Deserts and Desertification: Lecture Insights by Maher M. Mahdi
Deserts and Desertification
lecture 1
collected by :
Maher M Mahdi
Definitions:
Desert:
A region which has an
arid climate or where evaporation
exceeds precipitation, Concentrated
in sub-tropics, mid-latitudes, and
polar regions
Steppe: region often adjacent to a
desert,
steppe
steppe
(
semi-arid, surrounds
deserts
)
Semiarid climate: irregular
precipitation, enough to generate
minimal plant growth
A common definition distinguishes between true
deserts, which receive less than 250 millimetres (10 in)
of average annual precipitation, and
semideserts
or
steppes, which receive between 250 millimetres (10 in)
and 400 to 500 millimetres (16 to 20 in).
Budyko-Lettau dryness ratio
D = R / (L x P)
where D = dryness ratio;
R = mean ann. net radiation;
P = mean ann. precipitation;
L = latent heat of vaporization of water
Original definition:
D > 2.3 = semi-desert; D ≥ 3.4 = desert.
UNESCO: D ≥ 10 = “extreme desert”
Dryness ratio
semiarid desert
(D≥2.3) (D≥10)
8
7
Depending on temperture
1-Cold deserts
: can be covered in
snow
or
ice
; frozen water unavailable to plant
life. These are more commonly referred to
as
tundra
- average precipitation is 10 inch
-
Cold Deserts temperature in winter
ranges from -2 to 4° C and in the summer
21 to 26° C a year
-
Lies within 70 deg. S-N latitude
2- Hot and Dry Deserts:
temperature ranges from 20
to 25° C. The extreme maximum temperature for Hot
Desert ranges from 43.5 to 49° C
-
Lies within 18 -30 deg. S-N Latitude
-
Humidity decreasing
-
average precipitation is 10 inch with hard storms
-
Like Australian desert
-
high pressure zone (few to rare rain)
It appear in the internal part of continents, in middle
latitudes
-Lies within 40 -60 N-S latitude circles
- It not reach to Africa and Australia
- Average temp. is 18 C
3 -Temperate Deserts and Semi-Deserts
Another classification depending
on topography
:
:
1. Subtropical: Those associated with the circum-global
belts of dry, subtropical air (Sahara, Kalahari, Great
Australian)
2. Rain shadow: Lee side of mountain ranges in the rain
shadow (Sonoran).
3. Continental interiors: with low rainfall (Gobi, Takla
Makan in Asia)
4. Coastal deserts, near the coast (Peru, Chile, SW
Africa)
5. Polar deserts (N. Greenland, ice-free areas in
Antarctica)
Controlled by air circulation
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Continental Interior-
Far from sources of moisture (ocean)
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Types of Deserts
Rainshadow-
Rain shadow deserts are formed
because tall mountain ranges prevent
moisture-rich clouds from reaching
areas on the lee, or protected side, of
the range.
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Coastal Desert -
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Cool dry air blows in from the ocean and
evaporates occurs as it warms.
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Polar –
Cold air holds very little moisture.
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Delve into the world of deserts and desertification with valuable insights collected by Maher M. Mahdi. Explore definitions of deserts, steppe regions, and semi-arid climates. Learn about the dryness ratio, distinguishing factors between true deserts and semi-deserts, and Budyko-Lettau dryness ratio. Discover the characteristics of cold deserts covered in snow and ice, as well as hot and dry deserts with extreme temperatures. Gain knowledge on different desert types, climates, and geographical features through this informative lecture.
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Presentation Transcript
Deserts and Desertification lecture 1 collected by : Maher M Mahdi
Definitions: Desert: A region which has an arid climate or where evaporation exceeds precipitation, Concentrated in sub-tropics, mid-latitudes, and polar regions Steppe: region often adjacent to a desert, steppe (semi-arid, surrounds deserts) Semiarid climate: irregular precipitation, enough to generate minimal plant growth
A common definition distinguishes between true deserts, which receive less than 250 millimetres (10 in) of average annual precipitation, and semideserts or steppes, which receive between 250 millimetres (10 in) and 400 to 500 millimetres (16 to 20 in).
Budyko-Lettau dryness ratio D = R / (L x P) where D = dryness ratio; R = mean ann. net radiation; P = mean ann. precipitation; L = latent heat of vaporization of water Original definition: D > 2.3 = semi-desert; D 3.4 = desert. UNESCO: D 10 = extreme desert
Dryness ratio 8 7 semiarid desert (D 2.3) (D 10)
Depending on temperture 1-Cold deserts: can be covered in snow or ice; frozen water unavailable to plant life. These are more commonly referred to as tundra - average precipitation is 10 inch -Cold Deserts temperature in winter ranges from -2 to 4 C and in the summer 21 to 26 C a year -Lies within 70 deg. S-N latitude
2- Hot and Dry Deserts: temperature ranges from 20 to 25 C. The extreme maximum temperature for Hot Desert ranges from 43.5 to 49 C -Lies within 18 -30 deg. S-N Latitude -Humidity decreasing - average precipitation is 10 inch with hard storms -Like Australian desert - high pressure zone (few to rare rain)
3 -Temperate Deserts and Semi-Deserts It appear in the internal part of continents, in middle latitudes -Lies within 40 -60 N-S latitude circles - It not reach to Africa and Australia - Average temp. is 18 C
Another classification depending on topography : 1. Subtropical: Those associated with the circum-global belts of dry, subtropical air (Sahara, Kalahari, Great Australian) 2. Rain shadow: Lee side of mountain ranges in the rain shadow (Sonoran). 3. Continental interiors: with low rainfall (Gobi, Takla Makan in Asia) 4. Coastal deserts, near the coast (Peru, Chile, SW Africa) 5. Polar deserts (N. Greenland, ice-free areas in Antarctica)
Subtropical Centered around 30o N and S latitude Controlled by air circulation Geographically extensive
Global Atmospheric Circulation
Subtropical Desert Examples: Sahara and Great Australian
Continental Interior- Far from sources of moisture (ocean)
Continental Interior Desert Example: Gobi in Mongolia
Types of Deserts Rainshadow- Rain shadow deserts are formed because tall mountain ranges prevent moisture-rich clouds from reaching areas on the lee, or protected side, of the range.
Rainshadow Desert Examples: Cascades and Sierra Nevada
Coastal Desert - Cool dry air blows in from the ocean and evaporates occurs as it warms.
Coastal Desert Example: Coast of Chile and Peru
Polar Cold air holds very little moisture. What little precipitation falls remains as ice for 1000's of years. Examples: Greenland and Antarctica
