Different Types of Executive in Government Systems
WINGS OF GOVERNMENT
LEGISLATURE
PARLIAMENT
RAJYA SABHA
LOK SABHA
EXECUTIVE
PRESIDENT
VICE-PRECIDENT
PRIME MINISTER
COUNCIL OF
MINISTER
ATTORNEY
GENERAL
JUDICIARY
SUPREME COURT
CHIEF JUSTICE
OTHRE COURTS
WINGS OF GOVERNMENT
I
MEANING OF THE TERM ‘EXECUTIVE’
The second important organ of the
government is executive
What is Executive?
THE BRANCH OF FEDERAL AND STATE
GOVERNMENT THAT IS BROADLY RESPONSIBLE
FOR IMPLEMENTING,SUPPORTING AND
ENFORCING THE LAWS MADE BY THE LEGISLATIVE
BRANCH AND INTERPRETED BY THE JUDICIAL
BRANCH.
KINDS OR TYPES OF EXECUTIVE
1. Nominal/Titular and Real/Actual Executives:
The difference between the nominal/titular and real executives is
made only in a parliamentary system of government. In it, the
head of state, the President or the Monarch, is the nominal
executive and the Council of Ministers headed by the Prime
Minister is the real executive. All the powers are legally the powers
of the nominal executive but in practice these are exercised by
the real executive.
The nominal executive is not responsible for its actions as these are
performed in its name by the real executive. The real executive is
responsible for all the actions of the nominal executive. The
nominal executive is the ceremonial and dignified part of the
executive, whereas the real executive is its powerful part.
(
2) Single and Plural types of Executives:
Single executive means that all executive
powers are vested in one Head of the State, e.g.,
the President of America exercises all executive
powers. In Switzerland, the executive power is not
in the hands of only one individual, but in the
hands of a Council of seven members. The
Chairman of this Council has no additional
powers. Thus all the seven members are equally
responsible for the administration in that country.
This type of Swiss executive is called Plural
Executive
.
3. Hereditary and Elected Executives:
In hereditary executive, the executive comes
into office through succession or inheritance.
When a king is the Head of the State and when
after his death his son or, in case of his being
issueless, some of his near relative occupies the
throne, the system is called hereditary
executive. This type of executive is functioning
in England, Norway, Sweden, Denmark,
Belgium, Holland and Japan.
POLITICAL AND PERMANENT ( OR NON-
POLITICAL) EXECUTIVE
Political executive -
One that is elected by the people for a specific period,is called the
political executive.
They makes law and policies.
They are elected by the people and can be changed in the next
election.
Permanent executive -
They are appointed by the government on a long term basis.
They are in charge of the 'executive ' of the policies of the government.
They are parmanent and remain in the office even when the ruling
party changes.
4. Parliamentary and Presidential
Executives:
The distinction between the
parliamentary and
presidential executives is
made on the basis of
relationship between the
legislature and executive.
In Parliamentary Executive there is:
(i) A close relationship between legislature and
executive and members of the executive are
also members of the legislature,
(ii) The members of political executive is
individually and collectively responsible before
the legislature,
(iii) The tenure of the political executive is not
fixed as it can be at any time removed by the
legislature, and
(iv) The legislative can be dissolved by the
executive.
In a Presidential Executive, there is:
(i) Separation of powers between the executive
and the legislature;
(ii) The membership of the two organs is
incompatible i.e. member of one cannot be a
member of the other;
(iii) The executive is not responsible to the
legislature; and
(iv) Neither can dissolve nor remove the other.
The parliamentary executives are functioning in
India, U.K., Canada, New Zealand, Australia and
several other states.
Methods of choosing the chief executive or
modes of constituting the executive
1.Hereditary
2.Direct popular election
a)INDIRECT ELECTION BY ELECTORAL COLLEGE
b)INDIRECT ELECTION BY THE LEGISLATURE
c) NOMINATION
RISE OR INCREASE IN THE POWERS OF
EXECUTIVE TIMES
LEGISLATIVE OVER BURDEN
COMPLEX NATURE OF PROBLEMS
PLANNING
POLITICAL PARTIES
DELEGETED LEGISLATION
EXPERTISE OF EXECUTIVE
TIME FACTOR
NEARNESS TO PEOPLE
POWERS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE
EXECUTIVE
ADMINISTRATIVE FUCTION/ENFORCEMENT OF LAW AND
MAINTENANCE OF ORDER
DIPLOMATIC FUNCTIONS (EXTERNAL ADMINISTRATION OR
CONDUCTING THE FOREIGN RELATION)
MILITARY FUNCTION (PROTECTING TERRITORIAL INTEGRITY)
LEGISLATIVE FUNCTIONS
FINANCIAL FUNCTIONS
JUDICIAL FUNCTIONS
MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTIONS
1) Administrative
:
In every country the Head of the State and the
Council of Ministers are responsible for the
maintenance of law and order and for the running
of the administration. The Head of the State, on the
recommendation of the Council of Ministers, makes
many important political appointments. The
administrators are generally recruited on the basis
of competitive examinations. They are promoted,
demoted and dismissed under the Civil Service
Rules.
2) Legislative:
Generally law making is the responsibility of the legislature, but
in every country the executive has an important role to play in
the making of the laws. The executive prepares bills for this
purpose and introduces them in the legislature. There is a
Parliamentary Government in England, India, Japan, Sweden,
Norway, France, Italy and West Germany.
The leader of the majority party becomes the Prime Minister. He
has influence on both the organs of the government i.e.,
Legislature and Executive. The ministers are also important
members of the Parliament. Therefore, they too have sufficient
influence on the legislature or on the Parliament. In England,
India and other Parliamentary countries, the Parliament spends
much of its time on the discussion of the bills.
(3) The executive has not only this much role to play in the
framing of the laws, but more than that. That laws passed by the
legislature can be vetoed by the President. This is the practice in
India and the U.S.A. Besides, the President has the right to issue
Ordinances. This practice also exists in India.
4) Military Functions:
In almost all the countries, constitutionally
the President or the Head of the State has
many military powers. He is the Supreme
Commander of the Armed Forces and has
the power to promote, demote and
dismiss high military officers. He himself, or
with the consent of the Parliament, can
declare war or peace.
5
) Foreign Relations:
The executive establishes political
relations with foreign countries.
Our government has established
political or commercial relations
with almost all big countries. The
President appoints diplomatic
representatives in other countries
and receives those of foreign
countries.
6) Financial Functions:
Though the legislature
controls the national finance,
yet the executive prepares
the budget and tries to get it
passed by the legislature.
EXECUTIVE IN INDIA
THE EXECUTIVE PERFORMS THE DUTIES OF POLICY MAKING AND
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE POLICIES.
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The executive branch of government is responsible for implementing and enforcing laws created by the legislative branch. There are different types of executives, including nominal/real, single/plural, and hereditary/elected. The distinction between these types is crucial in defining the roles and responsibilities within the government structure.
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WINGS OF GOVERNMENTI EXECUTIVE PRESIDENT VICE-PRECIDENT PRIME MINISTER COUNCIL OF MINISTER ATTORNEY GENERAL LEGISLATURE PARLIAMENT RAJYA SABHA LOK SABHA JUDICIARY SUPREME COURT CHIEF JUSTICE OTHRE COURTS
MEANING OF THE TERM EXECUTIVE The second important organ of the government is executive What is Executive? THE BRANCH OF FEDERAL AND STATE GOVERNMENT THAT IS BROADLY RESPONSIBLE FOR IMPLEMENTING,SUPPORTING AND ENFORCING THE LAWS MADE BY THE LEGISLATIVE BRANCH AND INTERPRETED BY THE JUDICIAL BRANCH.
KINDS OR TYPES OF EXECUTIVE 1. Nominal/Titular and Real/Actual Executives: The difference between the nominal/titular and real executives is made only in a parliamentary system of government. In it, the head of state, the President or the Monarch, is the nominal executive and the Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister is the real executive. All the powers are legally the powers of the nominal executive but in practice these are exercised by the real executive. The nominal executive is not responsible for its actions as these are performed in its name by the real executive. The real executive is responsible for all the actions of the nominal executive. The nominal executive is the ceremonial and dignified part of the executive, whereas the real executive is its powerful part.
(2) Single and Plural types of Executives: Single executive means that all executive powers are vested in one Head of the State, e.g., the President of America exercises all executive powers. In Switzerland, the executive power is not in the hands of only one individual, but in the hands of a Council of seven members. The Chairman of this Council has no additional powers. Thus all the seven members are equally responsible for the administration in that country. This type of Swiss executive is called Plural Executive.
3. Hereditary and Elected Executives: In hereditary executive, the executive comes into office through succession or inheritance. When a king is the Head of the State and when after his death his son or, in case of his being issueless, some of his near relative occupies the throne, the system is called hereditary executive. This type of executive is functioning in England, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Belgium, Holland and Japan.
POLITICAL AND PERMANENT ( OR NON- POLITICAL) EXECUTIVE Political executive - One that is elected by the people for a specific period,is called the political executive. They makes law and policies. They are elected by the people and can be changed in the next election. Permanent executive - They are appointed by the government on a long term basis. They are in charge of the 'executive ' of the policies of the government. They are parmanent and remain in the office even when the ruling party changes.
4. Parliamentary and Presidential Executives: The distinction between the parliamentary and presidential executives is made on the basis of relationship between the legislature and executive.
In Parliamentary Executive there is: (i) A close relationship between legislature and executive and members of the executive are also members of the legislature, (ii) The members of political executive is individually and collectively responsible before the legislature, (iii) The tenure of the political executive is not fixed as it can be at any time removed by the legislature, and (iv) The legislative can be dissolved by the executive.
In a Presidential Executive, there is: (i) Separation of powers between the executive and the legislature; (ii) The membership of the two organs is incompatible i.e. member of one cannot be a member of the other; (iii) The executive is not responsible to the legislature; and (iv) Neither can dissolve nor remove the other. The parliamentary executives are functioning in India, U.K., Canada, New Zealand, Australia and several other states.
Methods of choosing the chief executive or modes of constituting the executive 1.Hereditary 2.Direct popular election a)INDIRECT ELECTION BY ELECTORAL COLLEGE b)INDIRECT ELECTION BY THE LEGISLATURE c) NOMINATION
RISE OR INCREASE IN THE POWERS OF EXECUTIVE TIMES LEGISLATIVE OVER BURDEN COMPLEX NATURE OF PROBLEMS PLANNING POLITICAL PARTIES DELEGETED LEGISLATION EXPERTISE OF EXECUTIVE TIME FACTOR NEARNESS TO PEOPLE
POWERS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE EXECUTIVE ADMINISTRATIVE FUCTION/ENFORCEMENT OF LAW AND MAINTENANCE OF ORDER DIPLOMATIC FUNCTIONS (EXTERNAL ADMINISTRATION OR CONDUCTING THE FOREIGN RELATION) MILITARY FUNCTION (PROTECTING TERRITORIAL INTEGRITY) LEGISLATIVE FUNCTIONS FINANCIAL FUNCTIONS JUDICIAL FUNCTIONS MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTIONS
1) Administrative: In every country the Head of the State and the Council of Ministers are responsible for the maintenance of law and order and for the running of the administration. The Head of the State, on the recommendation of the Council of Ministers, makes many important political appointments. The administrators are generally recruited on the basis of competitive examinations. They are promoted, demoted and dismissed under the Civil Service Rules.
2) Legislative: Generally law making is the responsibility of the legislature, but in every country the executive has an important role to play in the making of the laws. The executive prepares bills for this purpose and introduces them in the legislature. There is a Parliamentary Government in England, India, Japan, Sweden, Norway, France, Italy and West Germany. The leader of the majority party becomes the Prime Minister. He has influence on both the organs of the government i.e., Legislature and Executive. The ministers are also important members of the Parliament. Therefore, they too have sufficient influence on the legislature or on the Parliament. In England, India and other Parliamentary countries, the Parliament spends much of its time on the discussion of the bills. (3) The executive has not only this much role to play in the framing of the laws, but more than that. That laws passed by the legislature can be vetoed by the President. This is the practice in India and the U.S.A. Besides, the President has the right to issue
4) Military Functions: In almost all the countries, constitutionally the President or the Head of the State has many military powers. He is the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces and has the power to promote, demote and dismiss high military officers. He himself, or with the consent of the Parliament, can declare war or peace.
5) Foreign Relations: The executive establishes political relations with foreign countries. Our government has established political or commercial relations with almost all big countries. The President appoints diplomatic representatives in other countries and receives those of foreign countries.
6) Financial Functions: Though the legislature controls the national finance, yet the executive prepares the budget and tries to get it passed by the legislature.
EXECUTIVE IN INDIA THE EXECUTIVE PERFORMS THE DUTIES OF POLICY MAKING AND THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE POLICIES. Executive - Indian Government consists of the President of India, the Council of Ministers, the Vice-President, the Union Ministries and the Independent Executive Agencies. In the Executive - Indian Government, the President of the nation is the head of the state. The Executive - Indian Government executes its powers through the President, the main guardian of the Constitution of the Republic and the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces.
