Economic and Social Globalization

 
POLI 214
Introduction to Comparative
Politics
 
Session 12 globalization PART II
 
Lecturer: Dr. Maame Adwoa A. Gyekye-Jandoh
Contact Information: mgyekyej@yahoo.com
 
Session Overview
 
This final session will examine the phenomenon of
economic as well as social globalization. The session
will also delve into the dynamics of old and new
globalization, or globalization, past and present.
Thus the impact of globalization on trade and
investment will be examined, as well as globalization
and identity, and civil society in a globalized world.
Finally, we will look at 
the history of globalization
and explain how the globalization of today is similar
to that of yesterday.
 
 
 
Slide 2
 
Session Outline
 
The key topics to be covered in this final session
are as follows:
Topic One: Economic globalization
Topic Two: Social globalization
Topic Three: globalization: Past and Present
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Slide 3
 
Reading List
 
O’Neil, Patrick H. 2007. 
Essentials of Comparative Politics
. New York
and London: W.W. Norton & Company.
Harold, Andrew, Tuathail, Gearoid O. and Susan M. Roberts. 1998.
An Unruly World? globalization, Governance and Geography
.
London: Routledge.
Keohane, Robert O. and Joseph S. Nye, Jr. 2000. “Introduction,” in
Joseph S. Nye, Jr. and John. D. Donahue, eds. 
Governance in a
Globalising World
. Washington: Brookings Institution Press.
Held, David. 1995. 
Democracy and the Global Order
. Cambridge:
Polity Press.
Kaldor, Mary. 2003. 
Global Civil Society: An Answer to War
.
Cambridge: Polity.
Barber, Benjamin. 1995. 
Jihad versus McWorld: How Globalism and
Tribalism Are Reshaping the World
. New York: Random House.
 
 
Slide 4
 
ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION
 
Topic One
 
 
Slide 5
 
Globalization has led to increased volume of international trade
in recent times. It is reported that world exports in goods and
services nearly doubled in size from $6.6 trillion in 1996 to nearly
$12 trillion in 2005 (O’Neil, 2007).
The increase in international trade is as a result of more
liberalization and free trade, technological advancement and
transformation of world politics as a result of the end of the cold
war. Technological advancement has reduced many of the
traditional barriers to trade.
Therefore, markets are more open and global competition is
enhanced. A business in Ghana or Dubai can now market its
goods and services worldwide. This process was greatly
influenced by the formation of the World Trade Organisation
(WTO) and the increasing number of regional economic
integration blocs that encouraged trading among themselves.
 
 
Slide 6
 
Globalization and Trade
 
Globalization and Investment
 
Globalization has led to unprecedented increase in
investment in recent times. As a result of the
liberalization of global markets, firms and funds now
move into markets overseas in pursuit of greater profits.
It is reported that Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
increased from 7 per cent of World GDP in 1980 to 23 per
cent in 2003. Free trade, open markets and reduced
transportation costs have made it possible for large
MNCs such as Honda, Toyota, Toshiba etc. to invest
billions of dollars in markets all over the world.
What is more, technological advancement in online
banking and investment has allowed people to move
their money internationally with a few mouse clicks.
 
 
Slide 7
 
In Summary
 
Economic globalization is manifested by increased
global trade and investment. The removal of trade
barriers following years of protectionism suddenly
opened the global economy for trade.
The interconnectivity of the world has also facilitated
free movement of capital across the world. Global
investment has recorded unprecedented high figures
in the last two decades.
 
 
 
 
Slide 8
 
Questions to Consider
 
Explain how globalization has led to increased global
trade.
Critically discuss the increase in global investment in
the last two decades.
What is economic globalization?
 
 
 
Slide 9
 
SOCIAL GLOBALIZATION
 
Topic Two
 
 
Slide 10
 
Globalization and Identity
 
The process of societal globalization has weakened
traditional societal institutions, such as creating
new identities that do not belong to any one
community or nation.
Advancement in technology, increased migration
of people worldwide, international commerce and
communication have now connected people across
vast distances, establishing relationships between
people on the basis of common interest and ideas
rather than shared national symbols.
 
 
 
Slide 11
 
 
Globalization and Identity (contd.)
 
Internet blogging through Facebook, Twitter and other
networks have created a global platform for citizens
across the world to connect and socialize without respect
to boundaries, language or religion.
This process has contributed to global multiculturalism as
a result of the international connections between people
of different cultures and religions.
The end result will be the creation of new values and
identities. Most importantly, societal globalization leads
to cosmopolitanism. That is, a global community that
draws its identity and values from all over the world.
 
 
 
Slide 12
 
Globalization and Civil Society
 
Globalization has generated a kind of civic identity that
stretches beyond borders. This has led to the formation
of social movements joined together by shared interests
and values.
Civil societies emerging as a result of globalization have
influenced the nature and form of politics. They have the
capacity to eliminate global conflict through activism.
Societal globalization has reduced, if not eliminated, the
feeling of national, patriotic, and other identities which
are potential causes of war.
Societal globalization, therefore, has made war
unthinkable. It changes the definition of who is “us” and
who is “them”.
 
 
Slide 13
 
Globalization and Civil Society (contd.)
 
There are, however, those who believe that
globalization may lead to a situation where people
are hostile to new aliens and not comfortable with
the new cultures and religions practiced by new
immigrants. This tendency can lead to terrorism as
witnessed on September 11.
According to this school of thought, societal
globalization intensifies conflicts over ideas and
values.
 
 
 
Slide 14
 
In Summary
 
Globalization has contributed largely to social interaction
on a global scale. This has been enhanced by the
technology of online socialization and the movement of
people across borders.
It has made local issues become global problems, and
demystified notions of identity, citizenship, and
nationalism.
However, societal globalization has also contributed to
conflicts where there are issues of differences in values,
religious beliefs, and ethnicity. This phenomenon is aptly
described as the “clash of civilizations”.
 
 
Slide 15
 
Questions to Consider
 
Briefly explain how globalization has led to increased
migration and inter-connectivity.
Discuss any three ways in which globalization
impacts identity.
Critically discuss how globalization affects world
peace.
 
 
Slide 16
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Topic Three
 
Globalization: PAST AND PRESENT
 
 
Slide 17
 
Old Globalization
 
There is a consensus of scholarly opinion that globalization is
not a new phenomenon to the world.
The old globalization dates back to the late Nineteenth
Century, with the year 1870 being the likely period that the
process begun to take shape.
Some, however, even take it further back in history to as early
as the Thirteenth Century. According to Nicholas D. Kristof
(1998), 
since at least the thirteenth century, when Florentine
merchants lent to the English to pay for King Edward I’s wars,
international capital has roamed the world in search of high
returns
. This is to suggest that the movement of capital across
boundaries, a key future of globalization, started in the
thirteenth century.
 
 
Slide 18
 
Old Globalization (contd.)
 
It was not until the Nineteenth Century, however, that the
serious signs of globalization begun to show.
The world economy was possibly even more integrated at
the height of the gold standard in the late nineteenth
century than it is today.
Exports, labour flows and capital mobility were all at record
highs in the Nineteenth Century. The old globalization
gathered momentum until 1914 when it came to an abrupt
end with the outbreak of the First World War (WWI).
 The old globalization was the era of Pax Britannica, when
the United Kingdom was the global hegemon in
international affairs.
 
 
 
Slide 19
 
New Globalization
 
The new globalization started after the end of the Second
World War. The establishment of the General Agreement on
Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1948 marked the beginning of new
globalization.
This set the stage for the dismantling of barriers to
international economic transactions, leading to the
liberalization of investment in the 1960s and finance in the
1980s.
New globalization was further deepened and intensified when
GATT was replaced by the World Trade Organisation (WTO) in
the 1990s. The advent of air transport, computers and
satellites in the twentieth century reduced geographical
barriers, and promoted the integration of remote economies
into the global market.
 
 
Slide 20
 
New Globalization (contd.)
 
Advancement in technology in the twentieth century led
to mass production by large MNCs in the process of
globalization.
The period of new globalization is the era of Pax
Americana. During this period, the United States of
America replaced the United Kingdom as the global
hegemon in international affairs.
The similarities between ‘old’ and ‘new’ globalization
include greater integration of world economies as a
result of free movement of goods and services;
technological advancement; and the presence of a global
hegemon.
 
 
Slide 21
 
In Summary
 
Globalization is not a new concept. The process of
globalization started long before what we now see
today as new globalization.
There is evidence of free movement of goods,
services, and to a lesser extent, capital long before
the establishment of modern institutions and
organisations such as the WTO.
The process of globalization was truncated by the
advent of World War One (WWI). The old
globalization gave way to a new globalization after
the end of the Second World War (WWII).
 
 
Slide 22
 
Questions to Consider
 
Discuss any three major impacts of globalization
today.
Compare and contrast ‘Old’ and ‘New’ globalization.
Explain when and how globalization started.
List any three common characteristics of old and new
globalization.
 
 
Slide 23
 
Conclusion of Session 12
 
In this final session of the course, 
we looked at
globalization from economic and social perspectives.
Finally, the session discussed the past and the
present of globalization. We have been reminded
that globalization did not start today, and that it was
even more profound under the gold standard in the
nineteenth century.
Congratulations on successfully completing the
Introduction to Comparative Politics course!!
 
 
Slide 24
 
C
 
References
 
O’Neil, Patrick H. 2007. 
Essentials of Comparative Politics
. New
York and London: W.W. Norton & Company.
Harold, Andrew, Tuathail, Gearoid O. and Susan M. Roberts.
1998. 
An Unruly World? globalization, Governance and
Geography
. London: Routledge.
Keohane, Robert O. and Joseph S. Nye, Jr. 2000. “Introduction,”
in Joseph S. Nye, Jr. and John. D. Donahue, eds. 
Governance in a
Globalising World
. Washington: Brookings Institution Press.
Held, David. 1995. 
Democracy and the Global Order
. Cambridge:
Polity Press.
Kaldor, Mary. 2003. 
Global Civil Society: An Answer to War
.
Cambridge: Polity.
Barber, Benjamin. 1995. 
Jihad versus McWorld: How Globalism
and Tribalism Are Reshaping the World
. New York: Random
House.
 
 
 
Slide 25
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This final session explores economic and social globalization, covering topics like the impact on trade and investment, globalization dynamics, and civil society in a globalized world. Key readings and insights on economic globalization, international trade, and global investment are presented, highlighting the significant role of technological advancement and trade liberalization. The session underscores how globalization shapes our world today and draws parallels to historical globalization trends.

  • Globalization
  • Trade
  • Investment
  • Economic
  • Social

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  1. Lecturer: Dr. Maame Adwoa A. Gyekye-Jandoh Contact Information: mgyekyej@yahoo.com College of Education School of Continuing and Distance Education 2014/2015 2016/2017

  2. Session Overview This final session will examine the phenomenon of economic as well as social globalization. The session will also delve into the dynamics of old and new globalization, or globalization, past and present. Thus the impact of globalization on trade and investment will be examined, as well as globalization and identity, and civil society in a globalized world. Finally, we will look at the history of globalization and explain how the globalization of today is similar to that of yesterday. Slide 2

  3. Session Outline The key topics to be covered in this final session are as follows: Topic One: Economic globalization Topic Two: Social globalization Topic Three: globalization: Past and Present Slide 3

  4. Reading List O Neil, Patrick H. 2007. Essentials of Comparative Politics. New York and London: W.W. Norton & Company. Harold, Andrew, Tuathail, Gearoid O. and Susan M. Roberts. 1998. An Unruly World? globalization, Governance and Geography. London: Routledge. Keohane, Robert O. and Joseph S. Nye, Jr. 2000. Introduction, in Joseph S. Nye, Jr. and John. D. Donahue, eds. Governance in a Globalising World. Washington: Brookings Institution Press. Held, David. 1995. Democracy and the Global Order. Cambridge: Polity Press. Kaldor, Mary. 2003. Global Civil Society: An Answer to War. Cambridge: Polity. Barber, Benjamin. 1995. Jihad versus McWorld: How Globalism and Tribalism Are Reshaping the World. New York: Random House. Slide 4

  5. Topic One ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION Slide 5

  6. Globalization and Trade Globalization has led to increased volume of international trade in recent times. It is reported that world exports in goods and services nearly doubled in size from $6.6 trillion in 1996 to nearly $12 trillion in 2005 (O Neil, 2007). The increase in international trade is as a result of more liberalization and free trade, technological advancement and transformation of world politics as a result of the end of the cold war. Technological advancement has reduced many of the traditional barriers to trade. Therefore, markets are more open and global competition is enhanced. A business in Ghana or Dubai can now market its goods and services worldwide. This process was greatly influenced by the formation of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) and the increasing number of regional economic integration blocs that encouraged trading among themselves. Slide 6

  7. Globalization and Investment Globalization has led to unprecedented increase in investment in recent times. As a result of the liberalization of global markets, firms and funds now move into markets overseas in pursuit of greater profits. It is reported that Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) increased from 7 per cent of World GDP in 1980 to 23 per cent in 2003. Free trade, open markets and reduced transportation costs have made it possible for large MNCs such as Honda, Toyota, Toshiba etc. to invest billions of dollars in markets all over the world. What is more, technological advancement in online banking and investment has allowed people to move their money internationally with a few mouse clicks. Slide 7

  8. In Summary Economic globalization is manifested by increased global trade and investment. The removal of trade barriers following years of protectionism suddenly opened the global economy for trade. The interconnectivity of the world has also facilitated free movement of capital across the world. Global investment has recorded unprecedented high figures in the last two decades. Slide 8

  9. Questions to Consider Explain how globalization has led to increased global trade. Critically discuss the increase in global investment in the last two decades. What is economic globalization? Slide 9

  10. Topic Two SOCIAL GLOBALIZATION Slide 10

  11. Globalization and Identity The process of societal globalization has weakened traditional societal institutions, such as creating new identities that do not belong to any one community or nation. Advancement in technology, increased migration of people worldwide, international commerce and communication have now connected people across vast distances, establishing relationships between people on the basis of common interest and ideas rather than shared national symbols. Slide 11

  12. Globalization and Identity (contd.) Internet blogging through Facebook, Twitter and other networks have created a global platform for citizens across the world to connect and socialize without respect to boundaries, language or religion. This process has contributed to global multiculturalism as a result of the international connections between people of different cultures and religions. The end result will be the creation of new values and identities. Most importantly, societal globalization leads to cosmopolitanism. That is, a global community that draws its identity and values from all over the world. Slide 12

  13. Globalization and Civil Society Globalization has generated a kind of civic identity that stretches beyond borders. This has led to the formation of social movements joined together by shared interests and values. Civil societies emerging as a result of globalization have influenced the nature and form of politics. They have the capacity to eliminate global conflict through activism. Societal globalization has reduced, if not eliminated, the feeling of national, patriotic, and other identities which are potential causes of war. Societal globalization, therefore, has made war unthinkable. It changes the definition of who is us and who is them . Slide 13

  14. Globalization and Civil Society (contd.) There are, however, those who believe that globalization may lead to a situation where people are hostile to new aliens and not comfortable with the new cultures and religions practiced by new immigrants. This tendency can lead to terrorism as witnessed on September 11. According to this school of thought, societal globalization intensifies conflicts over ideas and values. Slide 14

  15. In Summary Globalization has contributed largely to social interaction on a global scale. This has been enhanced by the technology of online socialization and the movement of people across borders. It has made local issues become global problems, and demystified notions of identity, citizenship, and nationalism. However, societal globalization has also contributed to conflicts where there are issues of differences in values, religious beliefs, and ethnicity. This phenomenon is aptly described as the clash of civilizations . Slide 15

  16. Questions to Consider Briefly explain how globalization has led to increased migration and inter-connectivity. Discuss any three ways in which globalization impacts identity. Critically discuss how globalization affects world peace. Slide 16

  17. Topic Three Globalization: PAST AND PRESENT Slide 17

  18. Old Globalization There is a consensus of scholarly opinion that globalization is not a new phenomenon to the world. The old globalization dates back to the late Nineteenth Century, with the year 1870 being the likely period that the process begun to take shape. Some, however, even take it further back in history to as early as the Thirteenth Century. According to Nicholas D. Kristof (1998), since at least the thirteenth century, when Florentine merchants lent to the English to pay for King Edward I s wars, international capital has roamed the world in search of high returns. This is to suggest that the movement of capital across boundaries, a key future of globalization, started in the thirteenth century. Slide 18

  19. Old Globalization (contd.) It was not until the Nineteenth Century, however, that the serious signs of globalization begun to show. The world economy was possibly even more integrated at the height of the gold standard in the late nineteenth century than it is today. Exports, labour flows and capital mobility were all at record highs in the Nineteenth Century. The old globalization gathered momentum until 1914 when it came to an abrupt end with the outbreak of the First World War (WWI). The old globalization was the era of Pax Britannica, when the United Kingdom was the global hegemon in international affairs. Slide 19

  20. New Globalization The new globalization started after the end of the Second World War. The establishment of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1948 marked the beginning of new globalization. This set the stage for the dismantling of barriers to international economic transactions, leading to the liberalization of investment in the 1960s and finance in the 1980s. New globalization was further deepened and intensified when GATT was replaced by the World Trade Organisation (WTO) in the 1990s. The advent of air transport, computers and satellites in the twentieth century reduced geographical barriers, and promoted the integration of remote economies into the global market. Slide 20

  21. New Globalization (contd.) Advancement in technology in the twentieth century led to mass production by large MNCs in the process of globalization. The period of new globalization is the era of Pax Americana. During this period, the United States of America replaced the United Kingdom as the global hegemon in international affairs. The similarities between old and new globalization include greater integration of world economies as a result of free movement of goods and services; technological advancement; and the presence of a global hegemon. Slide 21

  22. In Summary Globalization is not a new concept. The process of globalization started long before what we now see today as new globalization. There is evidence of free movement of goods, services, and to a lesser extent, capital long before the establishment of modern institutions and organisations such as the WTO. The process of globalization was truncated by the advent of World War One (WWI). The old globalization gave way to a new globalization after the end of the Second World War (WWII). Slide 22

  23. Questions to Consider Discuss any three major impacts of globalization today. Compare and contrast Old and New globalization. Explain when and how globalization started. List any three common characteristics of old and new globalization. Slide 23

  24. Conclusion of Session 12 C In this final session of the course, we looked at globalization from economic and social perspectives. Finally, the session discussed the past and the present of globalization. We have been reminded that globalization did not start today, and that it was even more profound under the gold standard in the nineteenth century. Congratulations on successfully completing the Introduction to Comparative Politics course!! Slide 24

  25. References O Neil, Patrick H. 2007. Essentials of Comparative Politics. New York and London: W.W. Norton & Company. Harold, Andrew, Tuathail, Gearoid O. and Susan M. Roberts. 1998. An Unruly World? globalization, Governance and Geography. London: Routledge. Keohane, Robert O. and Joseph S. Nye, Jr. 2000. Introduction, in Joseph S. Nye, Jr. and John. D. Donahue, eds. Governance in a Globalising World. Washington: Brookings Institution Press. Held, David. 1995. Democracy and the Global Order. Cambridge: Polity Press. Kaldor, Mary. 2003. Global Civil Society: An Answer to War. Cambridge: Polity. Barber, Benjamin. 1995. Jihad versus McWorld: How Globalism and Tribalism Are Reshaping the World. New York: Random House. Slide 25

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