIC SERVANTS COULD BE CREATED
CONT. TO PROMOTE INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT AND RAISE THE MORAL CHARACTER OF THE YOUNG GENERATION TO GUIDE THE INDIANS TO DEVELOP THE VAST RESOURCES OF THE COUNTRY TO DEVELOP PRACTICAL AND VOCATIONAL SKILLS OF INDIAN PEOPLE > PRODUCTION OF MORE AND MORE ARTICLES AND CREATION OF A GOOD MARKET FOR BRITISH PRODUCTS
SUBJECTS : EASTERN OR WESTERN ? THE SYSTEM OF SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHY WHICH FORMS THE LEARNING OF THE EAST BOUNDS WITH GRAVE ERRORS. ----WOOD S DESPATCH THE EDUCATION WHICH WE DESIRE TO SEE EXTENDED IN INDIA IS THAT WHICH HAS FOR ITS OBJECT THE DIFFUSION OF THE IMPROVED ART, SCIENCE, PHILOSOPHY, LITERATURE OF EUROPE , IN SHORT EUROPEAN KNOWLEDGE. -- --------WOOD S DESPATCH ADVOCATED THE DIFFUSION OF EUROPEAN KNOWLEDGE.
MEDIUM OF INSTRUCTION INDIAN LANGUAGES AS WELL AS ENGLISH SHOULD BE USED AS MEDIUM OF INSTRUCTION. MEDIUM FOR HIGHER EDUCATION : ENGLISH FOR MASS EDUCATION : MOTHER TONGUE SHOULD BE ENCOURAGED
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION CREATION OF A DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION FOR THE FIRST TIME WHERE ? ---IN BENGAL, BOMBAY, MADRAS, PUNJAB AND UTTAR PRADESH WHO WILL BE THE HEAD ? - THE DIRECTOR OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION (DPI) WHO WILL ASSIST THE DPI ?--- A TEAM OF INSPECTORS WHAT WILL BE THE ROLE OF DPI ?----WITH THE HELP OF THE INSPECTORS THE DPI WOULD SUBMIT TO THE GOVERNMENT AN ANNUAL REPORT ON THE EDUCATIONAL PROGRESS IN HIS PROVINCE
ESTABLISHMENT OF UNIVERSITIES WHERE? --- THE ESTABLISHMENT OF UNIVERSITIES IN THE PRESIDENCY TOWNS OF CALCUTTA , BOMBAY AND MADRAS HOW? ---THEY WERE TO BE MODELLED ON THE LONDON UNIVERSITY WHICH WAS THEN AN EXAMINING BODY WHAT ABOUT THE MANAGING BODY ? --- A SENATE COMPRISING OF A CHANCELLOR , A VICE CHANCELLOR AND PERSONS NOMINATED BY THE GOVERNMENT WHAT WILL BE THE ROLE ?---THE UNIVERSITIES WOULD HOLD EXAMINATIONS AND CONFER DEGREES DEPARTMENTS : --DEPARTMENTS OF ENGLISH , ARABIC, SANSKRIT,PERSIAN, MEDICAL , LAW AND CIVIL ENGINEERING, ETC. THE INSTITUTION OF PROFESSORSHIPS IN VARIOUS BRANCHES OF LEARNING
ESTABLISHMENT OF A NETWORK OF GRADED SCHOOLS UNIVERSITIES AND THE AFFILIATED COLLEGES HIGH SCHOOLS > ENGLISH OR MODERN INDIAN LANGUAGES MIDDLE SCHOOLS GOVERNMENT AND INDIGENOUS PRIMARY SCHOOLS > ANGLO VERNACULAR AND VERNACULAR SCHOOLS IN THE SAME CLASS PURPOSE OF THIS SYSTEM ? ---TO ENABLE AN INDIVIDUAL TO RECEIVE HIGHER EDUCATION AFTER COMPLETING THE DIFFERENT LEVELS OF SCHOOL EDUCATION
CONT.. THE INSTITUTION OF SCHOLARSHIP TO THOSE PUPILS WHO SHOWED PROMISE ,TO ENABLE THEM TO CONTINUE THEIR STUDIES AT A HIGHER LEVEL AT THE END OF HIGH SCHOOL THE STUDENTS WOULD SIT FOR THE ENTRANCE EXAMINATION CONTROLLED BY THE UNIVERSITY. THE SUCCESSFUL CANDIDATES WOULD BE ALLOWED FOR ADMISSION TO THE COLLEGES
MASS EDUCATION / PRIMARY EDUCATION THE DOWNWARD FILTRATION THEORY WAS DISCARDED. IMPORTANCE TO PRIMARY EDUCATION WAS GIVEN. EMPHASIS ON SETTTING UP PRIMARY,MIDDLE AND HIGH SCHOOLS. ELEMENTARY EDUCATION WAS CONSIDERED TO BE THE FOUNDATION OF THE EDUCATION SYSTEM. AT LEAST ONE GOVERNMENT SCHOOL BE OPENED IN EVERY DISTRICT. MOTHER TONGUE AS THE MEDIUM OF INSTRUCTION. EDUCATION MUST BE APPLICABLE AND LIFE-CENTRED GRANTS TO STUDENTS TO ENCOURAGE THEM. QUALITY DEVELOPMENT OF INDIGENOUS SCHOOLS
EDUCATION OF WOMEN THERE IS AN URGENCY OF SPREADING EDUCATION AMONG WOMEN. PROMISED GOVT.SUPPORT FOR WOMEN EDUCATION. ENCOURAGED THE PRIVATE ENTERPRISES TO PROMOTE WOMEN EDUCATION. GIRLS SCHOOLS GRANTS-IN-AID TO THESE SCHOOLS THE CURRICULUM OF THESE SCHOOLS WILL BE DIFFERENT FROM THE BOYS SCHOOLS
VOCATIONAL EDUCATION POINTED OUT THE NEED FOR VOCATIONAL TRAINING NECESSITY FOR VOCATIONAL COLLEGES AND INDUSTRIAL SCHOOLS ESTABLISHMENT OF MEDICAL,ENGINEERIMG ,LAW AND OTHE INSTITUTES OF VOCATIONAL EDUCATION.
EDUCATION FOR MINORITIES / MUSLIM EDUCATION SPECIAL EDUCATION SYSTEM FOR MUSLIM STUDENTS TO PROMOTE THIS THE GOVERNMENT MUST FOLLOW THE PRINCIPLE OF SECULARISM ENCOURAGE MUSLIMS TOWARDS WESTERN EDUCATION GOVERNMENT SHOULD GIVE GRANTS TO MUSLIM STUDENTS
TRAINING OF TEACHERS THE TRAINING OF TEACHERS IN NORMAL SCHOOLS THE ESTABLISHMENT OF NORMAL SCHOOLS IN EACH OF THE PROVINCES SEPARATE TRAINING SCHOOLS FOR PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SCHOOL TEACHERS TRAINING SCHOOLS FOR TEACHERS OF ENGINEERING, MEDICINE AND LAW THE PROVISION OF SCHOLARSHIPS TO THE STUDENT TEACHERS DURING THEIR TRAINING PERIOD MAKING TEACHING AN ATTRACTIVE PROFESSION GIVING QUALIFIED TEACHERS BETTER PAY SCALES
GRANT-IN-AID SYSTEM THE DESPATCH SUGGESTED THE SANCTION OF THE GRANT-IN-AID TO PRIVATE SCHOOLS. LAID DOWN CERTAIN CONDITIONS FOR THIS AID : THE SCHOOLS 1) MUST PROVIDE A GOOD SECULAR EDUCATION 2) POSSESS GOOD LOCAL MANAGEMENT 3) AGREE TO SUBMIT TO INSPECTION BY GOVERNMENT OFFICERS AND ALSO TO ANY OTHER CONDITIONS WHICH MAY BE PRESCRIBED 4) CHARGE A NOMINAL FEE FROM THE STUDENTS
CONT GRANTS WERE GIVEN TO THE SCHOOLS TO INCREASE THE SALARY OF TEACHERS CONSTRUCTION OF SCHOOL BUILDING GRANTING SCHOLARSHIPS TO STUDENTS IMPROVING CONDITION OF LITERARIES OPENING OF SCIENCE DEPARTMENT ANY RELIGIOUS INSTRUCTION IN ANY SCHOOL SHOULD BE IGNORED BY THE INSPECTORS
: EVALUATION : IMPORTANCE IMMEDIATE EFFECT OF THE RECOMMENDATIONS : THE CREATION OF THE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION IN EACH OF THE FIVE PROVINCES UNDER BRITISH JURISDICTION SETTING UP THE THREE UNIVERSITIES IN CALCUTTA,BOMBAY AND MADRAS IN 1857 AS WELL AS THE UNIV.OF PUNJAB IN 1882 AND UNIV. OF ALLAHABAD IN 1887 THE SPREAD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION AND TO A LESSER EXTENT THE PRIMARY EDUCATION THE SYSTEM OF GRANT-IN-AID ESTABLISHMENT OF NORMAL SCHOOLS FOR THE TRAINING OF TEACHERS SECULAR EDUCATION WHICH IS STILL BEING FOLLOWED IN INDIA
CONT A NUMBER OF RECOMMENDATIONS OF GREAT IMPORTANCE WERE EITHER NOT IMPLEMENTED OR DONE IN A VERY MUTILATED FORM : PROMOTING INDIAN LANGUAGES REMAINED A PIOUS WISH THE VERNACULAR CONTNUED TO BE NEGLECTED VOCATIONAL EDUCATION CONTINUED TO BE NEGLECTED NO PROVISSION WAS MADE FOR EDUCATING THE MASSES HIGH SCHOOLS IMPARTING EDUCATION THROUGH THE VERNACULAR NOT ESTABLISHED
WAS IT THE MAGNA CHARTA??? JAMES PRAISED THIS DESPATCH SAYING , IT WAS THE MAGNA CHARTA OF ENGLISH EDUCATION IN INDIA MAGNA CARTA : THE MAGNA CARTA (LATIN FOR GREAT CHARTER ) WAS A DOCUMENT THAT GAVE CERTAIN RIGHTS TO THE ENGLISH PEOPLE. KING JOHN OF ENGLAND AGREED TO IT ON JUNE 15, 1215. THE MAGNA CARTA STATED THAT THE KING MUST FOLLOW THE LAW . HE COULD NOT SIMPLY RULE AS HE WISHED
CONT NO DOUBT THIS DESPATCH CONTRIBUTED MUCH TOWARDS THE EVOLUTION OF A GOOD EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM IN INDIA IN THE PAST AND PRESENT. BUT STILL IT IS INCORRECT TO REFER TO IT AS AN EDUCATIONAL CHARTER . THE REASONS ARE : IT DOES NOT REFER TO UNIVERSAL LITERACY IT DOES NOT RECOGNISE THE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE STATE TO EDUCATE ALL CHILDREN UNDER A CERTAIN AGE-LIMIT IT DOES NOT MENTION THAT FOR THE DESERVING STUDENTS POVERTY WILL BE NO BAR TO EDUCATION IT DOES NOT PROVIDE EDUCATION NECESSARY FOR THE PEOPLE OF A SELF-GOVERNING NATION
Good to know CHARLES WOOD : Charles Wood was the President of the Board of Control (Introduced through Pitt s India Act ,1784)of English East India Company. He had also been the Secretary of the state of India. DOWNWARD FILTRATION THEORY : To educate a few , belonging to the upper classes , in English . They would impart this knowledge to the masses , through the medium of the Indian languages.
REFERENCES Sushil Roy, Bharatiya Shikkha o Shikkhar Bharatayan Bhakti Bhushan Bhakta, Bharatiya Shikkhar Ruprekha KIDS.BRITANNICA.COM>KIDS>ARTICLE https://www. Slideshare.net https://slideplayer.com
