Contributions of Translation Scholars in Philosophy of Education

The Philosophy of Education The contributions of the Translation scholars

Nida His experience as a linguist and us a Bible- translator , In Nida, almost every translation problem is discussed . He adapts transformational grammar by proposing sentences as transitional stages between source and target language componential analysis diagnostic and supplementary components as tools for comparing and contrasting items within a semantic field. eight model kernel structures. by He common applies using ,

Nida He discusses the logical relations of words with each other , the difference between cultural and linguistic translation , the relevance of discourse analysis , the difficulties of translating between remote cultures levels of usage , the psychological connotations of words and practical problems of translation . His reduction of propositions to objects, events, relational and abstracts may be more fruitful to translators as a comprehension procedure than the kernel sentences. His distinction between dynamic and formal equivalence is too heavily weighted against the formal properties of language .

Nida Nida s Formal and Dynamic Equivalence 1.Formal equivalence seeks to reproduce SL surface structures as exactly as possible . 2.Dynamic equivalence focuses on evoking a similar response as in the source language . For example , Lamb of God ( symbolizing innocence ) was translated into seal of God for the Innuit (unfamiliar with lambs ) Give us this our daily bread .Here bread is rendered into fish or rice in cultures where these are stable food .

Fedorov Fedorov (1958. 3968) stresses that translation theory is an independent linguistic discipline , deriving from observations and providing the basis for practice. Like the Leipzig School , he believes that all experience is translatable , and rejects the view that language expresses a peculiar mental word -picture . However , the lack of a common outlook or ideology at present impairs the effectiveness of translation.

Komissarov Komissarov moving in three directions : the denotative (information translation ), the semantic ( precise equivalence) and the transposition of relevant structures). His theory of equivalence distinguishes five levels: (1) lexical units , (2) collocations , (3) information, (4) the situation , and ( 5 ) the communication aim . (1973) sees translation theory transformational (

Leipzig School The Leipzig School ( Neubert , Kade , Wotjak , Jiiger , Helbig , Ruzicka)distinguishes sharply between the invariant (cognitive ) and the variant (pragmatic) elements in translation , and turns transformational grammar account . It is sometimes short on procedures and examples , and restricts itself to non - literary texts . Neubert s and Helbig's writing has been imaginative. and semiotics to

Koller,Reiss,Catford Koller (1972) is particularly useful in distinguishing information from communication , and Reiss ( 1971) has categorized and illustrated the variety of text - types. Catford (1965) has applied Halliday's systemic grammar to translation theory , and has fruitfully categorized translation shifts between levels , structures, word-classes, units ( Rank-shifts' ) and systems . He distinguishes between context (of situation ) and co-text (of language ) . He sets greater limits to the possibilities of translation than other theorists.

Firth ,Mounin Firth ( 1968) points to contextual meaning as the basis of a translation theory and sees translation theory as the basis of a new' theory of language and firmer philosophy , Mounin (1955, 1964, 1967) discusses translation theories and their relation to semantics and supports the linguistic against the literary theory of translation . foundations in

Levy ( 1969) and Winter (1969) apply linguistics to the translation of literary texts , including the phonological aspects of poetry , Wuthenow (1969) , Kloepfer (1967) and Cary (1956) reject all but a literary approach to translation theory .

Vinay and Darbelnet Vinay and Darbelnet (1976) are outstanding . They enumerate seven transliteration , loan translation , literal translation , transposition , modulation , equivalence , adaptation and perceptive distinctions between French and English procedures- make

Steiner Steiner (1975) contains a variety of outstanding literary translation and summaries of translation theories, and emphasizes translation as a key to the understanding of thought , meaning, language , comparative linguistics. He puts the case for poem to poem against plain prose translations (1966). the importance of communication and

Equivalent-effect principle The emphasis of this principle is rightly on communication , on the third term in the translation relationship , on the reader ( Who is the reader ? is the translation teacher s first question) , who had been ignored previously translation. The translator should produce a different type of translation of the same text for a different type of audience. The principle emphasizes the importance of the psychological factor it is mentalistic its success can hardly be verified . , except in Bible

Equivalent-effect principle First, non -literary text describes, qualifies or makes use of a peculiarity of the language it is written in , the reader of the translation will have to have it explained to him , unless it is so trivial that it can be omitted.

Equivalent-effect principle Secondly, a non-literary text relating to an aspect of the culture familiar to the first reader but not to the target language reader is unlikely to produce particularly , if originally intended only for the first reader . The translator , therefore, say , in translating the laws of a source -language country , cannot bend' the text towards the second reader . equivalent effect:

Equivalent-effect principle Thirdly , there is the artistic work with a strong local flavour which may also be rooted in a particular historical period . The themes will consist of comments on human character and behaviour universal , applicable to the reader of the translation , and therefore subject to the equivalent - effect principle . On the other hand , the work may describe a culture remote from the second reader 's experience, which the translator wants to introduce to him not as the original reader , who took or takes it for granted , but as something strange with its own special interest . Wine-dark sea (Sky) blue sea

Equivalent-effect principle in Benjamin's words , No poem is written for its reader , nor is regard for those who receive a work of art useful for the purpose of understanding it ( 1923) ) , then the equivalent -effect principle is irrelevant in the translation of a work of art : the translator s loyalty is to the artist , and he must concentrate on recreating as much of the work as he can .

Equivalent-effect principle The priorities differ for each work , but there are three rules of thumb: (a ) the translation should be as literal as possible and as free as is necessary. (b) a source language word should not normally be translated into a target language word which has another primary one-to-one equivalent in the source language. ( c ) a translation is impermeable to interference it never takes over a typical source language collocation , structure or word -order.

Equivalent-effect principle These rules apply to literal' as to the much more common equivalent-effect translation. plausible , is always mistranslation. Interference, however Paradoxically , the literal ' principle of translating works of art is scientific and verifiable , whilst the equivalent - effect principle is intuitive .

Other methods of translation There are also other restricted methods of translation : information translation , ranging from brief abstracts through summaries to complete reproduction of content without form; plain prose translation to guide one to the original , whose language should always be a little familiar; interlinear translation , which shows the mechanics of the original : formal translation , for nonsense poetry and nursery rhymes, where the meaning and the scenario , but not the tone , can be ignored ;

Steiner academic translation , for converting a text to a standard literary style ; a combination of transliteration , translation and paraphrase for texts concerned with the source language , where the metalingual (Jakobson , 1960) function predominates .

To conclude Translation theory , however , is not concerned with restricted translation . Whilst principles have been , and will be , proposed for dealing with recurrent problems ( translation rules ) , a general theory cannot propose a single method fe . g. dynamic equivalence), but must be concerned with the full range of text - types and their corresponding translation criteria , as well as the major variables involved .

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