Comparative Study of Law Enforcement and Military Efforts in Homeland Security
This comparative study delves into the perceived militarization of American law enforcement and its implications for homeland security efforts. It explores differing missions, approaches, government forms, threats, and efforts to minimize militarization, highlighting the blurring line between military and law enforcement efforts. The analysis considers constitutional safeguards, availability of resources, and the roles of various agencies in counter-terrorism and emergency situations.
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THE PERCEIVED MILITARIZATION OF AMERICAN LAW ENFORCEMENT: A COMPARATIVE HOMELAND SECURITY APPROACH March 2017 NPS Homeland Defense & Security Education Summit
Comparative Homeland Security: Differing Missions and Approaches Examining Homeland Security Efforts: Differing Missions and Approaches Why is this of interest? It should interest all of us but for me NJSP, BCC, FDU, OSS, Cyber, TPG Role of Cross-Cultural Perspectives Location, location, location context, context, context. The only real way to study this is in a comparative manner.
Focus of Differing Missions and Approaches Various forms of governments Constitutional safeguards Availability of resources Nature of perceived / actual threats & vulnerabilities Use of various law enforcement agencies to spearhead counter-terrorism efforts vs. military assets
Efforts to Minimize Militarization National Security v. Homeland Security JV 2020 Posse ComitatusAct
Blurring of Military and Law Enforcement Efforts REUTERS -U.S. | Fri Mar 25, 2016 12:03pm EDT Web of Agencies at U.S. Airports Could Hinder Security Overhauls NEW YORK: Travelers passing through New York's JFK International Airport this week witnessed a show of force following the Brussels airport attack: U.S. Army soldiers in khaki camouflage bearing assault rifles, police officers in black bullet- proof vests and private security guards directing traffic in neon- yellow vests. The variety of uniforms is a sign of the overlapping jurisdictions that determine which federal, state or local agency -or even airline -is responsible for security on any particular patch of turf. That could make sweeping security changes at JFK or other major U.S. airports difficult in the wake of the deadly Brussels attack. 6
Blurring of Military and Law Enforcement Efforts President Militarization of the SW border (NG/CBP) Congress Counter-Drug operations Emergency situations related to WMD Suppression of insurrection State Control National Guard deployments 7
Blurring of Military and Law Enforcement Efforts War on Drugs and the War on Terror provide crises for LE to expand its mission & power Public demands to address crises Technological improvements lowering costs to adopt military technology Technology cycle as the result of war operations DOD s 1033Program 8
Paradigm Changes Necessitated by Emerging Gaps & Threats 9/11 Commission Report failure of imagination Militarized Maneuver Terrorists (MMTs) Hybrid Targeted Violence (HTV) Use of fire and/or bombs Columbine Review Commission Delayed response 46-minute assault no efforts to engage, contain or capture 9
Paradigm Changes: Challenges Moving Forward Gap analysis Comparison of actual performance with potential or desired performance SWOT Analysis 12
USA Last updated: 01:09 PM ET, Thu July 07 2016 Congressional Report Says TSA Misconduct Threatens Safety of Air Travelers
Need for Research Critically examine systems / processes / events that cause cultural changes e.g., Posse Comitatus Act and subsequent revisions Change in tactics Identify/critically examine multiple cultural perspectives Use of military to combat terrorism in other countries Beslan school in Russia Westgate Mall in Kenya
Need for Research Comparison of U.S. counter-terrorism efforts with that of other countries and regions Ask complex questions about other cultures Offer answers to these questions that reflect multiple cultural perspectives Identify complex operating environments Airplanes v. Airports Pulse Nightclub Dallas PD Attack
The Need to Understand Complexity R a t e COMPLEXITY o f C h a n g e # of Factors That Change
Romanticized Perceptions v. Complex Operating Environments In an effort to prevent a large-scale terror attack similar to Paris in November, in which 130 people died, Metropolitan Police Commissioner Sir Bernard Hogan-Howe stated in a blog post on July 31, 2016 that police have increased the overall number of firearms officers in the country from 600 -- to a total of 2,800.
The Emergence of Complex Operating Environments Requires New Models
DR. WILLIAM M. TOMS wmtoms@fdu.edu 732-851-4824 23
